Spatiotemporal Stability Research Articles

Summary statistics support spatiotemporal stability.

The visual system represents overall statistical, not individual properties of sets. It has been suggested that these summary representations evolved as a complimentary strategy to focused attention, circumventing the visual system’s capacity limits. We propose that a primary role of global statistical representations is to build and maintain a stable spatiotemporal context. If summary representations are the basis of spatiotemporal stability, then they should occur in multiple spatial reference frames in order to maintain stability over time and across gaze and head shifts. To test this idea, we used mean size, which is an adaptable attribute encoded over a single visual dimension in a qualitatively different manner than the sizes of individual objects. We examined whether mean size was adaptable across retinotopic, spatiotopic, hemispheric, and monocular frames of reference, as well as whether representations of mean size are built in different temporal windows within different spatial reference frames. In three experiments, we adapted observers to patches of small and large sized dots in opposite regions of the display (Left/Right or Top/Bottom), and tested their perceptions of the sizes of single test dots presented in the adapted regions. We observed a negative adaptation aftereffect, such that participants perceived a test dot presented in the area adapted to large dots as being smaller than the same sized dot presented in the region adapted to small dots (and vice versa) in retinotopic and hemispheric, but not spatiotopic, coordinates. This aftereffect also transferred between eyes. Finally, varying the duration of serially presented streams of adapting dots, we found that retinotopic, hemispheric, and binocular representations emerged during different temporal windows. Overall, our results suggest that mean size is represented across multiple spatiotemporal frames of reference, suggesting that such global statistics may play a fundamental role in maintaining perceptual stability. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2013

Summary statistics support spatiotemporal stability

Summary statistics support spatiotemporal stability

McMaster Mesonet soil moisture dataset: description and spatio-temporal variability analysis

Abstract. This paper introduces and describes the hourly, high-resolution soil moisture dataset continuously recorded by the McMaster Mesonet located in the Hamilton-Halton Watershed in Southern Ontario, Canada. The McMaster Mesonet consists of a network of time domain reflectometer (TDR) probes collecting hourly soil moisture data at six depths between 10 cm and 100 cm at nine locations per site, spread across four sites in the 1250 km2 watershed. The sites for the soil moisture arrays are designed to further improve understanding of soil moisture dynamics in a seasonal climate and to capture soil moisture transitions in areas that have different topography, soil and land cover. The McMaster Mesonet soil moisture constitutes a unique database in Canada because of its high spatio-temporal resolution. In order to provide some insight into the dominant processes at the McMaster Mesonet sites, a spatio-temporal and temporal stability analysis were conducted to identify spatio-temporal patterns in the data and to suggest some physical interpretation of soil moisture variability. It was found that the seasonal climate of the Great Lakes Basin causes a transition in soil moisture patterns at seasonal timescales. During winter and early spring months, and at the meadow sites, soil moisture distribution is governed by topographic redistribution, whereas following efflorescence in the spring and summer, soil moisture spatial distribution at the forested site was also controlled by vegetation canopy. Analysis of short-term temporal stability revealed that the relative difference between sites was maintained unless there was significant rainfall (> 20 mm) or wet conditions a priori. Following a disturbance in the spatial soil moisture distribution due to wetting, the relative soil moisture pattern re-emerged in 18 to 24 h. Access to the McMaster Mesonet data can be provided by visiting www.hydrology.mcmaster.ca/mesonet.

Using google street view for systematic observation of the built environment: analysis of spatio-temporal instability of imagery dates

BackgroundRecently, Google Street View (GSV) has been examined as a tool for remotely conducting systematic observation of the built environment. Studies have found it offers benefits over in-person audits, including efficiency, safety, cost, and the potential to expand built environment research to larger areas and more places globally. However, one limitation has been the lack of documentation on the date of imagery collection. In 2011, Google began placing a date stamp on images which now enables investigation of this concern. This study questions the spatio-temporal stability in the GSV date stamp. Specifically, is the imagery collected contemporaneously? If not, how frequently and where is imagery from different time periods woven together to represent environmental conditions in a particular place. Furthermore, how much continuity exists in imagery for a particular time period? Answering these questions will provide guidance on the use of GSV as a tool for built environment audits.MethodsGSV was used to virtually “drive” five sites that are a part of the authors’ ongoing studies. Each street in the sites was “driven” one mouse-click at a time while observing the date stamp on each image. Every time the date stamp changed, this “disruption” was marked on the map. Every street segment in the site was coded by the date the imagery for that segment was collected. Spatial query and descriptive statistics were applied to understand the spatio-temporal patterns of imagery dates.ResultsSpatio-temporal instability is present in the dates of GSV imagery. Of the 353 disruptions, 82.4% occur close to (<25 m) intersections. The remainder occurs inconsistently in other locations. The extent of continuity for a set of images collected with the same date stamp ranged from 3.13 m to 3373.06 m, though the majority of continuous segments were less than 400 m.ConclusionGSV offers some benefits over traditional built environment audits. However, this investigation empirically identifies a previously undocumented limitation in its application for research. Imagery dates can change often and without warning. Caution should be used at intersections where these disruptions are most likely to occur, though caution should be used everywhere when using GSV as a data collection tool.

Determination of spatiotemporal stability of corn head smut(Sporisorium reilianum) by SADIE

J.F. Ramirez-Davila, J.R. Sanchez-Pale, E. Porcayo-Camargo, and C. de Leon. 2012. Determination of spatiotemporal stability of corn head smut ( Sporisorium reilianum ) by SADIE. Cien. Inv. Agr. 39(3): 459-471. Recently, S. reilianum has caused significant ecological and economic damage in the maize-producing areas of Mexico and other countries. Knowledge about the spatiotemporal stability and distribution of the disease is important for the development of integrated management programs. The present study was performed to model the spatial distribution of S. reilianum from 2006 to 2009 using geostatistic techniques and to determine the spatiotemporal stability of corn head smut via a spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) and the Cramer-von Mises test. The incidence of the disease was determined in 100 corn parcels located in Santa Magdalena Valle de Bravo Municipality, and the parcel locations were determined with dGPS. The spatial distribution analysis was performed using spatial statistics (Geostatistic and SADIE). Aggregation maps were developed; and the long term spatiotemporal stability was determined with the Cramer-von Mises test and the SADIE association index. The results showed that geostatistics were able to establish S. reilianum spatial patterns, visualizing its centers of aggregation through elaborated maps. Such aggregation enables adequate management actions in terms of points or specific sites. The association index of SADIE (Im) and the bi-variable Cramer-von Mises (Ψ) proof make it possible to determine the spatiotemporal stability of the disease over the four years of the study.

The structure of the absolutely unstable regions in the near field of low-density jets

AbstractThe viscous spatiotemporal stability properties of low-density laminar round jets emerging from circular nozzles or tubes are investigated numerically providing, for the first time, a separate treatment of the two particular cases typically studied in experiments: a hot gas jet discharging into a quiescent cold ambient of the same species, and an isothermal jet consisting of a mixture of two gases with different molecular weight, discharging into a stagnant ambient of the heavier species. To that end, use is made of a realistic representation for the base velocity and density profiles based on boundary-layer theory, with account taken of the effect of variable transport properties. Our results show significant quantitative differences with respect to previous parametric studies, and reveal that hot jets are generically more unstable than light jets, in the sense that they have larger associated critical density ratios for values of the Reynolds number and momentum thickness typically used in experiments. In addition, for several values of the jet-to-ambient density ratio, $S$, the downstream evolution of the local stability properties of the jet is computed as a function of the two main control parameters governing the jet, namely the Reynolds number, $\mathit{Re}$, and the momentum thickness of the initial velocity profile, ${\theta }_{0} / D$. It is shown that, for a given value of $S$, the $(\mathit{Re}, {\theta }_{0} / D)$ parameter plane can be divided in three regions. In the first region, defined by low values of $\mathit{Re}$ or very thick shear layers, the flow is locally convectively unstable everywhere. In the second region, with moderately large values of $\mathit{Re}$ and thin shear layers, the jet exhibits a localized pocket of absolute instability, away from boundaries. Finally, in the third region, that prevails in most of the $(\mathit{Re}, {\theta }_{0} / D)$ parameter plane, the absolutely unstable domain is bounded by the jet outlet. All the experiments available in the literature are shown to lie in the latter region, and the global transition observed in experiments is demonstrated to take place when the absolutely unstable domain becomes sufficiently large. The marginal frequency of the resulting global self-excited oscillations is shown to be fairly well described by the absolute frequency evaluated at the jet outlet, in agreement with the numerical results obtained by Lesshafft et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 554, 2006, pp. 393–409) for synthetic jets.

Intrinsic properties of Tcf1 and Tcf4 splice variants determine cell-type-specific Wnt/β-catenin target gene expression

T-cell factor (Tcf)/lymphoid-enhancer factor (Lef) proteins are a structurally diverse family of deoxyribonucleic acid-binding proteins that have essential nuclear functions in Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes is highly dependent on context, but the precise role of Tcf/Lef family members in the generation and maintenance of cell-type-specific Wnt/β-catenin responses is unknown. Herein, we show that induction of a subset of Wnt/β-catenin targets in embryonic stem cells depends on Tcf1 and Tcf4, whereas other co-expressed Tcf/Lef family members cannot induce these targets. The Tcf1/Tcf4-dependent gene responses to Wnt are primarily if not exclusively mediated by C-clamp-containing Tcf1E and Tcf4E splice variants. A combined knockdown of Tcf1/Tcf4 abrogates Wnt-inducible transcription but does not affect the active chromatin conformation of their targets. Thus, the transcriptionally poised state of Wnt/β-catenin targets is maintained independent of Tcf/Lef proteins. Conversely, ectopically overexpressed Tcf1E cannot invade silent chromatin and fails to initiate expression of inactive Wnt/β-catenin targets even if repressive chromatin modifications are abolished. The observed non-redundant functions of Tcf1/Tcf4 isoforms in acute transcriptional activation demonstrated that the cell-type-specific complement of Tcf/Lef proteins is a critical determinant of context-dependent Wnt/β-catenin responses. Moreover, the apparent inability to cope with chromatin uncovers an intrinsic property of Tcf/Lef proteins that prevents false ectopic induction and ensures spatiotemporal stability of Wnt/β-catenin target gene expression.

Counterpropagating Rossby waves in confined plane wakes

In the present work, we revisit the temporal and the spatio-temporal stability of confined plane wakes under the perspective of the counterpropagating Rossby waves (CRWs). Within the context of broken line velocity profiles, each vorticity discontinuity can be associated to a counterpropagating Rossby wave. In the case of a wake modeled by a broken line profile, the interaction of two CRWs is shown to originate in a shear instability. Following this description, we first recover the stability results obtained by Juniper [J. Fluid Mech. 590, 163-185 (2007)]10.1017/S0022112007007975 and Biancofiore and Gallaire [Phys. Fluids 23, 034103 (2011)]10.1063/1.3554764 by means of the classical normal mode analysis. In this manner, we propose an explanation of the stabilizing influence of the confinement on the temporal stability properties. The CRW description further allows us to propose a new interpretation of the counterintuitive spatio-temporal destabilization in wake flows at moderate confinement noticed by Juniper [J. Fluid Mech. 565, 171-195 (2006)]10.1017/S0022112006001558: it is well predicted by the mean group velocity of the uncoupled CRWs.

Spatiotemporal Behavior of High Dominant Frequency During Paroxysmal and Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in the Human Left Atrium

Sites of high dominant frequency (DF(peak)) are thought to indicate the location of drivers of atrial fibrillation (AF), but characterization of their spatiotemporal distribution and stability, critical to their relevance as targets for catheter ablation, requires simultaneous global mapping of the left atrium. Noncontact electrograms recorded simultaneously from 256 left atrial sites during spontaneous AF were analyzed. After subtraction of the ventricular component, fast Fourier transform identified the DF at each site. Focal areas of DF(peak) were defined as those having a DF >20% above all neighboring sites. Twenty-four patients with spontaneous AF (11 paroxysmal and 13 persistent) were studied. In paroxysmal AF, sites of DF(peak) (mean DF, 11.6±2.9 Hz) were observed in 100% of patients (present during 65% of the mapping period). In contrast, DF(peak) was detected in only 31% of patients with persistent AF (P<0.001) and for only 5% of the mapping period (P<0.001). In both groups, locations of DF(peak) varied widely in both consecutive and separated segments of AF (κ coefficient range, -0.07-0.22). Activation sequences around sites of DF(peak) did not demonstrate centrifugal activation that would be expected from focal drivers. Focal areas of high DF are more frequent in paroxysmal than persistent AF, are spatiotemporally unstable, are not the source of centrifugal activation, and are not, therefore, indicative of fixed drivers of AF. In the absence of spatiotemporal stability, the success of ablation at sites of DF(peak) cannot be explained by elimination of fixed drivers.

Prey Search Behavior of the Imperial Cormorant (Phalacrocorax atriceps) during the Breeding Season at Punta León, Argentina

Behavior by a foraging seabird during the breeding season can be examined by analyzing time invested throughout the foraging route to determine the presence of Area-Restricted Search (ARS) as well as other characteristics related to the shape of the foraging path and activity (flying, resting or diving). Forty-six Imperial Cormorants (Phalacrocorax atriceps), 18 males and 28 females breeding at Punta León, Argentina (43°04′S; 64°2′W), were fitted with GPS loggers recording one foraging trip (sampling interval: 1 second) in 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008. Trip duration was longer, on average, for females (6.3 ± 1.9 h) than males (5.3 ± 1.6 h) (Mann-Whitney U test z 1,45 = 2.23, P = 0.026), but year had no significant effect on any of the path characteristics. ARS was detected in 43 individuals, 22 of which made smaller-scaled searches nested within larger ARS areas. Search scale was not correlated to maximum distance reached and did not differ between sexes nor years. Cluster analysis separated four types of behavior: short direct return trips (N = 7), long direct return trips (N = 31), random flight searches (N = 6) and loops (N = 2), with each behavioral type present in both sexes. Behavioral variability within a population may be due to differences in targeted prey type and spatio-temporal stability during the season, as well as to individual physiological constraints and life-history traits linked to how individuals search for food at sea.

Spatio-temporal linear stability of double-diffusive two-fluid channel flow

Absolute instabilities in shear flows can cause a catastrophic breakdown into a new unsteady state, or even into turbulence. We demonstrate that in a double-diffusive channel flow with a viscosity stratification across the channel, rapidly growing absolute instability may be obtained at Reynolds numbers of a few hundreds. The instability is much weaker in an equivalent single solute fluid with the same viscosity contrast, or even in one which is made up only of the more dangerous of the two diffusing species. This is a novel characteristic of double-diffusive systems driven by viscosity, rather than density variations. Convective instabilities too are stronger in the double-diffusive case.

Viscous stability analysis of jets with discontinuous base profiles

The viscous linear stability of parallel gaseous jets with piecewise constant base profiles is considered in the limit of low Mach numbers. Our results generalise those of Drazin [P.G. Drazin, Discontinuous velocity profiles for the Orr–Sommerfeld equation J. Fluid Mech. 10 (1961) 571–583], by contemplating the possibility of arbitrary jumps in density and transport properties between two uniform streams separated by a vortex sheet. The eigenfunctions, obtained analytically in the regions of uniform flow, are matched through an appropriate set of jump conditions at the discontinuity of the basic flow, which are derived by repeated integration of the linearised conservation equations in their primitive variable form. The development leads to an algebraic dispersion relation of ample validity that explicitly accounts for the parametric dependence of the stability properties on the jet-to-ambient density ratio, the Reynolds number, the Prandtl number, and the exponent of the presumed power-law dependence of viscosity and thermal conductivity on temperature. The dispersion relation is validated through comparisons with stability calculations performed with continuous profiles and is applied, in particular, to study the effects of molecular transport on the spatiotemporal stability of parallel non-isothermal gaseous jets with very thin shear layers. The eigenvalue computations performed by using the vortex-sheet model are shown to be several orders of magnitude faster than those associated with continuous profiles with thin shear layers.

Spatiotemporal propagation characteristics based on the exact solutions of the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation by intensity moments

Based on the exact solutions of the (3+1)-dimensional ((3+1)D) generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation (GNLSE), we analyze the spatiotemporal propagation characteristics by intensity moments when a laser propagates in an inhomogeneous nonlinear medium. The different order intensity moment can describe the characteristics of a laser, and in the paper, the beam width (BW), the pulse width (PW), the skewness and the kurtosis parameter are calculated. The spatiotemporal propagation stability of the exact solutions is analyzed in detail by the second-order intensity moment. We find that when the diffraction and dispersion coefficients are the identical distributed functions, the BW and PW of the exact solutions are constants or vary periodically during nonlinear propagation. So, the spatiotemporal propagation of the exact solutions is stable. When the diffraction and dispersion coefficients are other coefficients, the BW and PW of the exact solutions vary irregularly due to the effect of a chirp. Thus the spatiotemporal propagation of the exact solutions is unstable. The results are helpful to the extendable investigation of nonlinear propagation and control of a laser pulse.

Topographic Analysis of Engagement and Disengagement of Neural Oscillators in Photic Driving

A coupled system of nonlinear neural oscillators with an individual resonance frequency is assumed to form the neuronal substrate for the photic driving phenomenon. The aim was to investigate the spatiotemporal stability of these oscillators and quantify the spatiotemporal process of engagement and disengagement of the neuronal oscillators in both multitrial and single-trial data. White light-emitting diode flicker stimulation was used at 15 frequencies, which were set relative to the individual α frequency of each of the 10 healthy participants. Simultaneously, the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the magnetoencephalogram (MEG) were recorded. Subsequently, spatiotemporal matching pursuit (MP) algorithms were used to analyze the EEG and MEG topographies. Intraindividually similar topographies were found at stimulation frequencies close to (1) the individual α frequency and (2) half the individual α frequency in the multitrial and the single-trial cases. In both stimulation frequency ranges, the authors observed stable topographies 5 to 10 stimuli after the beginning of the stimulation and lasting three nonexisting periods after the end of the stimulation. This was interpreted as the engaging/disengaging effect of the observed oscillations, because especially the frequency parameter adopted before and after stable topographies were observed. Topographic entrainment was slightly more pronounced in MEG as compared with that in EEG. The results support the hypothesis of nonlinear information processing in human visual system, which can be described by nonlinear neural oscillators.

Frequency Modulation and Spatiotemporal Stability of the sCPG in Preterm Infants with RDS

The nonnutritive suck (NNS) is an observable and accessible motor behavior which is often used to make inference about brain development and pre-feeding skill in preterm and term infants. The purpose of this study was to model NNS burst compression pressure dynamics in the frequency and time domain among two groups of preterm infants, including those with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS, N = 15) and 17 healthy controls. Digitized samples of NNS compression pressure waveforms recorded at a 1-week interval were collected 15 minutes prior to a scheduled feed. Regression analysis and ANOVA revealed that healthy preterm infants produced longer NNS bursts and the mean burst initiation cycle frequencies were higher when compared to the RDS group. Moreover, the initial 5 cycles of the NNS burst manifest a frequency modulated (FM) segment which is a significant feature of the suck central pattern generator (sCPG), and differentially expressed in healthy and RDS infants. The NNS burst structure revealed significantly lower spatiotemporal index values for control versus RDS preterm infants during FM, and provides additional information on the microstructure of the sCPG which may be used to gauge the developmental status and progression of oromotor control systems among these fragile infants.

The Development of Oral Feeding Skills in Infants

The Development of Oral Feeding Skills in Infants

Spatio-Temporal Variations and Stability of Spatial Distribution Patterns of NO2 Concentration Obtained by Dense Network of Measurements

Spatio-Temporal Variations and Stability of Spatial Distribution Patterns of NO2 Concentration Obtained by Dense Network of Measurements

The effect of viscous relaxation on the spatiotemporal stability of capillary jets

AbstractThe linear spatiotemporal stability properties of axisymmetric laminar capillary jets with fully developed initial velocity profiles are studied for large values of both the Reynolds number, $\mathit{Re}= Q/ (\lrm{\pi} a\nu )$, and the Froude number, $\mathit{Fr}= {Q}^{2} / ({\lrm{\pi} }^{2} g{a}^{5} )$, where $a$ is the injector radius, $Q$ the volume flow rate, $\nu $ the kinematic viscosity and $g$ the gravitational acceleration. The downstream development of the basic flow and its stability are addressed with an approximate formulation that takes advantage of the jet slenderness. The base flow is seen to depend on two parameters, namely a Stokes number, $G= \mathit{Re}/ \mathit{Fr}$, and a Weber number, $\mathit{We}= \rho {Q}^{2} / ({\lrm{\pi} }^{2} \sigma {a}^{3} )$, where $\sigma $ is the surface tension coefficient, while its linear stability depends also on the Reynolds number. When non-parallel terms are retained in the local stability problem, the analysis predicts a critical value of the Weber number, ${\mathit{We}}_{c} (G, \mathit{Re})$, below which a pocket of local absolute instability exists within the near field of the jet. The function ${\mathit{We}}_{c} (\mathit{Re})$ is computed for the buoyancy-free jet, showing marked differences with the results previously obtained with uniform velocity profiles. It is seen that, in accounting for gravity effects, it is more convenient to express the parametric dependence of the critical Weber number with use made of the Morton and Bond numbers, $\mathit{Mo}= {\nu }^{4} {\rho }^{3} g/ {\sigma }^{3} $ and $\mathit{Bo}= \rho g{a}^{2} / \sigma $, as replacements for $G$ and $\mathit{Re}$. This alternative formulation is advantageous to describe jets of a given liquid for a known value of $g$, in that the resulting Morton number becomes constant, thereby leaving $\mathit{Bo}$ as the only relevant parameter. The computed function ${\mathit{We}}_{c} (\mathit{Bo})$ for a water jet under Earth gravity is shown to be consistent with the experimental results of Clanet and Lasheras for the transition from jetting to dripping of water jets discharging into air from long injection needles, which cannot be properly described with a uniform velocity profile assumed at the jet exit.

Bubbling and jetting regimes in planar coflowing air–water sheets

The dynamics of a plane air sheet surrounded by a coflowing water film, discharging into stagnant air, is investigated by means of experiments and linear stability theory. For fixed values of the water-to-air thickness ratio,h=hw,0*/ha,0* ≃ 5.27, and of the air-to-water density ratio,S= ρa/ρw≃ 0.0012, two different flow regimes are experimentally observed depending on the values of two control parameters, namely the Weber number, defined asWe= ρwuw,0*2ha,0*/σ, and the velocity ratio, Λ =uw,0*/ua,0*, whereuw,0* andua,0* are the water velocity and the mean air velocity at the exit slit, respectively, andha,0* andhw,0* are the half-thicknesses of the air and water sheets at the exit. The study focuses on the characterization of the transition between the two regimes found experimentally: a bubbling regime, leading to the periodic breakup of the air sheet, and a jetting regime, where both sheets evolve slowly downstream without breaking. With the aim of exploring whether the transition from the jetting to the bubbling regime is related to a convective/absolute instability transition, we perform a linear spatiotemporal stability analysis. The base flow is described by a simple model that incorporates the downstream evolution of the sheets, which shows excellent agreement with our experiments if the existence of a sufficiently long region of absolute instability, of the order of one absolute wavelength evaluated at the nozzle exit, is imposed as an additional requirement. Finally, we show that the transition is also properly captured by two-dimensional numerical simulations using the volume of fluid technique.

CSI: A paradigm for behavior-oriented profile-cast services in mobile networks

We propose a new behavior-oriented communication paradigm in mobile networks, profile-cast, motivated by tight user-network coupling in mobile societies. In this novel paradigm, messages are sent to sender-specified target profiles, instead of machine IDs. We present a systematic framework for such services. First, we analyze the spatio-temporal stability of user mobility profiles constructed from empirical data sets, and they turn out to be surprisingly stable. The similarity of the current mobility profile of a user to its future mobility profile remains above 0.6 for five weeks, while the correlation coefficient of the similarity metrics between a user pair at different time instants is above 0.5 for two weeks. Second, we present a protocol for the profile-cast service, named CSI, and provide a fully distributed solution utilizing behavioral profile space gradients and small world structures to selectively diffuse information across the network towards the intended recipients.Leveraging stability in user behaviors, the two modes of CSI achieve good performance compared to the theoretical optimal protocols. Both CSI:Target mode and CSI:Dissemination mode achieve more than 94% delivery ratio. Comparing with the delay-optimal protocol, they show no more than 47% and 32% more delay, respectively, with at most 10% more transmission overhead. Comparing with the overhead-optimal protocol, they use no more than 7% more overhead while achieving dramatic improvement in delay (up to 150% less). Both CSI:T and CSI:D significantly outperform the epidemic routing, using less than 7% overhead, and variants of random walk, where CSI:T doubles the delivery ratio using less overhead, and CSI:D shows at least 50% less delay under similar overhead.We believe the profile-cast paradigm would enable many behavior-oriented services efficiently, such as targeted announcements and profile-based alert notifications, in various mobile networks.