The position of the Notary as a public official who is authorized to make authentic deeds places him in a strategic position in the civil law proof system as well as in the criminal law enforcement process. In practice, it is not uncommon for a notary to be called and checked at the stage of the investigation regarding the deed drawn up by him. This study aims to analyze the concept of notary position in the investigation process as well as the mechanism of summoning and examination of notaries as witnesses after the decision of the Constitutional Court decision Number 49/PUU-X/2012. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, especially to the Notary Office Act and the Code of Criminal Procedure. The results showed that notaries can be called as witnesses, experts, or related parties, but still bound by the obligation to maintain the confidentiality of the position. After the Constitutional Court decision, the mechanism for calling notaries must still pay attention to the principle of protecting positions through special procedures as stipulated in Article 66 of the UUJN. Therefore, a balance is needed between the authority of investigators in uncovering criminal acts and the protection of the dignity and independence of the notary profession in order to ensure certainty, justice, and legal expediency.

Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) is the most common special radiological procedure that is used to assess the fallopian tubes and the uterus. A paucity exists in the research concerning the subjective experiences of patients undergoing HSG procedures in South Africa, the SADC area, or sub-Saharan Africa as a whole. Although numerous research has investigated HSG in relation to infertility diagnosis and management, none have primarily concentrated on recording patients' opinions and experiences during the HSG process. Therefore, this study explored the experiences of patients referred for the HSG procedure in Pretoria hospitals, South Africa. A qualitative, exploratory descriptive design was conducted with 30 participants undergoing the HSG procedure in the radiology departments of four hospitals in Pretoria, South Africa. A semi-structured, face-to-face recorded interview was conducted with willing participants. Qualitative data collected was transcribed verbatim, and data transcripts were coded and integrated into themes using a thematic analysis approach. Five themes were generated which showed that most participants had insufficient knowledge about the HSG procedure. The Internet was identified to be the common source of information. Their reasons for referral were failure to conceive and other gynaecological-related disorders. The appointment scheduling system used in the involved institutions was a challenge for most participants. Participants viewed the HSG procedure as an important, helpful diagnostic procedure. Patient experience is very important whether before, during or after the HSG procedure. Therefore, staff training on patient communication and empathy, optimising appointment scheduling, and better patient education about the HSG procedure are necessary.

Accurate in vivo dosimetry is crucial for dose monitoring of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) and for dose verification for special procedures such as total body irradiation (TBI) and total skin electron therapy (TSET). A new near real-time in vivo dosimetry system using radiochromic films (RCF) is investigated for clinical use in megavoltage external beam radiotherapy. The Pnt-Dos™ in vivo dosimetry system comprises of a new type of RCF and a dedicated software module. Each Pnt-Dos device is a small piece of RCF individually packed with a unique QR code for identification and record keeping. Different from the traditional film dosimetry workflow, where a film developing time of at least 16hours is recommended, a near real-time dose readout can be achieved with the Pnt-Dos system using a novel calibration procedure. This involves an automated scanning process at user-specified time intervals, utilizing auto-region of interest (ROI) detection and triple-channel calibration to capture the time-resolved post-irradiation growth. Two standard Epson scanner models (V600/13000XL) were used to cross-validate readouts and accommodate users who may prefer to utilize existing 13000XL scanners rather than acquire an additional V600 for in vivo dosimetry. The dosimetric accuracy was evaluated over a range of 15-400 cGy. Angular dependence was studied in 45° increments over 360°, normalized to the response at 0°, at 250 cGy using a cylindrical phantom. Energy dependence was evaluated for four photon energies (6 MV, 6 MV FFF, 10 MV FFF, 15 MV) and five electron energies (6 MeV, 9 MeV, 12 MeV, 16 MeV, and 20 MeV). Long-term reproducibility/stability were assessed with nine devices with different doses under identical conditions, alongside daily scans of quality control (QC) devices over three months. The system provides accurate dose measurements across high- and low-dose ranges. All readings were within specification: accuracy was<±5 cGy for doses ≤ 80 cGy doses (max discrepancy 6.0 cGy), and<±5% for doses>80 cGy on average (max discrepancy 5.1%). Angular dependence showed a maximum variation of 2.6%±2.1% when the beam passed through the posterior oblique side of the device. Daily QC/reproducibility tests confirmed system constancy of 0.1% average day-to-day variation. Energy dependence analysis revealed deviations of up to 4.9%±2.3% for all photon and electron energies compared to 6 MV photons, indicating the need for energy correction during commissioning. Film readings were compared with ion chamber measurements at 10 × 10cm2, dmax, 100cm SAD (photons) or 100cm SSD (electrons). Both scanners provided comparable readouts, within 1.3 cGy for doses ≤ 80 cGy and 0.6% for doses>80 cGy. Based on these findings, user guidelines were established to ensure optimal performance and accuracy. The new film-based in vivo dosimetry system provides an automated workflow that enables consistent, time-independent, and near real-time readout with a user-friendly design that simplifies handling and analysis, thereby streamlining in vivo dosimetry measurements. It also provides a traceable record of the patient dosimetry.

To develop and implement an in‑house treatment‑management platform to improve communication, data accessibility, and task tracking across a radiation oncology department. We developed Capsule, a custom software platform that centralizes patient data from the ARIA oncology information system (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, United States), and integrates it with data from Outlook (Microsoft, Redmond, United States), spreadsheets, and manual inputs. Built using C#, SQL, and the.NET framework, it features a graphical interface in XAML with twelve modular tools to support workflows across a large multi-modality department. A formal validation, feedback, and maintenance cycle was established. Its impact on workflow efficiency was evaluated using average CarePath task duration before and after implementation, supplemented by user interviews and surveys. The Department Schedule, Treatment Planning and On-Treatment Whiteboard, Spreadsheet, and various workload tracking modules emerged as the most frequently used among dosimetrists surveyed.The Whiteboard module consolidates planning metadata for streamlined workflows. Workload and scheduling modules help distribute tasks fairly. The Department Schedule module centralizes daily role and contact information. The Spreadsheet module allows dosimetrists to identify a reference for unique plans and provides secure access to large exportable tabulated patient data and clinical trends. Other modules support proton down-time replanning and special procedure physics assignment. One year after Capsule's implementation, most tasks in the external beam radiation therapy workflow experienced a reduction in average duration. Capsule streamlines workflows by integrating multiple tools into a single platform, supporting urgent scenarios, and improving task hand-off. Its modular design allows customization to local workflows, but implementation must be guided by institutional oversight and formal quality management to ensure data security and compliance. Capsule can provide a solution for improved workflow efficiency, communication, and interdisciplinary coordination. By democratizing access to routine and retrospective data, it supports treatment planning, scheduling, and quality improvement. Ongoing updates are essential as clinical practices evolve.

The article is devoted to the problems of protecting the personal data of children and parents when using electronic registers and digital services. It is noted that the issue of determining the limits of the exercise of parental rights regarding the personal data of a child is problematic. On the one hand, parents are obliged to protect the interests of their children and exercise control over the use of their data in various services; on the other hand, excessive parental control or dissemination of information about a child without their consent may contradict the principle of respect for privacy. It has been established that the current legislation of Ukraine, in particular the Law “On the Protection of Personal Data”, does not contain separate provisions that would comprehensively regulate the processing of information about children. The absence of special norms regarding the consent of minors and the procedure for its provision by parents creates conflicts between the norms of civil, family and information law. As a result, in practice, situations arise when parents do not have sufficient control over the dissemination of information about a child in electronic systems, or vice versa - the state restricts access to information, referring to the confidentiality regime. It was concluded that the issue of delimiting access to family information between parents who are in conflict or divorced is no less problematic. In judicial practice, there are cases when one parent applies for electronic extracts from the child’s registers without the knowledge of the other, which raises doubts about compliance with the principle of good faith processing of personal data. This situation indicates the need to develop special procedures for parents’ access to information about children contained in state electronic systems, taking into account court decisions or guardianship and trusteeship bodies. Therefore, the child’s right to privacy cannot be absolute, but its implementation must take into account the best interests of the child, including age characteristics, the nature and volume of the data processed. At the same time, parents have a legal basis for access to information about their children in digital registers if this contributes to the fulfillment of their parental duties. It is precisely the establishment of clear boundaries and mechanisms for such access that is an important part of improving the civil legal protection of personal data in the context of family digital legal relations.

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems for real-life scenarios are required to process audio streams of arbitrary length with stable accuracy under limited computational resources. While the joint connectionist temporal classification (CTC) and attention-based encoder-decoder (AED) model delivers high recognition quality, its vanilla form is unable to meet these requirements. This paper proposes an input-synchronous blockwise decoding algorithm for the joint CTC-AED model. The algorithm processes overlapping blocks of audio synchronously with the input frames, utilizing CTC alignment to determine the proper context from the overlapping part for the AED component. The fixed block length ensures predictable and limited resource consumption and avoids long-form speech generalization issues, while the overlap mitigates WER degradation caused by edge effects. Unlike existing methods, the proposed approach requires neither model architecture modifications nor a special training procedure, while also supporting block overlapping. The word error rate (WER) performance of the algorithm is studied with respect to block size and overlap size.

The identification of the real level of economic development of the region is an important condition to design effective regional development policy. Economic development is characterized by a large number of indicators. This study provides an approach for assessing the level of economic development based on the use of a comprehensive index, which is a convolution of initial indicators. The model involves the use of both a group of absolute indicators and a group of relative measures of dynamics. Each of the groups of indicators has its special data normalization procedure and its special method of convolution into a partial comprehensive index. The outcome of the evaluation is obtained by weighted multiplicative convolution of partial comprehensive indexes. In this study, the level of economic development of regions of Ukraine according to the data of 2017 has evaluated. As a result, Ukraine’s regions were allocated into three groups: with the level of economic development above average, with the average level of economic development and with the level of development below average. The article suggests a way to determine the boundary values of the comprehensive index for grouping. Comparison of the obtained results of grouping with the results of clustering of the Ukraine’s regions by the k-means method with the same data showed their identity. The article shows that Ukraine’s regions can be allocated by the level of economic development into other number of groups.

The article examines the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for processing biometric data in Ukraine’s criminal proceedings. Emphasis is placed on the potential of AI use for identifying individuals by fingerprints, facial features, voice, and other biometric characteristics, which can enhance the efficiency of investigations and evidence gathering. At the same time, a number of risks are outlined: possible algorithm errors and false matches that could lead to unjustified suspicions or arrests; the issue of reliability and transparency of AI “black box” models, whereby parties in a trial cannot verify how a result was obtained; and privacy threats associated with the mass collection and use of sensitive personal (biometric) data without sufficient legal safeguards. It is determined that current Ukrainian legislation lacks clear provisions on the admissibility of evidence obtained through AI, in particular results of automated facial recognition or other biometric identifications. The need for improving the regulatory framework is substantiated: defining the procedural status of data generated by AI; introducing criteria for verifying their accuracy (through expert assessment, validation of methods, etc.); as well as establishing special procedures for judicial oversight over the use of such technologies at the pre-trial investigation and trial stages. Examples of foreign experience are provided: in some cases U.S. courts have admitted AI-driven analyses (e.g., DNA expert reports) as evidence, whereas other rulings have excluded evidence obtained via facial recognition technologies due to concerns about their reliability and the lack of disclosure of the AI methods. At the European level, a cautious approach is observed: the European Parliament advocates significant restrictions on the use of mass biometric surveillance systems, allowing them only in exceptional situations subject to a court order. It is highlighted that the introduction of AI into criminal justice practice must be accompanied by not only technical, but also legal and ethical safeguards. The conclusion is drawn that a comprehensive approach is required to balance the innovative capabilities of AI with human rights protections – from amending the Criminal Procedure Code to record and evaluate AI-derived evidence to taking into account international standards (GDPR, the EU AI Act) and creating mechanisms of independent oversight. Proper judicial control and tailored legal regulation will minimize risks and ensure the admissibility and objectivity of using AI-processed biometric data in criminal proceedings.

Abstract Transitional justice has become the legal and moral grammar for articulating victims’ demands for justice in conflict-affected societies. Yet it is a grammar that deftly places the responsibility for addressing impoverished victims’ main concerns, namely economic and social rights (ESR), in other fields. This is largely possible thanks to the ‘separability thesis’, according to which ESR and reparations are conceptually distinct, and therefore the guarantee of ESR cannot be considered a means of reparation. This thesis, now widely accepted by scholars, UN special procedures, and the Inter-American Human Rights System, places victims in a situation where they can be repaired while remaining poor. This article critically examines the development of this thesis during the encounter with transitional justice in Colombia and clarifies the important role it has played in the remaking of the field and its application in conflict-affected societies. Drawing on the lessons of this conceptual history, the article argues for the development of a framework that articulates victims’ everyday ESR claims in terms of reparation, and explores human rights bodies, traditionally neglected in the transitional justice literature, that are well suited for this purpose. Reconsidering the separability thesis requires rethinking the state–individual relationship, understanding state power not only as a source of mistrust and a target of stigmatization, but also as an active agent in addressing socioeconomic wrongs. With this shift, the article anchors the literature on transformative reparations within the normative framework of the ICESCR, while acknowledging the realpolitik constraints that affect the guarantee of ESR.

The article is dedicated to investigating the problem of systemic non-execution of court decisions in disputes regarding the award and recalculation of pensions in Ukraine, which constitutes a direct violation of both the constitutional guarantees of the right to judicial protection (Art. 129-1) and the international obligations of the state under Art. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This issue gains particular urgency in the context of the use of subordinate rulemaking by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine as a key mechanism by which the Pension Fund of Ukraine (PFU) effectively blocks the enforcement of final court decisions. The subject of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the content and legal consequences of the adoption of CMU Resolution No. 821 of 14 July 2025 «On Approval of the Procedure for Expenditures from the Budget of the Pension Fund of Ukraine for the Payment of Pensions Awarded (Recalculated) in Execution of Court Decisions» and CMU Resolution No. 1152 of 17 September 2025, which approved the PFU budget for 2025. The article analyzes the legal nature of the special procedure for financing pensions, awarded or recalculated in execution of court decisions, introduced by these resolutions, including within the mandatory state pension insurance solidarity system. It is substantiated that the segregation of the so-called «pensions recalculated by court decision» into a separate category of payments and the establishment of a proportional financing mechanism for them effectively leads to the creation of artificial «budget queues» and the deferral of court decisions for an indefinite period. It is established that such regulation directly contradicts the norms of the Law of Ukraine «On Compulsory State Pension Insurance» (Art. 47), which establishes the monthly payment of the pension in full and does not foresee any other payment procedure for pensions recalculated in execution of court decisions. It is proven that the Government, by introducing its own enforcement procedure, exceeded its delegated powers, violated the principle of the hierarchy of normative legal acts, and undermined the constitutional principle of the binding nature of court decisions. The mechanism proposed by the Government leads to the legal discrimination of pensioners by creating two types of pensions. The example of the canceled CMU Resolution No. 649 demonstrates the systemic nature of attempts by the executive branch to limit or modify the execution of court decisions in pension disputes through subordinate regulation. The conclusion is drawn about the existence of a deep dysfunction in the mechanism of interaction between the branches of government, and the necessity to strengthen judicial control over the compliance of CMU acts with the laws and the Constitution of Ukraine is emphasized.

This study analyzes the legal protection of children as perpetrators of rape within Indonesia’s national legal system and Aceh’s Qanun Jinayat, focusing on the Syar’iyah Court’s decisions that often fail to confirm the fulfillment of children’s rights to education, rehabilitation, and reintegration. Although the principle of the best interests of the child requires comprehensive protection, the absence of clear implementing regulations has created uncertainty. Using a normative juridical method with legislative and case approaches, the research draws on secondary data enriched with primary data and qualitatively analyzed. The findings show that both national law and Qanun Jinayat emphasize child protection based on the best interests principle. National law mandates special procedures such as mentoring, closed hearings, psychological assessments, and diversion, while Qanun Jinayat, through Article 50, stipulates lighter and proportionate uqubat for children. These frameworks complement each other in ensuring education, psychological recovery, and social reintegration. However, several Syar’iyah Court decisions have not explicitly included recovery rights, resulting in ineffective protection and legal uncertainty. The study recommends that the Syar’iyah Court explicitly incorporate children’s rights to education, rehabilitation, and reintegration in its verdicts. Furthermore, the Aceh Government should issue Standard Operating Procedures or Governor’s Regulations to provide a clear legal basis for implementing child uqubat in line with the Juvenile Criminal Justice System.

In criminal proceedings, children who appear as victims or witnesses often experience secondary victimization, meaning they suffer further trauma not from the crime itself, but from the response of authorities during the legal process. For instance, a child may undergo renewed psychological stress when compelled to recall the traumatic event while giving testimony or upon being confronted with the accused in person. Repeated interrogations, face-to-face confrontations, and court appearances can inflict additional emotional harm on a minor. The study aims to substantiate the need for implementing special interrogation procedures for child victims in order to prevent their secondary victimization. The research employs a comprehensive approach, including analysis of national criminal procedure laws and international standards on child-friendly justice; a comparative review of practices for interviewing child victims across different jurisdictions; and synthesis of psychological and criminological findings on the impact of criminal proceedings on a child’s psyche. General scientific methods and special methods were used. The special interrogation procedures proposed (creating a child-friendly environment, limiting the number of interviews, videorecording testimonies, etc.) can be implemented in investigative and judicial practice to safeguard the mental health of child victims. Applying these recommendations will help reduce the traumatic impact of criminal proceedings on minors, improve the reliability of their testimony, and ensure compliance with international child-friendly justice standards.

This study analyzes the implementation and compliance of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in the goods receiving and requisition processes at Hotel X Bogor. The increasing operational demands in the hospitality industry require effective inventory and logistics management to ensure cost efficiency and service quality. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with purposive sampling, where data were gathered through observations, interviews, and documentation. The analysis process includes data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The findings indicate that the goods receiving SOP at Hotel X is aligned with industry standards, covering document verification, quantity and price checks, classification of inventory items, special handling procedures for perishable goods, and daily reporting to the cost control division. The requisition SOP includes strict warehouse operating hours, the implementation of the First In First Out (FIFO) system, daily documentation of item requests, planning for imported goods' lead time, and monthly physical inventory checks. Flowchart analysis shows that both SOPs are integrated with the hotel’s information system (Power Pro), enabling accurate and efficient data processing. Overall, the SOPs are well-structured and support effective internal control, although improvements in digitalization and system integration could further enhance operational performance.

The article examines the procedural status of victims of war crimes in the context of the ongoing armed aggression against Ukraine and analyses key issues in the implementation of their rights. It is noted that the significant increase in the number of war crimes necessitates comprehensive regulatory mechanisms governing the participation of victims in criminal proceedings. The article outlines the specific features of the legal position of the victim under the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine and identifies factors that complicate the recognition of victim status, access to justice, participation in procedural actions, and the establishment of harm in wartime conditions. Special attention is paid to the approaches of the International Criminal Court (ICC) regarding the interpretation of the concept of a victim, forms of participation, protective guarantees, and compensation mechanisms. A comparison of national and international standards reveals substantial gaps in Ukrainian legislation, particularly the lack of special procedures for victims of war crimes and insufficient protection mechanisms. The article formulates directions for improving Ukrainian criminal procedure legislation, including ensuring mandatory notification of victims, expanding access to case materials, using remote participation tools, introducing the category of “vulnerable victims”, adopting a law on compensation for victims of international crimes, and establishing a special mechanism for civil claims within criminal proceedings. It is concluded that the ICC has developed the most advanced system for victim participation in proceedings, and its principles should be integrated into national criminal procedure for the investigation and adjudication of war crimes. Ukrainian legislation is currently only at the initial stage of adopting these standards, which highlights the need to adapt the national model to international experience. Improvements to criminal procedural legislation should be guided by the implementation of international standards and ICC recommendations, as well as consideration of the actual challenges faced by victims of war crimes. The author identifies general directions for regulatory solutions to the outlined issues.

BackgroundOver the past approximately 40 years, Chinese drug regulations have undergone many major reforms to accelerate the approval of drugs and keep pace with the scientific innovation of drugs in the world, especially developed countries. In 2018 and 2023 China’s National Health Commission in collaboration with other departments released China’s “First Batch of Rare Diseases Catalogue” and “Second Batch of Rare Disease Catalogue”. However, there is currently less relevant research on the overview and speed of the approval of rare disease drugs in China.MethodsThis study used cross-sectional analysis of rare disease drugs approved in China and the USA from 1983 to 2022 through official drug search databases and systematically analyzed and compared rare disease drugs approved in the USA and China, including the number, approval time, related laws and regulations, and expedited programs.ResultsBetween 1983 and 2022, the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a total of 693 orphan drugs (covering 1228 formulations/specifications). Among these, 201 drugs (425 formulations/specifications) were approved by China’s National Medical Products Administration (NMPA), accounting for 29.0% (201/693) of the approved drugs and 34.6%(425/1228) of the approved formulations/specifications. The number of China’s rare diseases drugs is increasing year by year, and the approval speed has gradually accelerated. The median approval lag time was 32.3 years (IQR: 22.9–33.6) from 1983 to 1987. In contrast, the shortest median lag time occurred between 2018 and 2022, at approximately 1.4 years (IQR: 0.5–2.6)—a reduction of 94.2% that reflects the success of China’s ongoing drug regulatory reforms. The special procedures for drug approval have a great promoting effect on rare diseases drugs’ approval.ConclusionThis research provides evidence of breakthroughs in the review and approval of rare disease drugs in China and demonstrates the tremendous boost to rare disease drugs from China’s ongoing restructuring and reform of the drug regulatory ecosystem, as well as a stimulus for future rare disease drugs development in China.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-025-04175-4.

A machine learning (ML) methodology for the robust detection and severity characterization of incipient gear faults under variable speed and load is postulated. The methodology is trained using vibration signals from a single accelerometer mounted on the gearbox, simultaneously acquired with tachometer signals at a sample of working conditions (WCs) from the range of interest. A special parametric identification procedure of gearbox dynamics that may account for the continuous range of WCs is introduced through `clouds’ of advanced stochastic data-driven Functionally Pooled models, estimated from angularly resampled vibration signals. Each cloud represents the gearbox dynamics at a specific fault severity level, while the pseudo-static effects of the WCs on the dynamics are accounted for through data pooling. Fault detection and severity characterization are achieved by testing the consistency of a vibration signal with each model cloud within a hypothesis testing framework in which the unknown load is also estimated. The methodology is assessed through 18,300 experiments on a single-stage spur gearbox including four incipient single-tooth pinion faults, 61 speeds, and four load levels. The faults produce no significant changes in the time-domain signals, while their frequency-domain effects overlap with the variations caused by the WCs, rendering the diagnosis problem highly challenging. The comparison with a state-of-the-art deep Stacked Autoencoder (SAE) demonstrates the ML method’s superior performance, achieving 95.4% and 91.6% accuracy in fault detection and characterization, respectively.

Special Education services throughout the United States have changed and evolved over the past fifty years. The passing of landmark statue, Public Law 94-142 was enacted in 1975 and was later amended and renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990. With this law, schools are mandated to provide students with identified disabilities with a free appropriate public education (FAPE) in their least restrictive environment (LRE). This paper begins by framing special education inclusive policies and procedures in the United States before proceeding with the benefits, challenges and barriers that educators and schools often report occurring within schools and districts with regards to inclusion. Next, the paper will proceed with highlighting how inclusion looks in rural schools. With this framework, the paper will then focus on how inclusive educational competencies are introduced and embedded within an undergraduate introductory course for preservice teachers to prepare future teachers to meet the needs of their students.

The paper thoroughly discusses the application of pre-trial cooperation agreements with defendants accused of committing a crime in Russian law. Similar legal provisions are widely used and, in some countries, referred to as a plea deal. The authors provide examples of foreign legal concepts compared with the summary legal proceedings used in the national legal system and identify similar features and significant differences. The paper emphasizes the special nature of legal regulation of special criminal proceedings related to the prevalence of the principle of publicity in the national criminal proceedings system. The proceedings conducted based on the cooperation agreement are defined as an independent institution of criminal procedure and a theoretical justification is provided for the need for additional regulation of the preliminary investigation in such proceedings to ensure the implementation of the principles of legality of process at its pre-trial stages. In addition, based on the study, the authors propose making significant changes to the existing system of summary proceedings allowing the court to resolve criminal cases related to crimes threatening the most significant objects of judicial protection. The proposed amendments to the criminal procedure may significantly improve the crime prevention performance of law enforcement agencies.

The article analyzes the regulatory framework of Uzbekistan in the field of crypto assets, focusing on institutional architecture (National Agency for Perspective Projects) and licensing of providers of services in the field of virtual assets (VASP), as well as control procedures and enforcement measures. Since 2022, a special legal procedure has been formed: the National Agency for Perspective Projects exercises regulatory and licensing powers, and the circulation and mining of crypto assets are subject to administrative permitting and control procedures. The article compares the “procedural” approach (administrative law as a sphere of legal public intervention) and the “material” approach (financial and consumer guarantees). Based on regulatory legal acts and practice, the National Agency for Perspective Projects proposes directions for improvement (issuance and suspension of licenses in 2023-2025): unification of terminology, creation of public registers of control methods, transition to risk-oriented pricing in the mining sector, and development of the regulatory “regulatory box” (sandbox) mechanism. National and foreign practical examples show a correlation between procedural fairness (right to be heard, motivation, voluntary control) and financial compliance (AML/CFT, consumer rights protection). Based on the results, it was concluded that it is necessary to codify basic administrative procedures for digital assets when converging simultaneously with financial and ICT law. The methodological basis of the research consists of comparative legal, formal legal and institutional analysis.

The present systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the effect of a special treatment procedure that avoids the repeated change of implant abutments (one-abutment one-time concept, study group) on implant survival and peri-implant bone level stability compared to the standard procedure (control group). The National Center for Biotechnology Information database (PubMed) was searched systematically using preselected search terms. Randomised clinical control trials were extracted that were conducted no more than 10 years previously at the time (2012 to 2022), comparing two treatment approaches (study group vs control group) in single-tooth implant replacement over a minimum observation period of 12 months. A meta-analysis was then performed to compare the implant survival rate and marginal bone loss between the study and control groups. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the subsequent meta-analysis, in which a total of 753 implants were placed in 573 patients. On average, 55.8 patients were included per study and 75.3 implants were placed. The cumulative survival rate of the implants was 99.34%. When comparing the subgroups, the survival rate in the study group was 99.43%, whereas in the control group with multiple changes it was 99.25%. The difference was only marginally statistically significant and there was slightly less bone resorption in the study group compared to the control group (P = 0.0518). The one-abutment one-time concept leads to less bone resorption on implants; however, due to the marginal statistical significance and the low influence on implant survival, further studies involving a larger number of patients need to be carried out to evaluate the clinical relevance.