Specialized Terms Research Articles

The Basic Principles and Criteria for the Selection of Terms for the Compilation of the Latin-Kyrgyz Educational Dictionary for Students of a Medical University

The modern stage of the world's development is caused by a large flow of information and rapid changes in language. Today, in the current circumstances of international communication, it is necessary to know about the empirical sphere of the translated primary source, to have the skills to search for highly specialized terms. The term is an inseparable part of the scientific sphere, a means of transforming professional information and performs the function of semantic support in understanding the professional concept. The educational dictionary plays an important role in the educational environment, providing students and teachers with the necessary vocabulary and explanations of terms in various subjects. This is one of the key means of teaching a foreign language. It helps students build vocabulary, master grammatical structures, and improve their reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Therefore, when compiling an educational dictionary, it is necessary to adhere to certain principles. Its main task is to provide students with clear and accurate vocabulary that helps them understand the educational material and communicate effectively in a professional language. Compiling a Latin-Kyrgyz educational dictionary for medical university students is an important task that requires strict adherence to certain principles and rules. First of all, it is important to keep in mind that this dictionary is designed to facilitate the process of teaching medical terminology to students, and therefore should be as accurate, complete and accessible as possible. Effective compilation of an educational dictionary requires careful planning, collaboration between language specialists and teachers, as well as taking into account current trends in education and the use of technology.

The Accuracy and Consistency of Machine Translation Engines: Case Study of Translating Economic & Statistical Texts from English into Arabic

Objectives: This study assesses the precision and consistency of the Google Translate engine and tool in translating statistical and economic texts from English into Arabic. Methods: The descriptive analytical approach was employed in this project, and the study sample consists of five texts extracted from statistical and economic research. Results: The study revealed that the Google translation tool faced numerous challenges and contained lexical, grammatical, and consistency errors. Besides, a grand challenge might arise from the idioms and abbreviations, as Google Translate would use word-for-word translation and render them inaccurate meaning. In some cases, the abbreviations in the source text (ST) would be displayed as they are in the target text (TT), In other cases, Google Translate would do a deep search to render their meanings in the TT. Further, Google Translate has a significant problem rendering technical and specialized terms into the TT, and in some cases, it doesn’t consider the contexts and has a lexical choice challenge. Finally, Google Translate renders some terms with different meanings within the same text. Conclusions: Idioms and abbreviations present a grand challenge, as Google Translate would use word-for-word translation and render them in an inaccurate meaning. In some cases, the abbreviations in the ST are rendered as they are in the TT, and in other cases, Google Translate would do a deep search to render their meanings in the TT.

Variability of teaching foreign language aerospace terminology to future engineers

Introduction. The accelerated development of knowledge-intensive industries in the aerospace industries requires an influx of highly professional engineers capable of international professional communication. However, mastering highly specialized terminology in a foreign language when teaching students at an aerospace higher education institution remains a weak link in the chain today. The purpose of the study is the scientific substantiation, development and implementation of educational and methodological material for teaching a foreign language to future aerospace engineers based on variable approaches. Materials and methods. The study involved 87 first-year students of the technical departments of the Moscow Aviation Institute (the Russian Federation). Methods of source analysis, sequential experiment, student selfassessment, repeated questioning, comparative analysis, statistical methods (Fisher criterion) were used. Results. A set of exercises has been developed and tested to enhance mastery of a foreign language engineering and environmental vocabulary of aerospace specialties. It was found that the basic request of students is to master highly specialized terminology as a tool for increasing competitiveness (92%) with recognition of the effectiveness of a variable approach to studying the vocabulary of a specialty (97%). The maximum level of assessment of the need to study highly specialized vocabulary for research work (100%) and increased interest in the study of environmental issues based on mastering foreign language terminology (92%) were identified. The highest average value was obtained in students' assessment of the importance of using authentic texts of engineering and environmental orientation (52%), as well as in the growth of interest in participating in scientific conferences on aerospace issues in a foreign language (48%). However, the level of development of listening skills in terms of understanding highly specialized terms when watching video materials remains low (46%). The problem of low motivation of students to independently study specialty materials in a foreign language also requires a solution (62%). Despite the proposed variable approaches, only 57% of respondents are ready to diversify traditional individual forms of learning by working in pairs, mini-groups, and only 64% agree to study in the form of panel discussions and business games. The results of statistical processing of the results based on the Fisher angle coefficient showed the feasibility of using a set of exercises to increase students’ involvement in studying international news (φ*emp = 5.415; p < 0.01), to motivate students to analyze foreign language materials on engineering and environmental issues in addition to basic textbook (φ*emp = 7.413; p < 0.01). Conclusion. The proposed educational and methodological materials for variable teaching of aerospace engineering and environmental vocabulary make it possible to increase the effectiveness of the formation of communication skills in professional international communication in terms of young people’s understanding of the harm from the impact of aerospace on the environment and possible ways to reduce risks.

Decoding Complexity: A Mathematical Framework for Enhanced Translation Comprehension

Machine translation tools have demonstrated substantial progress in enhancing translation accuracy since the emergence of artificial intelligence. However, challenges persist in reasoning (or the lack thereof), considering contexts, addressing specific word games, and interpreting very long or very short sentences—those exceeding 50 and falling below 7 words (Bowker, 2023 : 893). Additionally, accurately translating technical or specialized terms and their variations remains a hurdle. This research introduces a categorical mathematical formalization of the comprehension stages in translation, along with a model for calculating acceptances (specific meanings of words) during the verification of meaning hypotheses. The goal is to elucidate the comprehension process and integrate contextual considerations. The formalism delineates a series of fundamental cognitive operations involved in comprehension. Furthermore, it advocates for evaluating meaning hypotheses using logical modalities, particularly hypostases, described as phrases (groups of words)—a unit of discourse rather than language—signifying the structure of arguments conveying the speaker's knowledge. The strength of our proposed mathematical model lies in its independence from both source and target languages, as well as the subjectivity of text authors or translators. Additionally, the assessment of meaning hypotheses relies on verifiable logical modalities, ensuring a reliable, explicable, and controllable outcome.

Challenges in ESP Vocabulary Acquisition: A Study of Vietnamese Non-English Majors

This study investigates the challenges encountered by Vietnamese non-English major university students in their pursuit of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) vocabulary proficiency. Employing a survey-based research methodology, the study collects data from a representative sample of students, with a primary focus on identifying the key difficulties experienced during ESP vocabulary acquisition. The findings reveal significant obstacles in the process, including limited exposure to ESP terminology, difficulties in comprehending and retaining specialized terms, as well as a lack of practical application opportunities. These results emphasize the critical need for tailored teaching strategies and resources to enhance ESP vocabulary learning for non-English majors. Furthermore, the implications of this study extend to language teaching practices, highlighting the necessity for curriculum adjustments that better align with the specific requirements of these learners within the Vietnamese educational context.

TERMINOLOGICAL RICHNESS OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE SCIENTIFIC-POPULAR AND MEDIA TEXTS IN PHYSICS

The analysis and impact of terminological richness in physics texts are crucial for scientific research, defining communication within the field. Physics, as a discipline, uses specialized terms for precise descriptions. Terminological richness in physics texts is vital for scientific communication. This study explores two approaches: examining texts from a terminology standpoint and comparing terminological richness levels with reader perception. Both approaches are essential, with the second being more developed. In the analysis of terminology and terminological richness in scientific-popular and media texts, terms are categorized into four groups: specialized, interdisciplinary, external, and general. The research reveals extensive terminology in physical texts, potentially hindering comprehension for non-experts. Balancing terminology usage for clarity across readerships is crucial. Conclusions stress adapting physics texts for diverse audiences, creating texts with varying terminological richness. Future research can explore terminology's impact in different physics domains, optimizing its use for easy comprehension

Semantic and Lexical Changes in Neo-Latin Vocabulary in the Field of Medical Devices and Procedure

The article concerns the possibility of using Latin as a means of communication by the medical community. It is an analysis leading to an answer to the question of the possibility of conveying in Latin the content, which determines the intellectual activity of a modern man. Meeting this challenge requires the introduction of new terms and phrases into Latin vocabulary. The currently used words in the field of medical devices and procedures will be discussed. Motivation of Neo-Latin terms, the reasons for the word transformation and the directions of these changes, as well as calques from modern languages and the issue of terms that can be called ‚loan words returning’ (i.e. words of Latin origin, which survived in modern languages and returned to the Neo-Latin vocabulary, following the path: Latin to modern languages to Latin) will be the subject of the analysis. Finally, it will be focused on the intelligibility and communicativeness of these terms. The purpose of the study was to draw attention to the enormous potential of Latin and to demonstrate that Latin (similarly to modern languages) has the opportunity to meet the challenges posed by significant technological progress and related to its requirement of creating new specialized terms.

TERMINOLOGY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN MARITIME SUBLANGUAGE

The article examines the principles of maritime terms terminology formation, and provides their translation into Ukrainian. Under the conditions of the English-Ukrainian and Ukrainian-English dictionaries absence in the field of the maritime industry, the problem of scientific and technical literature translation, being a tool of intercultural communication, acquires special attention. Maritime terms correspond to the well-known classification of scientific and technical terms, among which general scientific, general technical and highly specialized terms are distinguished. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the term system (TC) of various marine-related industries belongs to the group of macro term systems; among them we can single out the following ones: singlecomponent terms, divided into simple or root terms, affixer ones and complex; multi-component terms with the number of components from 2 to 5 units; abbreviations of initial letters, syllables, acronyms, double abbreviations (that combine initial letters and abbreviations of the morphological and syntactic level). The considered means of forming terminological units help to understand the ways of their generation or transformation in maritime discourse and the principles of their combination. Translators and specialists in the field of marine topicality try to preserve the meaning of a foreign term in the translation language as accurately as possible. Some differences that appear in translation of English terms are presented by three main varieties: differences in the morphological and syntactic structure, differences in lexical structure, differences in lexical and grammatical structure of the terms.

On the issue of ordering the Belarusian onomastic terminology

In the article the author considers some problems of modern Belarusian onomastic terminology related to the ordering of meanings and unification of onomastic terminology. It is proposed to clarify the definitions of individual terms in accordance with the current state of onomastics. Cases of unjustified congestion of the terminological system with highly specialized terms are analyzed.

Деконструкция англоязычных военных терминов в массмедийном тексте

The article examines the process of deconstruction of the English-language military terminological units when used in the mass media text, which appeared due to the rapid development of mass media. The material for the study comprises 550 fragments of the English-language mass media texts published in electronic mass media – newspapers, in particular, The Independent, as well as on information news websites, having direct or indirect relation to military subjects, characterized by the presence of terminological units subjected to deconstructive processes. The authors emphasize the fact that the periodicals that have been analyzed are more of popular scientific genre, rather than highly specialized, since they are aimed at the mass reader who does not fully understand military topics. It is argued that highly specialized military terminological units, unlike general scientific, suprasectoral ones, are deconstructed within the framework of a mass media text according to the frame model or the scenario model. In some cases, a complex version of semantic deconstruction has been used which combines some elements of both models. The authors come to the conclusion that the English-language military terminology in the mass media text and discourse can be presented by both suprasectoral military terms of general scientific nature and having a certain degree of determinologization owing to the mass media and highly specialized terms which require a certain explanation by the author of the text. Highly specialized English-language military terminology is a characteristic feature of printed and online journalistic publications aimed at a trained reader. Due to the orientation of a mass media text to a mass audience, a significant part of highly specialized English-language terminological units of the military sphere is deconstructed in semantic terms, i.e. their meaning is revealed directly in the text to facilitate its perception and understanding by explication or definition.

FORMATION OF THE KNOWLEDGE BASE OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES BASED ON SEMANTIC MODELS OF AUTHORITY FILES

This article is devoted to the analysis of methods for creating a knowledge base of a digital library based on the semantic model of authority files. The article also describes the practical aspects of creating an electronic library legal encyclopedia based on the semantic model of authority files. Creation of a semantic network of authority files significantly optimizes the quality and speed of searching for resources in electronic libraries and creates the basis for intellectualization of information retrieval. The article examines in detail the existing approaches to creating a knowledge base of authority files, including files based on semantic models, and forming a knowledge base structure. The main purpose of the study is to create an improved model and develop software for creating a knowledge base of an electronic library of semantic authority files for various subject areas. In the article the theoretical research methods (method of comparison and critical thinking) and empirical research methods (data collection and document analysis) have been applied. Used object-oriented programming, intelligent information retrieval, reverse indexing capabilities. The field of jurisprudence was chosen for the application and approbation of the created model and software. A knowledge base has been created that studies frequently used specialized terms and semantic relationships between them.

Lexical and Grammatical Transformations of Terms when Changing Communicative Situation “Doctor — Doctor” to “Doctor — Child — Parent”

The issue of controversial assessment of the use of medical terminology in professional communication is considered. It is noted that the use of medical terms in communication between a doctor and an adult patient can trigger emotional tension and mistrust of the doctor’s recommendations. At the same time, it was established that patients who are familiar with medical terminology consider the use of terms by doctors to be a significant factor indicating the quality of the services provided. The question arises about the transformation of terms when changing the communicative situation “doctor — doctor” to “doctor — child — parent”. To identify and analyze transformations of medical terms, lexical-semantic and morphosyntactic analysis was used. As a result of the method of expert evaluations application, interpretations of medical terminology by doctors were obtained. It is asserted that in the communicative situation “doctor — patient and / or his representative” to remove difficulties caused by the use of highly specialized medical terms, the doctor resorts to a complex transformation of the term — explication. It is shown that explication is provided by a number of lexicalgrammatical (generalization, concretization, synonymous replacement) and syntactic techniques (adding a single prepositive definition, extended postpositive definition, adjunctive determiner, adjunctive goal), as well as stylistic means (emotionally colored vocabulary, intensifiers, conversational style).

Joining the adventures of Sally Jones – Discursive strategies for providing access to literary language in a linguistically diverse classroom

This study illuminates a teacher's discursive strategies for promoting understanding of literary language in a linguistically diverse Swedish classroom. By means of field notes and audio recordings, a Grade 4 teacher's read-aloud of the award-winning picture book The Legend of Sally Jones was documented and analyzed employing concepts from Systemic-Functional Linguistics and Legitimation Code Theory. Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, the findings show that the teacher used a rich variety of discursive strategies to make specialized terms and literary descriptions available to the students. Apart from using question–answer strategies and commenting on the text in clarifying ways, the teacher made linguistic alterations to either expand or simplify the literary language. The expansive strategies were particularly salient, entailing clarifying paraphrases or subtly infused additions to expand literary meaning. The significance of the strategies to support students’ understanding of literary language and immersion in stories is discussed.

Conservation terms used in the area of separation of easel painting and transferring it to a new base.

The research is devoted to the problems of using a large number of special terms in the conservation lexicon, in particular in the field of the separation of easel painting where there is a significant need to use a large number of special terms to denote technological processes, used conservation materials, tools, etc. The conservation industry in Ukraine developed under the significant influence of Russian tradition, so now conservators widely use loan translations from Russia in their terminology. Also today, as a result of open borders and European integration, including the conservation industry, Polonisms and English loan translations are increasingly found in the lexicon of conservators. Difficulties in translating specialized terms remain a source of insufficient and ambiguous understanding between conservators, and especially between conservation centers in different countries. As a result, these phenomena negatively affect communication and lead to misunderstandings and chaos. In the article a comparison of the conservation terms used in literary sources in Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, and English is made. The definition of these terms is given taking into account the methodology of the separation process and technological features of their application, as well as the specifics and traditions of the use of special terminology in the lexicon of Ukrainian specialists. Both principal, basic terms of the separation process, and those used at different stages of separation, from the initial stages of preparing the separation process of easel painting to the transfer of separated painting to a new basis are analyzed under this principle. The emphasis is placed on the importance of publishing and high-quality translation of the results of scientific and practical activities of Ukrainian artists-conservators for the popularization and development of the conservation industry, as well as the significant need to define, organize and verify existing terms and concepts in the field of conservation and the subsequent creation of an appropriate dictionary or a glossary of terms for the conservation of artworks. The project of the terminological dictionary in the field of separation and transfer to a new basis of easel painting is formed in the appendices.

Study of structural-semantic model of scientific and technical terminology (based on the material of highly specialized terms)

This article highlights the problems of special vocabulary of a certain sublanguage, approaches that allow identifying the inventory of linguistic signs. This article highlights the problems of special vocabulary of a certain sublanguage, approaches that allow identifying the inventory of linguistic signs. The authors examines the structural and semantic model of scientific and technical terminology (based on the terms of the electric power industry), which is a simple exponent of a structure, for example, the construction “a noun formed from a transitive verb, or the case of the implementation of a certain structural and semantic model, in which the meanings of the components, due to the nature of the model itself. The article also offers a synchro-semiotic analysis of language signs as a step in the diachronic process of sign formation of scientific and technical terminology. In terms of language synchrony, the associative relationship between the intrinsic and special meaning of a complex sign, in principle, has the same conditional, arbitrary character as the relationship between the meanings of individual components of the intangible form of the sign. The result of the proposed analysis of complex formations represents the form of analytical expression of concepts and functioning in scientific and technical speech in parallel with the terms. It is argued that an understanding of semiotically complex formations and the motivation of terms helps the correct use of the concept in speech.

Study of structural-semantic model of scientific and technical terminology (based on the material of highly specialized terms)

This article highlights the problems of special vocabulary of a certain sublanguage, approaches that allow identifying the inventory of linguistic signs. This article highlights the problems of special vocabulary of a certain sublanguage, approaches that allow identifying the inventory of linguistic signs. The authors examines the structural and semantic model of scientific and technical terminology (based on the terms of the electric power industry), which is a simple exponent of a structure, for example, the construction “a noun formed from a transitive verb, or the case of the implementation of a certain structural and semantic model, in which the meanings of the components, due to the nature of the model itself. The article also offers a synchro-semiotic analysis of language signs as a step in the diachronic process of sign formation of scientific and technical terminology. In terms of language synchrony, the associative relationship between the intrinsic and special meaning of a complex sign, in principle, has the same conditional, arbitrary character as the relationship between the meanings of individual components of the intangible form of the sign. The result of the proposed analysis of complex formations represents the form of analytical expression of concepts and functioning in scientific and technical speech in parallel with the terms. It is argued that an understanding of semiotically complex formations and the motivation of terms helps the correct use of the concept in speech.

OCCASIONALISMS IN H. MARTINSON’s POEM “ANIARA”

The article is concerned with individual neologisms (occasionalisms, nonce words) in the poem «Aniara» by the Swedish writer H. Martinson. Two groups of nonce words can be distinguished in the poem: highly specialized terms (scientific and technical terminology) and Dorisburg`s «fantasy» slang. Both groups are functionally aimed at solving the main goal of the poem - to create artistic images that allow us to have a new look at the philosophical, ethical, social, environmental and other problems arisen in connection with the development of science and technology. Nonce words not only give new names to objects, actions and phenomena of reality, contribute to the poetic imagery in the poem, but also introduce additional meanings (and connections) to the text, break perception of the text and express the author`s outlook. The particularity of Martinson`s poem is that occasionalisms (technically verified language of the future and «marginal» language of the past) must be considered together, in the combination of their semantic meanings and connections, in order to understand Martinson`s views on the events of the 20th century.

Understanding Colloquial Expressions in Mechanics’ Jargon: Case Study of Colloquial English and Jordanian Mechanics Jargons

Jargon is the language of specialized terms used by a group or profession. It is common shorthand among experts or technicians and used sensibly can be a quick and efficient way of communicating. Most jargon consists of unfamiliar terms, abstract words, non-existent words, acronyms and abbreviations, with an occasional euphemism thrown in for good measure. Every profession, trade and organization has its own specialized terms. This study aims at understanding the colloquial mechanics’ jargon in both English and Jordanian cultures in order to figure out why jargon and more specifically colloquial jargon is a strange creature. The researcher would like to focus on metaphor’s role in creating this jargon as Lakoff and Johnson (1980) reveal that metaphors are part of our everyday speech. In fact, we all complain about jargon, yet everyone writes it and no one ever admits using it. The reason? Jargon or even colloquial jargon can be the worst form of communication—and the best. The terms and the colloquial jargon and their translations into English and Arabic used in this research have been extracted from different glossaries and specialized car websites.

CREATING A GERMAN-SLOVAK HUNTING TERMINOLOGY DATABASE

The paper strives to introduce terminology tools in creating a German Slovak terminology database of the relevant specialized terms used in hunting in the context of the diversity of available resources and verification tools such as the German and Slovak national corpora. The focus will be on corpora as verification tools and their role in creating a terminology database. In addition, we will consider the principle of the diversity of existing sources. The theoretical basis is grounded in corpus linguistics, technical language, terminology work, and semantics. The authors of the study being presented have explored corpora as a relevant tool in terms of quantity and quality. The German and Slovak national corpus serves as an indicator of rare terms – with a low occurrence presupposing a higher professional level of specialized lexemes. The approach of common or zero occurrence in national corpora needs to be implemented into terminology work and creating terminology databases. Thus, the authors of the study use, compare, and analyze the German federal corpus – DWDS (Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache) and the Slovak national corpus (SNK). In the process of terminological search in the canons, they have applied homogenous search criteria. As a result of the analysis underpinned with concrete examples from the hunting field, they demonstrate a procedure for creating a terminological database of a specialized domain. Overall, they attempt to deliver an innovative approach combining the latest knowledge in linguistics and terminology work.

Трудности перевода текстов автодорожной тематики с русского на английский и немецкий языки на материале веб-сайтов дорожно-строительных компаний

The paper aims to identify difficulties in translating road-engineering texts from Russian into English and German based on materials from road-building companies’ websites. It considers grammar-, vocabulary- and style-related difficulties in multilingual translation. Scientific originality of the study involves a comprehensive analysis of difficulties when translating road-engineering texts from road-building companies’ websites. The research findings are as follows: the authors propose a classification of road-engineering terminology according to a specific area of professional activities, analyze highly specialized road-engineering terms and identify the frequency of terms possessing particular morphological structure.