Portugal Spain Research Articles

First articulated Silurian sponges from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)

The first-described articulated Silurian sponges from Spain and Portugal include a moderate assemblage of hexactinellids and a single monaxonid demosponge. The sponges were collected from a thin layer at the top of theCyrtograptus lundgreni-Monograptus testisgraptolite biozone, in a possible volcanic ash of latest Homerian (Wenlock) age. The sponges are from southeastern Portugal and southwestern Spain in the Ossa-Morena Zone of the Hesperian Massif. The hexactinellid collection includes several specimens of the new species,Protospongia iberica,and fragments ofDiagoniellaspecies andGabelia(?) sp. Specimens of the latter two taxa are too small for species identification. Demosponges are represented by a single described specimen of a probably new genus and species preserved as a “wreath” of monaxon spicules. Dermal and gastral layers are of very fine spicules developed over the moderately coarse, aligned, principal body spicules.

Announcement: 4th France Greece Italy Portugal Spain (FGIPS) Meeting in Inorganic Chemistry

This article has no abstract.

Estimates of trade effects of Portugal's and Spain's entry to the European union

The paper first analyses the consequences of the entry of the two countries to the E.U. in 1986. We find that both now trade relatively more with each other but that, while Spain's trade with the E.U. and Portugal's import from the E.U. soared, Portugal's export to the E.U. stagnated in relative terms. We try to explain this phenomenon. We also find quite a lot of trade diversion as a consequence of the entries - from Northern as well as from Southern countries. We finally try to find evidence for theories of trade: there is little to say for intra-industry trade while comparative cost theories are sometimes vindicated in their static guise.

Relationship between Legionella spp. and antibody titres at a therapeutic thermal spa in Portugal.

The presence of Legionella spp. in the water of a Portuguese spa was ascertained during the spa season, between May and November. Simultaneously the prevalence of anti-legionella antibodies in people attending the spa was also investigated. The antibody titres of 172 randomly selected patients and 42 therapists were determined, and compared with a control group of 503 blood donors. Legionellae were present in the spa water at low concentrations, generally lower than 10(3) c.f.u./l. A total of 92 strains representing eight different species or serogroups were isolated; the predominant isolates belonged to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 and to L. londiniensis. During the study, no clinical cases of Legionnaires' disease were observed, and the antibody titres were generally low in the groups studied. However, the antibody titres of the patients increased slightly during their stay at the spa, approaching the values for the therapists. Mean antibody titres in the groups related with the spa were significantly higher than those in the blood donors against five of the seven legionella antigens tested. The largest number of elevated antibody titres in the exposed groups were to the L. pneumophila sg 5 and sg 6 antigens.

The almanac of transatlantic politics, 1991-92

Part 1 Unifying organizations: EC NATO. Part 2 The countries: Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France West Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey UK USA. Part 3 Addendum: revolution in Eastern Europe.

Geology of the Iberian Shelf

This paper discusses the geological history of the Atlantic shelf of Portugal and northern Spain during the Mesozoic and Tertiary. The Mesozoic and the Tertiary history of the Portuguese shelf is described in the context of the tectonic evolution of the adjacent north Atlantic, making use of results of Shell’s 1973-1977 offshore exploration campaign.

Austria—Belgium—Denmark—Federal Republic Of Germany—Finland—France—Greece—Ireland—Italy—Liechtenstein—Luxembourg—Monaco—Netherlands—Norway—Portugal—Spain—Sweden—Switzerland—Turkey—United Kingdom—yugoslavia: Convention on the Grant of European Patents

Austria—Belgium—Denmark—Federal Republic Of Germany—Finland—France—Greece—Ireland—Italy—Liechtenstein—Luxembourg—Monaco—Netherlands—Norway—Portugal—Spain—Sweden—Switzerland—Turkey—United Kingdom—yugoslavia: Convention on the Grant of European Patents

Wooden and StoneChevaux-de-Frisein Central and Western Europe

Chevaux-de-friseis a term used to describe the (normally stone) stakes placed upright in the ground outside the walls of early fortifications with the intention of making access more difficult for an approaching enemy, be he on foot or on horse back. The existence of this defensive technique outside prehistoric forts in Britain or Ireland was first mentioned in 1684 when Roderick O'Flaherty described the Aran Island fort of Dun Aenghus in hisOgygia(O'Flaherty, 1684, 175), and it has often been discussed since, among others by Christison (1898), Westropp (1901, 661), Hogg (1957) and most recently and judiciously by Simpson (1969a, 26). Some writers, for instance Raftery (1951, 214) and Hogg (1957, 33) have suggested that the origins ofchevaux-de-frisein Britain and Ireland should be sought in the Iberian Peninsula, where they occur in greater numbers (Hogg, 1957 and Harbison, 1968, a), andchevaux-de-friseare often taken as one of the most important pieces of evidence of close ties between Spain–Portugal and Britain–Ireland during the Early Iron Age. The purpose of this paper is to put forward a hypothesis that the Spanish–Portuguese examples on the one hand, and the Scottish–Welsh–Irish–Manx ones on the other, are not so closely related to one another as has hitherto been thought, but that both are merely distant cousins in so far as both are descended from a common ancestral wooden prototype which originated probably in Central or Eastern Europe.