Spatial Format Research Articles

Exploring Saturation of Themes and Spatial Locations in Qualitative Public Participation Geographic Information Systems Research

Use of public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) studies that collect local knowledge in a spatial format is increasing as a tool in natural resources management. Qualitative PPGIS studies have been conducted as individual interviews, as workshops, and in focus groups. As the number of qualitative PPGIS studies increases, so does the need to understand their quality. Saturation, the point when the researcher determines that the collection of additional data will provide minimal new information as it relates to a particular issue, directly reflects on the validity of the study. While the concept of saturation is well established, it is still inconsistently assessed and reported. Furthermore, how saturation applies to qualitatively collected spatial data has not been addressed. A method is presented to assess spatial saturation of qualitative PPGIS data from 19 focus groups that were conducted to investigate important places for recreation, livelihoods, and the environment in the Florida Panhandle.

Gentrification, residential ethnicization and the social production of fragmented space in two multi-ethnic neighbourhoods of Lisbon and Bilbao

Simultaneous trends for ethnicization and gentrification are contributing to the fragmentation of contemporary urban spaces. This is characterised by the emergence of new social and urban units that break the homogeneity of the modern city and lead to the development of new networks, territorially discontinuous, less neighbourhood centred and with a limited intersection. With Mouraria (Lisbon, Portugal) and San Francisco (Bilbao, Spain), two traditional and multiethnic neighbourhoods, as case-studies this paper aims to critically discuss the nature of gentrification, its coexistence with ethnicization and its contribution for socio-urban fragmentation. The empirical analysis of the residents’ social networks will be used to test levels and types of interaction and the spatial formats they assume.

Spatial analysis of low carbon development 2050: A case of residential sector, Bhopal, India

Indian cities are witnessing economic development, urbanization and lifestyle changes, leading to increase in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. In cities, sectors contributing to GHG emission are residential sector, transport and waste sector. In order to reduce emission, it is important to assess how individual city can contribute to emission reduction to become a Low Carbon Society (LCS). In this paper, we have analyzed residential sector of Bhopal City at ward level for demand side management through energy efficiency and lifestyle change. Two LCS, countermeasure scenarios CM1 and CM2 along with a Business as Usual scenario are developed and emission reduction potential is quantified using the AIM/Enduse model up to year 2050. The quantitative results are represented in spatial format using Geographical Information System (GIS) software providing a better understanding for decision makers.

An Intelligent Decision Support System for Arsenic Mitigation in Bangladesh

Arsenic contamination of groundwater in many nations including Bangladesh shows that this is a global problem. Because of the delayed health effects, poor reporting, and low levels of awareness in some communities, the extent of the adverse health problems caused by arsenic in drinking water is at alarming level in Bangladesh. Also, allocating resources such as tube wells efficiently and effectively to mitigate arsenic hazard is a challenging task in Bangladesh. To allocate resources based on different arsenic hazard parameters, we have developed a Decision Support System that enables the user to observe the effect of allocation policy both in tabular and spatial format using statistical models. We have also developed an algorithm for optimal allocation of resources. A Smart User Interface is designed for the users so that they will find an interactive, user-friendly, intelligible, logical, clear, and sound environment to work with. Finally, we have analyzed and demonstrated the efficacy of our algorithm graphically.

Airports and territorial restructuring: The case of Hong Kong

This paper provides a detailed examination of the construction of Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA). The paper begins by reviewing recent work which has reconceptualised how airports are understood in spatial terms. It then describes the development of Hong Kong’s new airport, discussing the spatial format of the new airport design at HKIA, and the relationship between aviation and non-aviation uses. Next, it examines the impact of the airport on the rapidly shifting territorial politics of Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta within the wider Chinese state. The paper argues that this case study must be assessed as part of a wider project of state territorial restructuring.

GeoArchaeology Web 2.0: Geospatial Information Services Facilitate New Concepts of Web-Based Data Visualization Strategies in Archaeology—Two Case Studies from Surveys in Sudan (Wadi) and Turkey (Doliche)

The surveying, analysis and documentation of ancient infrastructures or settlement sites are often carried out by the additional use of geoinformatic software and tools, i.e. embedded in geoinformation systems (GIS). Since these GIS-methods are usually adjusted to the local use case, the spatial dimensions, coordinates, map projections and file formats differ significantly between individual survey sites and/or archaeological focus. Consequently, the interdisciplinary digital fusion and interactive analysis of such regional varying geodata by collaborating teams of archaeologists are often a quite cumbersome procedure. Alternatively, new web-based GIS online technologies offer a unique opportunity to quickly visualize thematic maps, location metadata and find details of archaeological objects in a standardized way, also allow the upload of individual geodata from any local client via the internet. Hence individual scientists can contribute information to the documentation and spatial relation of these objects not only by mail or data attachments (GeoArchaeology Web 1.0) but also by directly integrating their standardized geodata using an online webserver-portal (GeoArchaeology Web 2.0). The aim of this study is to assess the potential use of the open source GeoServer software and related web-applications to generate a new archaeological perspective on geospatial data with different scales, resolutions, thematic focus and information depths. Therefore, the two case studies range from a small scale, large regional scope (Sudan) to scales of local conventional excavations (Turkey). Both surveys provided various datasets (i.e. base maps, UAS aerial images, terrain models, photographs, attribute and GPS data, field observations, etc.) which were combined in an interactive web-based geoportal with global range and minimum scale limitations since the service was based on a WGS84 map projection. The embedded archaeological data follows accepted Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards which are available in every GIS. This particular archaeological data infrastructure enables not only the publication and visualization of archaeological datasets in a web-based geoportal but also the interactive geospatial interpretation and data extension of the whole available data pool “by third party users” in order to enrich and promote further scientific discussion on archaeological issues of the respective sites.

基于矢量和栅格混合空间数据格式的重庆市城镇土地定级估价数据库系统研制

随着当前计算机技术和信息技术的高速发展，土地定级估价已经作为土地管理行业的一门基础性工作，借助计算机技术和数据库技术，依托地理信息系统(GIS)平台建立的土地定级估价信息化管理系统，能够改变过去传统的手工操作方式，减少人为干预程度的同时提高运算速度及精度。由此，本研究创新性的提出了基于矢量和栅格混合空间数据格式的土地定级估价因素因子数据库，通过最小路径、九宫格领域算法计算得到同样基于矢量和栅格混合空间数据格式的土地定级估价过程数据库以及土地定级估价结果数据库。基于矢量和栅格的混合空间数据库和土地定级估价处理方式很好的弥补了国内的土地评估单位基本只采用基于矢量数据格式计算的土地定级估价信息系统计算量大，精度不高，以及数据不完整等方面的不足，为提高土地定级估价工作的效率和结果的精确性提供了更优化的选择。最后以重庆市主城区为例，验证了该数据库和土地定级估价算法的可行性，并形成了重庆市主城区土地等级和基准地价数据库。 With the rapid development of computer and information technology, land grading and standard price appraisal is treated as a fundamental unit for land management. In order to change the traditional manual work process, reduce the human intervention, and increase the speed and accuracy of calculation, database technology must be added into this work and GIS based land grading and standard price appraisal database management platform must be established to meet this demand of land management. Due to this reason, the research put forward the innovative mixed vector-raster spatial data format to build the database of the factors and indicators for land grading and standard price appraisal calculation process and applied the cost distance and other spatial analysis algorithms to build the work procedure database and result database which are also generated on mixed vector-raster data format. This mixed format database and land grading and standard price appraisal procedures make up the deficiency of the most used land evaluation database system based only on vector data format in China, and overcome the problems such as big amount of calculation process, inaccurate results, and incomplete data. It also enhances the efficiency of land grading and standard price appraisal work and provides an optimized choice to get more accuracy results. At last, this research set the downtown area of Chongqing as the research area, demonstrated the feasibility of the database and algorithms for land grading and standard price appraisal work, and obtained the accurate results of land grading and standard price appraisal in the downtown area of Chongqing.

STARS: AnArcGISToolset Used to Calculate the Spatial Information Needed to Fit Spatial Statistical Models to Stream Network Data

This paper describes the STARS ArcGIS geoprocessing toolset, which is used to calcu- late the spatial information needed to fit spatial statistical models to stream network data using the SSN package. The STARS toolset is designed for use with a landscape network (LSN), which is a topological data model produced by the FLoWS ArcGIS geoprocessing toolset. An overview of the FLoWS LSN structure and a few particularly useful tools is also provided so that users will have a clear understanding of the underlying data struc- ture that the STARS toolset depends on. This document may be used as an introduction to new users. The methods used to calculate the spatial information and format the final .ssn object are also explicitly described so that users may create their own .ssn object using other data models and software.

Numerical analysis on the external characteristic of torque converter based on dynamic mesh

For analysis of the flow field of torque converter's start operating performance, the paper established a mathematical model and simulated the numerical value of YJ series hydrodynamic torque converter. In view of the partial impact fluid and cavitation phenomenon in processes such as multiple flow area coupling algorithms the sliding mesh method cannot achieve the flow parameters real-time transfer problems between the impellers. The model, established by dynamic mesh technology, set pump wheel and turbine blade for the rotating part of dynamic mesh, pick up each iterative step of pump wheel and turbine by the size of moment through the function, and deposited it into the text file. Through calculating the changes of text data, we can judge whether the result is stable. Take the comprehensive consideration of the stability, accuracy and efficiency during the calculation, set pressure-velocity coupling algorithm as the SIMPLE algorithm, set spatial discrete format as the first order up stream format, set turbulence model as the RNG K-ε model, and realize the turbulence flow transient calculation of the hydrodynamic torque converter. Numerical simulation by the calculation was compared with the moment data from the experiments, the results show that the model established by dynamic mesh technology is more accurate and reliable. Thereafter, the pump wheel's start-up rotate speed increased from 0 to 1000r/min gradually, then remained constant. Through the analysis, we concluded as follows: the pump wheel 's moment increased gradually, the value of the turbine's moment was small, the flow increased slowly from the positive value in the early stage. Then the turbine's moment increased gradually, the flow changed into negative value until stable.

The Spatial Representation of Numerical and Non-Numerical Ordered Sequences: Insights from a Random Generation Task

It is widely believed that numbers are spatially represented from left to right on the mental number line. Whether this spatial format of representation is specific to numbers or is shared by non-numerical ordered sequences remains controversial. When healthy participants are asked to randomly generate digits they show a systematic small-number bias that has been interpreted in terms of "pseudoneglect in number space". Here we used a random generation task to compare numerical and non-numerical order. Participants performed the task at three different pacing rates and with three types of stimuli (numbers, letters, and months). In addition to a small-number bias for numbers, we observed a bias towards "early" items for letters and no bias for months. The spatial biases for numbers and letters were rate independent and similar in size, but they did not correlate across participants. Moreover, letter generation was qualified by a systematic forward direction along the sequence, suggesting that the ordinal dimension was more salient for letters than for numbers in a task that did not require its explicit processing. The dissociation between numerical and non-numerical orders is consistent with electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies and suggests that they rely on at least partially different mechanisms.

Subjective quality assessment of multichannel audio accompanied with video in representative broadcasting genres

Immersive broadcasting applications have received a lot of attention in the last years. In this context, the development of advanced HDTV and 3DTV formats is being successfully adopted by the consumer market, having a strong impact in the way that traditional broadcasting contents are displayed to final users. Together with the above advances in video technology, multichannel spatial audio has also experienced a considerable impulse within the audiovisual industry. However, the need for specific production tools and loudspeaker setups corresponding to multiple competing audio formats seems to be an important factor affecting their adoption by the consumer community. Moreover, it is well-known that the perceived audio quality is highly influenced by the reproduction context, where the existing multimodal interaction between audio and video plays a very important role. This paper presents a formal evaluation of the perceived sound quality provided by several spatial audio formats accompanied with video in the context of television broadcasting. Stereo, advanced surround formats and 3D Binaural sound are evaluated considering a set of representative broadcasting contents (sports, movies, music and animation) to assess their impact on the perceptual attributes contemplated within the international recommendations.

Methodological approaches near determination of efficiency of the use of resource potential in spatial format

The article contains the principles for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of the resource potential of the region. The characterization of these principles can form the approaches to the understanding of the effectiveness of resource potential, taking into account new methodological approaches. The author introduces the concept of efficient use of the resource potential of the region.

Resource-directed spatial planning of agritourism with GIS

This article shows how modern spatial computing technology can be used for the development of spatial policy and planning of agritourism. An application is performed in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The article overviews provincial tourism development policy, the tourism marketing framework and the expressed tourist preferences that translate into spatial suitability indicators or attraction features captured in the agritourism resource base. Special attention is given to the conceptual foundations of what defines attraction and which can be captured in a spatial format as mapped variables. The methodological approach of spatial multiple criteria evaluation is applied through weighted linear combination of spatial factor layers as images in a geographical information system. The outcome in map format demonstrates the applicability of the technique to the Western Cape. The finely detailed spatial result is compared with coarser regional indicators from a spatial development framework proposed for guiding official tourism planning. The entrepreneurial implications of the analyses are indicated. The results are useful for entrepreneurial and regulatory planning that can be replicated in different spatial locations if the appropriate database can be constructed.

The Spatial Sound Description Interchange Format: Principles, Specification, and Examples

SpatDIF, the Spatial Sound Description Interchange Format, is an ongoing collaborative effort offering a semantic and syntactic specification for storing and transmitting spatial audio scene descriptions. The SpatDIF core is a lightweight minimal solution providing the most essential set of descriptors for spatial sound scenes. Additional descriptors are introduced as extensions, expanding the namespace and scope with respect to authoring, scene description, rendering, and reproduction of spatial sound. A general overview presents the principles informing the specification, as well as the structure and the terminology of the SpatDIF syntax. Two use cases exemplify SpatDIF's potential for pre-composed pieces as well as interactive installations, and several prototype implementations that have been developed show its real-life utility.

The Influence of Atmospheric Circulation on Evacuation Safety in a Semi-Open Parking Garage

This study examines the influence of the atmospheric disturbance caused by a fire in a semi-open parking garage and the resulting rapid drop of toxic gases on evacuation safety. According to a FDS simulation, the air pressure in an atmosphere of 1 kgf/m2 or a windless environment is used, each factor for hazardous escape does not reach a significant level (SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineers). This indicates that even if two sides of an exterior wall are closed, in order to escape, a semi-open space is safe. However, in the industry, there is a debate on whether the influence of a different spatial format and the air pressure in the atmosphere needs to be re-assessed.

We Will Be Making Active Form

AbstractIn response to the relative redundancy of architect‐designed buildings and the proliferation of commercial structures that are rolled out to a highly formulaic spatial format across the world's cities, Keller Easterling advocates a new architecture of ‘active form’. These active forms potentially perform as ‘verbs’ rather than ‘nouns’ to the city's activities, providing ‘the means by which the field changes’ and the ‘repertoire for how it plays’.

A Hybrid Approach of Integrating HEC-RAS and GIS Towards the Identification and Assessment of Flood Risk Vulnerability in the City of Jackson, MS

Integration of flood risk assessment information in the urban planning process plays an integral role in the effective management of flood risk mitigation measures. The present study develops a hybrid approach in identifying flood risk zones and assessing the extent of impact of the hazard by integrating HEC-RAS and GIS technologies. This GIS-based approach, which allows visualizing and quantifying the results in a spatial format, was applied to the City of Jackson, MS. A 200-year magnitude flood event, which was experienced by the study region in 1979, was simulated to expose the vulnerability of the current infrastructure of the region whose developmental codes are bound to a 100-year magnitude flood event. The results indicated the efficiency of the developed hybrid approach in modelling the flood scenario, visualizing the spatial extent and assessing the vulnerability of the region. The vulnerability assessment from the 1979 flood event simulated by HEC-RAS model presents the intensity of risk to which the City of Jackson is exposed with its major transportation corridors (I-55, Highway 80) and numerous critical facilities getting affected by flood waters. By generating quantified estimation of inundation depth levels at any point of interest in the study region, which is absent in the previous research, this study attains utmost significance. Flood risk assessed by simulating higher magnitude flood events using such hybrid approach magnifies the vulnerability of the region and reinforces that any land use planning decisions in floodplains should make informed choices by incorporating scientifically derived information in their decision making process.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SPATIAL DATA HARVEST STANDARDS

Abstract. So far, thousand kinds of Spatial Data were acquired, produced, published and used for specialized applications. Heterogeneity is obviously one key problem for spatial data in the process of its creating, structuring or managing. The heterogeneity keeps the complete and variety of spatial data, but induces the difficulty of describing, publishing, sharing, interoperability or metadata harvesting. Decentralized, multi-organization and synchronization are the major features of the next generation spatial data service infrastructure. Standard research on geospatial metadata harvesting and data service is becoming a research focus. More and more organizations and consortiums (e.g. ISO/TC 211, OGC) drafted and released their geospatial metadata and service standards. However, these standards are diverse in order to fit to different spatial data format and research fields, which makes spatial data owner hard to choose standard. The paper focuses on analyzing metadata harvesting from multi-organizations archives, including Spatial Data description, publishing, sharing, and interoperability. Several of most widely used Spatial Data standards are introduced, and compared. Advices on how to choose the standards are given for Spatial Data owner.

The spatial intersection of minds

Spatial formats of information are ubiquitous in the cognitive and neural sciences. There are neural uses of space in the topographic maps found throughout cortex. There are metaphorical uses of space in cognitive linguistics, physical uses of space in ecological psychology, and mathematical uses of space in dynamical systems theory. These varied informational uses of space each provide a single contiguous medium through which cognitive processes can be shared across subsystems. As we further develop our understanding of how the human mind processes information in real time, the continuous sharing and cascading of information patterns between brain areas can be extended to a sharing and cascading of information between multiple brains and bodies to produce coordinated behavior. Essentially, the way you and the people around you negotiate your shared space affects the way you think, because space is a fundamental part of how you think. It is via space that the mental processes of one mind can form an intersection with the mental processes of another mind.

AutoConViz: automating the conversion and visualization of spatio-temporal query results in GIS

In recent years, large multifaceted spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal databases have attained significant popularity and importance in the database community. In order to perform preliminary investigation, exploratory visual analysis of such data-sets is highly desirable. To facilitate the convenient and efficient visualization, scientists and practitioners often need to convert the spatial component of the data-set into a more usable format. Though among the various formats available today in spatial data science community, Geographical Markup Language (GML) adheres to its central position and is of our interest in this work. The development of a tool to satisfy the spatial format conversion needs tailored to every user’s needs from scratch is difficult, time-consuming, and requires skills not easy to possess. We developed AutoConViz, to solve the issue stated above. It accepts the spatial component in GML format, converts that into shapefile format, and facilitates informative and automated interaction with the data-sets. It supports basic query and geospatial analysis and visualization tasks and offers functionalities such as zooming, panning, and feature selection. Furthermore, our software leverages navigation to classical ArcGIS software interface for users interested in more intensive analysis. AutoConViz serves both the database and geographical information system communities to explore insights of spatio-temporal databases and will help to further geospatial research and development.