Specific Literature Research Articles

EVALUATION OF THE ADEQUACY OF WRITTEN SPECIALIZED TEXTS MACHINE TRANSLATION

Machine translation has become critical for overcoming language differences in the age of global communication, especially in specialized fields. This article discusses the complex process of evaluating the adequacy of machine translation for written specialized literature. The study analyzes the mistakes made by Google Translate (GT) and DeepL Translate (DT) when translating biology textbooks. The paper emphasizes that specialized texts require not only terminological accuracy but also context preservation, which makes machine translation in this field extremely challenging. Several evaluation approaches have been considered in previous work, emphasizing the need for human editing alongside machine translation systems. Machine translation errors, ranging from terminological and semantic mistakes to stylistic and grammatical errors, emphasize the importance of thorough post-editing. The results of the study showed that despite the correct translation of commonly used terminology, its use in complex sentences caused difficulties. Both systems often failed to recognize details, leading to distorted interpretations. Stylistic mistakes, such as word-for-word translation disregarding context, further weakened the translated sentences. The translation was also accompanied by grammatical errors that demonstrate the complexity of syntactic structures in specialized topics. The study revealed minimal differences between GT and DT, with GT translating terminology better and DT demonstrating more efficient grammatical structures. However, both systems used word-for-word translation, which resulted in stylistic errors and inaccurate word choice. This paper emphasizes the need for human editing to ensure the correct translation of specialized materials, as well as the need for continuous improvement of machine translation technology to ensure the accuracy of terminology and preserve context in specialized texts.

Adaptation of the Experience of Foreign Pedagogical Community of Higher Education in the Students' Critical Thinking Development in Ukraine

The article is devoted to the adaptation of the experience of foreign pedagogical community of higher education in the students' critical thinking development in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to highlight the practice of adapting the technologies for the critical thinking development of students from the foreign pedagogical community of higher education into the Ukrainian educational space. Research methods used in the article are theoretical analysis, systematization, generalization of data from scientific-methodical and special literature, analysis of the structure and content of higher education institutions websites. The results. Today, information has become an inexhaustible resource for humanity, and society has entered a new era of civilized development. This process requires the ability to use effective methods that allow the average citizen to adapt and survive in such situations. One of these tools is critical thinking, which is an essential tool for human mental activity. The problem of developing critical thinking has received considerable attention from the foreign pedagogical community of higher education. Critical thinking development in the theory of education was shown as the result of research in American cognitive psychology. This practice deserves to be adapted in Ukraine. The paper's author analyzes web content in terms of structure and content. Conclusions. The world's leading universities have websites that offer distance learning courses on critical thinking for students of these universities, as well as anyone who wants to improve their level of critical thinking, as the authors believe this skill to be essential for a successful professional life. The author of the article states that the creators of the courses unanimously voice the opinion that critical thinking skills are a prerequisite for a successful professional life, namely, that critical thinking correlates with innovative thinking. So, at the present stage in foreign pedagogical practice, this concept has a rich history and practice, which is actively implemented in the education system at all levels, and this experience should be implemented to develop Ukraine's education. Further scientific research is needed on the issues of involving global educational projects for the development of critical thinking in the digital environment of higher education institutions of the country, sharing resources between them, testing the pedagogical conditions for the development of students' critical thinking, taking into account the peculiarities of using digital technologies in the implementation of creative ideas for the development of critical thinking in classes with an increased emphasis on creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.

CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF THE HIGH-TECH SECTOR OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ESSENCE AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSING ITS TECHNOLOGICAL LEVEL IN THE CONTEXT OF CAPITALIZATION

CONCEPTUAL PRINCIPLES OF THE HIGH-TECH SECTOR OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ESSENCE AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF ASSESSING ITS TECHNOLOGICAL LEVEL IN THE CONTEXT OF CAPITALIZATION

The Category of Evidentiality and the Mechanisms of its Expression in Kartvelian Proverbs

Evidentiality is a universal morphosyntactic category of text that can be expressed by morphological, syntactic and lexical means. However, its linguistic expression is diverse not only in non-related but also in related languages (Margiani, Kurdadze, Lomia 2019: 427). Evidentiality as a universal grammatical category “is directly linked to the semantics of the utterance, expressing the attitude of the speaker to the provided information and pointing to the reliable source (direct or indirect) of information“ (Margiani, Kurdadze, Lomia 2019: 17). The category of evidentiality is expressed on the levels of text and discourse by various means, of which the construction with indirect speech is of utmost importance. Special literature has proved that “indirect speech is historically secondary. It is obtained as a result of processing-transformation of direct speech“ (Kvachadze 1977:441). An empirical analysis has yielded proverbs of simple structure that are expressed by means of subordinate clauses only. Such proverbs are especially productive in the Kartvelian languages. The main clause in such proverbs implies the present and past tense forms of verbs of saying (‘they say’, ‘it is said’, ‘they have said’ and so on). These verbs are omitted due to ellipsis. Such proverbs mention neither a speaker nor an addressee. In such cases, the omitted part (i.e. the main clause) is compensated by particles like Georgian o which indicate indirect speech.Indirect speech particles are distributed among the Kartvelian languages as follows: It should be underlined that in Kartvelian proverbs the indirect speech particles of the 3rd person are used systematically while the particles of the 1st and 2nd persons are extremely rare. This can be explained by the fact that the indirect speech particle of the 3rd person in the Kartvelian proverbs generalises the expressed viewpoint and enhances the reliability of the context.The use of the indirect speech particles in Georgian, Megrelian, Laz and Svan can also be analysed from the viewpoint of evidentiality. As it is known from the scholarly literature, evidentiality is expressed both morphologically and semantically in the Kartvelian languages. Different types of evidentiality are expressed differently on various language levels. For instance, in Georgian, evidentiality is expressed by perfect forms of verbs, by lexical means, by indirect speech markers, by evidential particles, etc. (Topadze-Gäumann 2011). Interestingly enough, in the Kartvelian proverbs evidentiality can have single (morphological or syntactic), double, and even multiple markers. In the latter case, it is simultaneously expressed by indirect speech particles and by evidential tenses. However, it should be noted that the natural structure of Georgian paremiological units is represented by evidential forms with single markers (mostly indirect speech particles).

Theoretical Aspects regarding Athletics and the Event of the Javelin Throw

Standing out among the other three throwing events, the javelin throw is known to be one of the most spectacular events in the discipline of athletics. It usually takes place in the last two days of major world competitions due to its impressive show and thrilling changes that occur during the six attempts. This paper aims to present the theoretical aspects of this event through the research and study of the published literature and scientific work of specialists in this field. As the sports domain is one of a large content this paper is a contribution to a dynamic and expanding literature. Athletics and gymnastics are the sports disciplines that lie at the basis of all sports. The throwing technique of this event is constantly improving due to the specialized equipment and the continuous development of the technologies. In conclusion, the academic literature is expanding and the theoretical aspects are adapted to the discoveries. 

Measuring economic resilience for the CEE and Black Sea countries in the framework of comprehensive defense

The main research objective of this paper is to identify key factors influencing economic resilience from the perspective of comprehensive defence. This involves developing a composite economic resilience index (Ericda) that outlines the relative economic resilience of countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the Black Sea regions, within the comprehensive defence framework. The paper employs qualitative research methods, focusing on an analysis of specialist literature pertaining to economic resilience. Quantitative methods are also used for developing the Economic Resilience Index from the Comprehensive Approach to Defence (Ericda) perspective. This includes using data on selected resilience indicators in Central and the Eastern European and Black Sea region countries to generate rankings. The results of the study reveal strong positive correlations between the economic resilience index and various factors, such as logistics and infrastructure, economic complexity, foreign trade vulnerabilities and dependence, economic stability and development, governance effectiveness, military, and human capital. Additionally, a negative correlation was observed with the resilience index. The research findings suggest that to ensure effective comprehensive defence, isolated measures targeting individual pillars are inadequate. Economic resilience requires a collaborative approach, extending beyond the purview of the finance ministry and involving a broader range of stakeholders.

EXTRACTION AND CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE HOMESTEAD FARM “DUNDURI” OF LUDZA MUNICIPALITY

The aim of the work: to evaluate the development possibilities of the economic activity of the homestead farm “Dunduri” by collecting and cultivating medicinal plants.
 The work was developed the basis on European Union and Latvian regulatory documents and guidelines applicable to the collection and processing of medicinal plants, special literature and homestead data.
 It is important to understand what steps to take, what problems to face and how will affect activities in the future in the field of harvesting medicinal plants. 
 The work examines the extraction of medicinal plants in Europe and Latvia, the guidelines for collecting and growing plants and the classification of medicinal plants, provides a description of the resources of the homestead farm “Dunduri”, examines the growing and harvesting technologies of medicinal plants and their realization possibilities, analyses the farm economic activities and development opportunities.

System of Increasing the Level of Professional and Pedagogical Training of Primary Education Teachers

Determination of the level of manifestation of professional and pedagogical preparedness of a primary education teacher was carried out at the ascertaining, formative and generalizing stages of experimental work, using quantitative and qualitative assessment of the results obtained, based on the use of the developed evaluation and diagnostic criterion. The ascertaining stage of the experimental work included. The ascertaining stage of the experimental work provided for the justification of the participants in the experimental and control groups, diagnostic and activity-based goal-setting, through the study, analysis and generalization of special literature and a comprehensive analysis of the practice of developing professional and practical knowledge, abilities, skills of primary education teachers and drawing up a program for increasing the level of preparedness of teachers. The formative stage included the creation of pedagogical prerequisites, through the implementation of a plan-program for increasing the level of professional and pedagogical preparedness based on a systematic and practical approach, with the involvement of teachers in continuously operating training-seminars, the participation of primary education teachers in self-assessment and reflection of their professional and pedagogical activities. The generalizing stage of experimental work made it possible to analyze the level of professional and pedagogical preparedness of primary education teachers. Research work to improve the level of professional and pedagogical preparedness of primary education teachers was planned and carried out on the basis of the requirements of the State educational standard for school general education.

Macromastia Surgery: a Proven Approach Perfected Over 25 Years in Plastic Aesthetic Surgery

Macromastia is a rare condition in women and is characterized by an abnormal growth of the mammary glands. Macromastia is considered breast hypertrophy in which the excess of breast glandular tissue exceeds 3% of the total body weight1. In specialized literature, the term gigantomastia is also used7. Some authors consider the term macromastia synonymous with gigantomastia, especially since the repercussions on the general state of the body are the same. Other authors consider that the two terms, macromastia or gynecomastia, are not synonymous7. Currently, there is no unanimous agreement on the definition of the two terms. The article presents my experience of 25 years in the surgical management of macromastia (gigantomastia) on a number of 364 cases. The surgical solution was based on the use of the modified McKissock technique (if the breast resection involved the excision of up to 1.5 kg of mammary gland from the level of a single breast) or the breast reduction with a free areola graft in the Pitanguy technique (if the resection involved more than 1.5 kg and the positioning of the new areola exceeds 15 cm from the level of the submammary groove. The clinical evaluation is very important for establishing the surgical management. The benefits of breast reduction in these cases are evident immediately postoperatively.

The Ethical Concept of Shame as a Social Regulator of the Students’ Behaviour

The aim of the research is to study the impact of the ethical concept of “shame” on the moral consciousness and behaviour of adolescents in high school. To do this, an analysis of the concept of “shame” in special literature was carried out, as well as an analysis of the content of this concept in the minds of adolescents; the main substantive signs of its lexical representations of various morphological natures were revealed: negativity, reason, external orientation of emotion, and internal emotional traits. The survey of adolescents also established the degree of effectiveness of shame as a social regulator and modifier. The insufficient regulatory and modification effectiveness of the concept of “shame” revealed in the course of theresearch is influenced by several factors: a value crisis in the spiritual state of modern society; psychological characteristics of adolescence; shortcomings of the idea of shame formed in the minds of adolescents (a superficial understanding of emotion, an insignificant degree of the emotions of fear and guilt in the shame complex, lack of logical awareness of cause-and-effect relationships). To eliminate these shortcomings and increase the effectiveness of the concept of shame as a social regulator of adolescents' behaviour, it is necessary to carry out significant work on organizing a system of work on the formation of ideas about shame in adolescents, on their inclusion in practical activities to form the ethical concept under study in the family and school.

Study Regarding Professional Stress of Medical Staff in a Pharmacy Company From Constanta, Romania

Since burn-out is the second most common occupational disease after back pain in the European Union, this study aims to analyze this multidimensional reaction that negatively influences the work of health professionals worldwide. Scientific studies show that occupational burnout manifests itself much more dramatically in the medical profession than in other professions, thus reflecting the phenomenon in all its complexity. In specialized literature, studies related to the evaluation of the degree of stress among medical personnel are quite rare. This is one of the reasons for carrying out this study. The second reason is the need to highlight the degree of stress in this professional category. The assessment, made on medical staff from common pharmacies in Constanța County, Romania, consists of formulating a questionnaire that includes questions related to stress factors that occur during professional activity. The answers received are interpreted and evaluated statistically.

THE HISTORY OF MUSICOLOGY STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WROCLAW AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE STATE-RELIGIOUS GENESIS OF JAGELLONISM IN THE XV-XVI CENTURIES

Research on the origins and functioning of the Wroclaw School of Musicology in the first half of the 20th century. is relevant, since the development of new approaches in modern Ukraine requires the broadest historical generalizations, while the general indicator of the genesis and results of the development of the relevant links of educational institutions indicated in the special literature is not sufficiently covered in the scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign musicologists until our time. This is connected not only with the discovery and analysis of new documentary materials and facts, but also with the unfortunate lack of regular cooperation between the musicology centers of Wroclaw and Lviv at the scientific and educational and methodological levels in the modern period. University musicology of the Wrocław school in the forms of musicological embodiments of the concept of a higher school has become an important factor in the educational completeness of professional musical training, taking into account the organic interaction of the higher level of music schooling with primary and secondary levels, which is broken in the modern Western European music-educational system.

Effect of the duration of temporary disability in dental diseases on the economically active population of the region: On the example of the Republic of Tatarstan

BACKGROUND: Morbidity with a temporary disability is an informative objective criterion for assessing the health status of the working population. The special literature describes data on research activities of temporary disability examination services; however, the issues of clinical and statistical analyses of the duration of temporary disability in dental diseases and factors affecting it at the regional level have not been sufficiently investigated.
 AIM: To determine the average duration of temporary disability for each class of dental morbidity at the regional level through clinical and statistical analyses.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cases of temporary disability established by dental medical organizations of the Republic of Tatarstan for 11 years were analyzed retrospectively. To calculate the intensive indicators, data of working patients who received dental treatment during the study period were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 23.
 RESULTS: The average duration of temporary disability for each class of dental morbidity in the Republic of Tatarstan was 7.02±0.09 days. In addition, the duration of temporary disability in each group of dental diseases was influenced by the following factors: type of nosology, sex and age of the patient, and doctor’s experience. The duration was statistically significantly different depending on the nosological group of dental diseases (p 0.001). The average duration of cases was the greatest in patients with developmental abnormalities and injuries of the maxillofacial region, in whom surgical treatment and follow-up were performed on an outpatient basis (12.18±1.26 and 12.16±0.36 days, respectively).
 CONCLUSION: This clinical and statistical study allows us to obtain reliable information about the state of dental morbidity in the economically active population of the Republic of Tatarstan, which is the basis for planning preventive measures, appropriate comprehensive treatment, and rehabilitation of patients.

Science in interwar Chisinau

This study presents a general overview of scientific life in the second largest city in Romania in terms of population. Unpublished archival material, the press of the time, iconographic sources and specialist literature were researched. The radiography of scientific life in Chișinău shows interest in areas of identity, history, language, heritage, but also in the real and natural sciences. Institutional profiles of personalities of science and culture were presented, as well as relevant case studies. The researched material allows the author to dismantle the Soviet propaganda myth that there were no relevant scientific research institutions in interwar Bessarabia, including Chișinău.

Zu den Bedeutungen einiger im Siebenbürgisch-Sächsischen bezeugten Substantive: Fisimatenten, Kramantes, Mäuse, Schnörkel, Spamponaden; Ambāgesz, Fortomäntul, Matāni (Matānyǝ)

Abstract The aim of this article is to elaborate on the nouns listed in the title based on selected vernacular records, which in a certain phrase, but also by themselves, express the meanings making troubles/difficulties and seeking excuses/evasions . First of all, Transylvanian Saxon and High German respectively the German colloquial language have these lexemes in common, as well as vernacular words that do not belong to this linguistic level. Furthermore, it should be clarified that these vernacular words are attested in different sound variants from case to case in the Rhenish, in the Palatine and in the Bavarian-Austrian vernaculars, in the same or similar meanings in corresponding vernacular dictionaries. Transylvanian Saxon proper vocabulary is represented by a borrowing from Latin and two borrowings from Romanian. The dialect documents presented in the article are taken from the Transylvanian-Saxon Dictionary, its archive, the North Transylvanian Dictionary as well as from dialect and specialist literature. The etymological explanations respectively the etymological considerations of the analyzed lexemes have been prepared mainly based on relevant specialist dictionaries.

An experimental determination of the critical diffusion coefficient and critical relative humidity (RH) of drying air when optimizing the drying of three hardwood species (birch, aspen, and black alder)

Abstract There are no systematic approaches available in current specialist literature when it comes to the optimization of the process of drying out hardwood species of wood, such as birch, aspen, or black alder, all of which find industrial uses in Estonia. In order to investigate the drying of these three hardwood species, this paper has made use of an experimental and theoretical drying optimization methodology which was developed previously for pine sapwood within the framework of the EIC Grant No. 16200 project. The same methodology was used to determine the critical diffusion coefficient and corresponding critical relative humidity levels (RH) in relation to the surrounding air, with those levels being important from the point of view of drying optimization, and calculating those levels separately for each species of hardwood. For alder it was found that the critical diffusion coefficient is Dcr = 36.57 * (10−4 mm2 s−1), while for aspen the figure was Dcr = 30.71 * (10−4 mm2 s−1), and for birch it was Dcr = 16.35 * (10−4 mm2 s−1). It was found that the time dependencies for the total deformation of different tree species tend to differ considerably, although the same drying regime was used for all of those tree species which were incorporated into the experiments.

ВНЕАУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА КАК ФАКТОР СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ РЕЧЕВЫХ УМЕНИЙ И НАВЫКОВ ИНОСТРАННЫХ СТУДЕНТОВ (ИЗ ОПЫТА ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ ФЕСТИВАЛЯ РУССКОЙ РЕЧИ "БЕРЕГА")

The article is devoted to the role of the competitive stages of the festival of Russian language «Berega» in the development of communicative abilities, improving the speech skills of foreign students studying at Russian universities. The authors note that, in full accordance with its name, the festival «Berega» unites people, providing participants with good opportunities for communication and interaction. The article emphasizes the importance in the modern world of a comprehensive educational process, which consists of both academic classes and extracurricular activities. This approach stimulates personal development, increases students' motivation to study the Russian language in depth, and promotes the development of creative activity. The authors of the article pay special attention to the opinion of its direct participants about the festival. This approach is relevant, because in the special literature devoted to such problems, first of all attention is paid to the point of view of teachers-organizers of events. The article summarizes the results of the nine-year work of the festival of Russian language «Berega», outlines the prospects for the development of this project of the VSTU. Fundamentally important to the authors of the work is the organization of intercultural interaction between Russian and foreign students.

A Historiographical Survey of ”Ius Valachicum” among Romanians and Vlachs

The purpose of our study is to investigate the current state of research regarding Ius Valachicum in Romanian and foreign historiography. After presenting Romanian history, palaeography and the legal history of the Carpatho-Danubian space, we turn to the Polish historiography of the North Vlachs, with respect to the Serbo-Croatian historiography of the South Vlachs. Finally, we use case studies to illustrate two enacted customary laws of the Vlachs from Croatia. The methods used in this paper include description, analysis, and comparison, as well as exploratory and applied research. The article is a historiographical survey of Ius Valachicum among the Romanians and Vlachs. The medieval and premodern consuetudinary laws of the Romanians and Vlachs are reflected both in primary and secondary sources, from 14thcentury historical documents to historiographical preoccupations dedicated to Ius Vlachicum from the 18thand 19th centuries. First, we refer to the special literature explaining both ethnonyms and the historical-geographical spread of the Romanians and Vlachs. Then we present the Romanian historiography investigating the manifestations and features of Ius Valachicum in the geographical area belonging to the present-day Romanian state. Turning to the Czech and Polish historiography, the occurrence of Ius Valachicum is revealed among the North Vlachs from medieval and premodern Poland, Ruthenia, and Hungary. We also review the Serbo-Croatian historiography of the Ius Valachicum specific to the South Vlachs from Croatia and Serbia. Finally, two enacted customary laws of the Vlachs from Croatia (1436, 1630) are analysed from the point of view of legal history. These codifications of Ius Valachicum prove the juridical power and importance acquired by the Croatian Vlachs during the Middle Ages. The historiographical pros and cons, as well as the critical remarks presented at the end of this study, at the same time, offer a few methodological solutions for future investigations of Romanian and Vlach Ius Valachicum.

ОБЗОР СОВРЕМЕННЫХ МЕТОДОВ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ КРАСНОГО ПЛОСКОГО ЛИШАЯ СЛИЗИСТОЙ ОБОЛОЧКИ РТА

Objectives. To systematize scientific information about the methods of treatment of lichen planus of the oral mucosa, presented in modern domestic and foreign literature.
 Methodology. The data of special literature were studied using scientific search library databases: Google Scholar, PubMed Central, Elibrary. The search for original scientific publications was carried out by keywords. This review includes an analysis of 48 scientific sources.
 Results. A review of the literature allowed us to identify a number of general principles for the treatment of lichen planus of the oral mucosa, to identify various drug and non-drug methods of treating lichen planus of the oral mucosa that have already been studied, used both locally and systemically, as well as a number of side effects that occur when using certain treatment methods, and, in this regard, to indicate the urgency of the problem and substantiate its practical significance, which is associated with the need to develop new, more effective, personalized methods of treating this disease.
 Conclusion. Despite the many methods of therapy of lichen planus of the oral mucosa that have already been studied, the treatment of this disease is currently an urgent problem for dentists and requires special attention. It should be borne in mind that there are certain contraindications to the use of various medicinal and non-medicinal methods of treating patients with a diagnosis of lichen planus of the oral mucosa, therefore, the question arises of finding new, more affordable and safe methods of treatment, especially in severe forms of the course of this disease.

On the question of applying discounts in the marketing process

This article discusses discounts, their types, functions and meaning for sellers and buyers. Attention is focused on which of the market participants discounts bring the greatest benefit. For the purposes of the study, special literature is analyzed and it turns out that manufacturers set discounts in order to increase sales and attract customers. A detailed classification of the types of discounts is offered, with a description and examples of use in marketing campaigns. As a result, an explanation of the discount mechanism is provided and conclusions are drawn that discounts are not always a source of income for the seller, but also often the risk of losses. For buyers, there is also a risk of unjustified costs for unnecessary purchases. As a result, errors in the use of discounts are formulated in detail and recommendations are made on their correct use for sellers and buyers.