Bodies of water often aid in biodegradation processes, and when they are eutrophic, they have great potential to convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis, producing biomass that gives rise to food chains. However, if the last link in the chain—fish—is not utilized, they accumulate in the body of water, and the overaccumulation of organic and living matter causes bioaccumulation, leading to the dominance of the strongest species and a loss of biodiversity. The present work aims to know the endemic species of fish that die recurrently in the lagoon of Cajititlán for this a limnological diagnosis of the lagoon was carried out, endemic species of fish were recovered and classified based on their morphology to study their identity as well as their environmental importance and it was found that the species that die correspond to endemic species in danger of extinction known as Charales [Chirostoma jordani woolman], tiritos [Goodea atripinnis], and classified as Threatened the popochas [Algansea popoche]. The work describes the importance of monitoring populations and establishing a sustainable use of them for the production of products for the food industry or biofuels otherwise overaccumulation will direct the ecosystem with irreversible consequences.

Exploitation of non-timber forest products such as insects, constitutes an increasingly attractive activity for many persons and provides a wide variety of nutritional and economic value products in African countries and particularly in Chad. The overexploitation of plant species, environmental degradation, bush fires, anthropogenic pressures, and other factors are putting some edible insect species in greater danger. These adverse factors, therefore, contribute to the decline of the species. These detrimental factors are contributing to the rarefaction of numerous edible insect species, which depend on different biotopes. Through the inventory of edible insect species in four southern Chadian provinces (Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, and Moyen-Chari), the current study sought to improve food security. To achieve this, an entomological survey and field insect collection were carried out from April 2024 to February 2025 in sixteen (16) randomly selected subdivisions of these four provinces. Edible insect species were collected using the manual insect observation and collection method. A total of thirty-five (35) insect species belonging to five orders, namely Orthoptera (locusts, grasshoppers, crickets 54.28%), Lepidoptera (caterpillars 20%), Hymenoptera (bees 5.71%), Isoptera (termites 8.58%) and Coleoptera (Buprestes 11.43%) were inventoried in the study area. The indigenous population consumes these species. Their seasonal presence reflects an undeniable availability of protein to cover or supplement the dietary needs of the populations of southern Chad.

This study aims to characterize and identify the species of flora and fauna in various sectors of Lomas de Sargentillo canton, as anthropogenic factors have modified them. A rapid ecological evaluation methodology was used to evaluate the flora and fauna of the area; percentage and frequency were also calculated, identifying and recording 72 species of plants belonging to 34 families. There are 72 species registered; 58 are native, 14 are introduced, and none are endemic. Most of these plants come from the family Fabaceae, which includes three species: Algarrobo (Prosopis julifora), Guachapel (Pseudosamanea guachapele), and Savannah hawthorn (Mimosa pigra). In terms of conservation, three species are in critical condition: Pitahaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus), Amarillo (Centrolobium ochroxylum) and Ebony (Ziziphus thyrsiflora). Two species are threatened by extinction, soursop (Annona muricata) and teak (Tectona grandis), six are vulnerable, and 61 are not as threatened. The largest family is Fabaceae (legumes). Likewise, in relation to the fauna, 37 families were recorded with 59 species of fauna of which, 2 species are endemic: Ecuadorian dove (Columbina buckleyi) and Guayaquil squirrel (Sciurus stramineus), 55 species are native, and 2 introduced species. According to the conservation status, there is 1 species in danger of extinction, 1 species with insufficient data, 1 vulnerable species, 3 almost threatened species and 53 species of least concern. The most representative families are: Emberizidae and Ardeidae. Due to what has been diagnosed, conservation strategies need to be designed for the canton.

Responding to our recent publication (Howell & Caro, 2024), Penteriani (2024) raises some important issues about independent measures used to tease out predictions about the social significance of coloration, the taxonomic level at which to conduct comparative analyses, and how to score colour patterns. For example, across terrestrial non-volant mammals, we found little evidence of social signalling involving coloration or colour patterns based on coarse social and ecological associations. Our independent measures were activity cycle, where we expected diurnal mammals to be more colourful; social group size, where we expected more social mammals to be more colourful; sexual dimorphism, with dimorphic species (showing evidence of sexual selection) expected to be more colourful; mating system, with polygynous species expected to be more colourful owing to the possible use of colour patches in male–male competition over mates; and congener overlap, where we expected species in danger of hybridization to be more colourful in order to signal species identity. Using these coarse measures, we found rather few significant associations, raising questions as to whether our independent measures were sufficiently sensitive to uncover signatures of social communication involving colour patterns. In part, our variables were dictated by the large breadth of species we examined. These were, in effect, ‘lowest common denominators’ that are documented for every species; they were not nuanced. Whether a solitary lifestyle means that individuals are less likely to signal socially is difficult to answer – we appreciate that these are not necessarily correlated. The second issue is the taxonomic levels over which we analysed data. Findings at the Class level may not be reflected at the Order level; Order-level results may not be replicated at the Family level, and so on (Martins, 1996). Using comparative phylogenetic methods, many of our predictions did not hold up across the Class, or some Order levels for which we had sufficient data, even though we often based our hypotheses on associations already uncovered by others at Genus or Family levels. Thus for bears, conspicuous faces and chest bibs do seem to signal individual identity (Penteriani et al., 2020, 2023; although not tested phylogenetically owing to small sample size), but this association is washed out at the level of carnivores when other non-ursid species are included. What to do? Unfortunately, there is no clear solution. Higher taxonomic levels with greater numbers of species allow more statistical power and enable general conclusions to be formulated; lower taxonomic levels generate specific conclusions for certain groups, but species numbers can be so low for some groups that statistical tests are questionable. In our recent paper (Howell & Caro, 2024), we opted for the higher-level analyses; in others we have used Family-level analyses (Caro et al., 2014; Ortolani & Caro, 1996). Despite our higher-level attempt, we, like Penteriani (2024), value examining lower-level associations: mice are unlike bears, and duikers are unlike equids, both ecologically and morphologically. A third point is that Howell and Caro's (2024) measures of pattern, which included adjacent blocks of colour, stripes and complex patterns, do not capture variations in shapes of colour patches in sun bears (Helarctos malayanus; Penteriani et al., 2020) and that may exist for giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) eye spots (unpublished data). Differences in these patterns may provide information on individual identity or age to conspecifics. Teasing out these proposals using phylogenetic analyses presents a challenge. With some notable exceptions (e.g. West & Packer, 2002; Santana et al., 2012; Penteriani et al., 2020), most mammals do not rely on pelage coloration to communicate visually. One possible explanation is that many are solitary. If conspecifics are absent for much of an animal's life, it is reasonable to suggest that signalling might better involve odour, which lasts longer than a visual signal; the latter being a form of communication that is effective only when individuals can see each other. Nonetheless, there are other explanations for mammals being drab including the near ubiquity of dichromatic vision in mammals or intense predation pressure that many face. Despite these quibbles, we think that Penteriani's (2024) critique is well placed, and we are pleased that he has drawn attention to these issues that dog phylogenetic comparisons.

With the threat of extinction looming over many species, the development of assisted reproduction techniques for use in conservation programmes is imperative. This work explores the feasibility and efficacy of artificial insemination in the capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), a species in critical danger of extinction. Nine young, male birds were used as sperm donors for five young females. Three of the females laid 19 viable eggs, of which 13 were fertilized (68%). This research contributes to the scientific understanding of the capercaillie's reproductive biology and provides practical insights that could be instrumental in the conservation and recovery of the species.

The Stripe ebony tree (Diospyros frutescens Blume) is considered a species in danger of extinction due to overexploitation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to regenerate and conserve the species for future generation. In this study micropropagation protocol of Diospyros frutescens Blume was developed using nature zygotic embryos. Zygotic embryos isolated from germinated on MS medium containing 0.4mg L-1 Kinetin + 1.0mg L-1 BA. There were (83.11±0.79%) of explants induced shoots after 30 days of culture. The highest number of shoot on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 2.5mg L-1 BA + 0.6mg L-1 IBA was 5.84±0.035 shoots per explant after 45 days of culture. The percentage of shoot produced roots the highest 85.52±0.48% after 45 days culture on 1/2 MS medium contain 0.8mg L-1 IBA

<i>Cephalanthera rubra</i> (L.) Rich. is an orchid species in danger of extinction. <i>In vitro</i> conservation of this species has not been reported earlier. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of encapsulation-dehydration pretreatment on the survival percentage of cold preserved and cryopreserved shoot tips. Plant cryopreservation at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen (‒196°C) is an effective, low-cost, long-term, and proper conservation method for many plant species, particularly those included in the red list, such as orchids. The use of different pretreatments of plant germplasms to withstand against liquid nitrogen (LN) is a prerequisite of cryopreservation. <i>In vitro</i> preservation techniques, especially cold storage and cryopreservation, are two reliable methods to preserve genetic resources of orchids. The use of protective pretreatments against cold and freezing stress play an irrefutable role in maintaining the germination of germplasms after cold storage and cryopreservation. One of the most important and widely used pretreatments, especially for ornamental plants, such as orchids, is encapsulation-dehydration. The encapsulation-dehydration method was used as pretreatment for cold storage and cryopreservation of <i>C. rubra</i> (L.) Rich. germplasm. <i>In situ</i>-derived shoot tips were used as explants and encapsulated in sodium alginate-beads. Encapsulated shoot tips were treated in Murashige and Skoog liquid medium containing 0.75 M sucrose for 120 min and then dehydrated under a sterile air-flow of laminar hood cabinet for 120 min. Shoot tips were successfully cold preserved in a refrigerator at 4°C and cryopreserved by ultra-rapid freezing in LN and thawing in controlled environmental conditions with encapsulation–dehydration. The highest recovery level (82.33 and 83.66%) after cold storage and direct immersion in LN was obtained with the encapsulation technique based on 120 min dehydration, respectively. The lowest recovery level (37.66 and 33.66%) was recorded in cold-preserved and cryopreserved shoot tips without any pretreatments (control).

Abstract. Daminova N, Nosirov S, Akbarov F, Tojibaev K, Temirov E. 2024. Distribution and conservation of the narrow sub-endemic shrub, Lonicera paradoxa in Pamir-Alay, Central Asia. Biodiversitas 25: 439-448. Lonicera paradoxa Pojark. (Lonicera ser. Alpigenae Pojark. ex A.Byalt) is a shrub with a geographically limited range. This species is included in the national red book lists of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan and is considered one of the rare species in danger of extinction in nature. The species grows in a significant elevation from 1600 to 3200 m on the Northern slopes of the Alay Range, Central Asia. In this study, we investigated the geographic distribution of L. paradoxa based on scientific literature, herbarium data collections, and field surveys. We then modeled the current and potential future geographic distribution using Maxent. We also conducted a propagation study for its conservation under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Our fieldwork in 2021-2022 found new records of L. paradoxa in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. We calculated the Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO) of the species, which were 5.08 km2 (VU) and 28 km2 (EN), respectively. Therefore, based on the IUCN Red List and Criteria, we recommend the conservation status of L. paradoxa as endangered (EN) in categories B2 ab (ii, iii, iv) + D. Our modeling prediction suggested that compared to the current, suitable habitat of L. paradoxa to reduce significantly in the future with very suitable habitats are expected to expand to the south and high mountain areas. For the first time, the conservation measures of L. paradoxa were carried out at the Tashkent Botanical Garden. The conducted research made it possible to preserve L. paradoxa in ex-situ conditions. The results of this research can be helpful in determining and planning measures for the protection of L. paradoxa in the territory of the Kyrgyz and Tajikistan Republics, both now and in the future.

This study was conducted in the dry areas of the northern Algerian Sahara; The northwest of the El-Oued region, this northern zone of the Sahara presents a very diverse floristic procession.The study of the flora of this region, over five (5) years (2019 to 2023), allowed us to record 85 species belonging to 68 genera and 29 families.The Asteraceae family was represented by 16.47% different species followed by Amaranthaceae at 14.12%, Poaceae at 12.94%, and Brassicaceae at 7.06%.The most frequent life forms are Therophytes (42.35%) followed by Chamaephytes (30.59%),Hemicryptophytes 14.12% and Phanerophytes 7.06%.the biological forms that characterize this herbaceous and bushy desert vegetation are the ability to resist the scarcity of water, silting, higher salinity levels, and high temperatures in this area.The distribution of species is heterogeneous from one site to another due to different chemical and physical soil conditions, notably gypsum, limestone, salts, silting, and dunes.Land reclamation programs and excessive overgrazing by stray camels have put some species in danger of extinction, including Fabaceae and Apiaceae.A notable decrease in specific richness is recorded in this dry region, Shannon's index recorded a decrease from 0.266 in Still to 0.159 in Hamraia due in particular to climate change and anthropic conditions.

Forest trees are beleaguered by the ever-increasing onslaught of invasive pests and pathogens, with some species in danger of functional extinction. Recent successes in developing resistant populations using traditional tree breeding assures that some of the affected species will persist in future forests. However, the sheer number of threatened species requires increases in breeding efficiency. The time is right to consider how the use of genomic resources might aid breeding efforts in the next 20 years. Any operational benefit of genomic resources will be minimal without closer collaboration between tree breeders, forest managers, and genomic researchers. We reflect here on what attributes were responsible for the success of traditional resistance breeding programs and whether advances in genomics can realistically accelerate breeding. We conclude that the use of genomics to directly advance resistance breeding efforts in the next 20 years will be limited. Major obstacles will include factors such as the undomesticated nature of most tree species, the quantitative genetic nature of resistance in many species, and the lack of adequate funding to accelerate and more fully develop genomic resources. Despite these limitations, genomic tools have potential to help increase our understanding of the nature of resistance, and the genetic variability in the host, which can aid in the deployment of resistant populations and may assist in marker-assisted selection, particularly for major gene resistance.

IntroductionSnub-nosed monkeys are species in danger of extinction due to habitat fragmentation and human activities. Captivity has been suggested as an Auxiliary Conservation Area (ASA) strategy. However, little is known about the adaptation of different species of snub-nosed monkeys to captive environments.MethodsThis study compared the gut microbiota between Rhinopithecus bieti, R. brelichi, and R. roxellana under identical captive conditions to provide insights for improving captive conservation strategies.ResultsThe results showed that these three Rhinopithecus species shared 80.94% of their Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU), indicating high similarity in gut microbiota composition. The predominant phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes for all three Rhinopithecus species, but differences were observed in diversity, characteristic bacterial communities, and predicted function. Significant enrichment of cellulolytic families, including Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiales vadinBB60 group, Christensenellaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae, and pathways involved in propionate and butyrate metabolism in the gut of R. bieti suggested that it may have a superior dietary fiber utilization capacity. In contrast, Bacteroidetes, Ruminoccaceae, and Trichospiraceae were more abundant in R. brelichi and R. roxellana, and were associated with saccharide and glycan metabolic pathways. Moreover, R. brelichi and R. roxellana also had higher similarity in microbiota composition and predicted function.DiscussionIn conclusion, the results demonstrate that host species are associated with the composition and function of the gut microbiota in snub-nosed monkeys. Thus, host species should be considered when formulating nutritional strategies and disease surveillance in captive snub-nosed monkeys.

The objective of this study was to identify the physiological mechanisms used by Cistus heterophyllus Desf. Subsp. carthaginensis (Pau) M. B. Crespo & Mateo, a species in critical danger of extinction, to cope with two typical abiotic conditions. During the summer of 2021, plants were cultivated under a shade mesh that intercepted 50% of the incident solar radiation (SHADE) and in natural conditions (SUN). Three irrigation treatments were also applied: control, T1, moderate water deficit; T2, 60% of the control, severe deficit; and T3, 30% of the control. Therefore, there were six treatments (SUN-T1, SUN-T2, SUN-T3, SHADE-T1, SHADE-T2, SHADE-T3). Plants were more affected by solar radiation than by deficit irrigation. Although leaf water potential, stomatal conductance and root biomass decreased by up to 45%, 63% and 65%, respectively, as deficit irrigation increased, plants were able to develop a leaf osmotic adjustment and an improved intrinsic water-use efficiency to maintain their growth and survival rate. Shade conditions improved gas exchange, reduced leaf temperature and induced the synthesis of chlorophylls, regardless of the irrigation level imposed. This indicated that radiation was the most limiting factor in our experiment. Applying 50% of the radiation and a moderate water deficit would help to obtain a good plant development and high survival rate in future recovery and conservation programs for the species.

What would you do if temperatures were getting really warm where you live? You might put on some lighter clothes or maybe even move to a cooler place. Many plants do something similar—they “move” to cooler areas to survive current climate warming. Of course, plants cannot move like animals do, but they can slowly change locations as they release their seeds. How do we know that plants are moving? Scientists are studying areas that were first described hundreds of years ago. However, ecologists have found that even though plants respond to warming by changing locations, the temperature increase is so fast that plants cannot always move fast enough to escape the warming climate. This means that some plants might end up living under much warmer conditions than they prefer, which causes them a lot of stress. Stress makes plants vulnerable to other human influences, like land use change or invasive species, which can put entire plant species in danger.

Impact of climate change on Southeast Asian natural habitats, with focus on protected areas

Abstract. Adouani I, Boulaacheb N. 2022. An Algerian endemic species in danger to disappear due to pandemic, Origanum vulgare subsp. glandulosum (Desf.) Letsw. Biodiversitas 23: 3147-3155. Algeria is known for its rich flora, and the traditional use of medicinal plants is very ancient. The use of medicinal plants is extremely intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. To enumerate the most used species by the Algerian population, two ethnobotanical surveys have been conducted from October to December 2021. Thirty herbalists were interviewed, and 165 respondents participated in an online survey. The results showed that a total of 25 species belonging to 16 botanical families had been reported to be used in different modes of preparation to prevent or treat the infection. One of the locally used species is Origanum vulgare subsp. glandulosum (Desf.) letsw. Generally, Algerians internally use this species as a tea or as a powder preparation with honey or only the powder with water to treat many health problems such as diarrhea, colds, coughs, respiratory infections, rheumatism, and menstrual symptoms. Otherwise, the powder of the plant is externally used alone or with olive oil to cure several illnesses such as rheumatism, and skin irritations. Due to the extensive use of this species during the pandemic, the demand in the market has increased, as also the price. Herbalists reported that they have received between 30-300 people affected or not by COVID-19 per day. The price went from 1500-5000 DA per kg (10.33-34.42 USD). Therefore, the increase rate is expected to be 50-80% for the demand, and 50-90% for the price. This increase in demand during COVID-19 has led to an exaggerated and random collection of species at different stages of the development of the plant. Although O. vulgare subsp. glandulosum is a common species, but it can be rare or even disappear due to the extensive collection without protective measures due to COVID-19. Therefore, it is important to engage policies for the conservation and cultivation of O. vulgare subsp. glandulosum.

Simple SummarySpecies decline has accelerated in recent decades, with rare species often being the first to go extinct, mainly due to low population sizes. This study worked with Pachyphytum cesium (Crassulaceae), an endemic species from central Mexico threatened by human activities and climate change. To increase our knowledge of the species, we analyze the diversity and genetic structure of all known populations of P. caesium to change their current genetic status and propose conservation strategies. The results indicate that this species presents low to moderate levels of genetic diversity and incipiently structured populations due to low genetic flow. We found that genetic parameters are essential to the conservation strategies and status vulnerability reclassification. Based on our results, we propose reclassifying the conservation status of the species in danger of extinction; hence a series of conservation strategies are provided to prevent its disappearance.Genetic studies in rare species are important to determine their patterns of genetic diversity among populations and implement conservation plans aimed to reduce extinction risks. Pachyphytum caesium is an endemic species with extremely small populations in central Mexico. This work analyzes the diversity and genetic structure of Pachyphytum cesium (Crassulaceae) to change the conservation status and propose conservation strategies. Twelve dominant ISSR markers were used to describe the genetic diversity of all known populations. Additionally, we carried out two simulations to explore how the loss of individuals or the local populations extinction affect the genetics parameters of the species. The average results indicated moderate levels of genetic diversity (number of alleles = 89.7 ± 3.9, expected heterozygosity = 0.212 ± 0.0, and percentage of polymorphic loci = 56.1 ± 3.9), parameters that decreased significantly when simulations were performed in P. caesium. Additionally, a genetic structure of the populations was found with low gene flow (Nm = 0.92). Genetic parameters are negatively affected by the loss of individuals and the local extinction of populations. Based on our results, we propose to reclassify the conservation status of the species in danger of extinction, hence a series of conservation strategies are provided to prevent its disappearance.

Amblyomma varium is a neotropical tick popularly known as the sloth’s giant tick, during the adult stage is found almost exclusively on mammals of the Bradypodidae and Megalonychidae families of the superorder Xenarthra. The maned sloth (Bradypus torquatus) is the only sloth species in danger of extinction in Brazil. This species is arboreal and descends to the ground only to perform defecation behavior. This behavior can be the determining factor for infestation and infection by different parasitic agents, including A. varium. This study reported the occurrence of A. varium found parasitizing free-living maned sloths (B. torquatus) in the Atlantic Forest biome of Northeast and Southeast Brazil. A total of 36 individuals were evaluated and more than 50% of the individuals were parasitized by ticks of the species A. varium. This study confirmed the importance of B. torquatus as a host for adults and nymphs of A. varium and reported the variation in length of the spurs on coxa IV of A. varium males.

The durability of animal parts that are collected and traded as trophies has an impact on species sustainability, especially when animals are slow-growing, have low fecundity, or are particularly vulnerable to capture. CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), aims to control the trade of wild fauna and flora specifically by using trade restrictions as a policy option. However, specialists in international trade have advised against using trade restrictions to correct social cost issues. The reasons for this advice have to do with the unintended economic consequences of animals being placed on an endangered species list, coupled with the trade restrictions themselves. We focused on Pristis spp. (sawfish), a species in danger of extinction found in Appendix I of the CITES convention. An extensive search of sawfish saws for sale on the internet was performed during 2016 and 2017. A total of 174 observations of market prices were collected. We estimated several models linking prices to the size of the saw with other variables that might explain price variability using OLS regression, and which included data from both the original internet searches and additional variables, including a dummy variable which indicated the year in which the species group was placed in Appendix I. These models show that rather than slow down the extinction pathway for this species, CITES may have sped it up, as well as driving the sawfish trophy markets underground.

Daily running trials increase sprint speed in endangered lizards (Gallotia simonyi)

Striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) is one of the species in danger of extinction and categorized globally as “Under Threatened Organism”. From time to time, different tissue samples and carcasses of the striped hyena are reported in different regions of Anatolia. In this study, 571 bp length of Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit II (COX 2) of mitochondiral DNA from hair, ears, nails and teeth specimens from six striped hyaenas were amplified and sequenced to determined phylogenetic relationships between close and distant species related to hyaena. Tissue samples using in this study were found randomly at different times in Hatay province, Turkey. According to our results, all colected samples located in Hatay region are the members of H. hyaena species. Moreover, this research is the first molecular research using COX2 gene region for phylogenetic analysis in Turkey. Further investigation can be performed on studies that suggest determining phylogenetic status of striped hyaenas.