Space Layout Research Articles

Optimization of the Eolic Cell to improve the wind velocity augmentation effect through the metamodel of optimal prognosis

• Wind velocity augmentation effect is sensitive to the Eolic Cell’s internal shape. • A narrow region from the workspace circumscribes all individual optimal profiles. • Averaged optimal profile application does not compromise the augmentation effect. • Averaged optimal profile becomes suitable for distributed generation purposes. • Eolic Cell presents a material potential to become a highly efficient energy system. Currently, most of all wind energy installed capacity in the world is located in wind farms and the reason behind that is related to the fact that conventional horizontal-axis wind turbines are highly efficient only at large scales, thus posing a concentration problem to the progress of energy transition and wind distributed generation. To address that problem, the present paper explores the utilization of a novel modular augmented wind turbine, based on Eolic Cells, to increase wind speed in order to harvest more power from the same wind resource as means to decentralize wind-energy generation around a wider range of wind sites suitable for distributed generation. The Eolic Cell’s wind velocity augmentation effect was simulated numerically by using computational fluid dynamics and optimized through a metamodel of optimal prognosis, which geometries were parameterized by using Bezier Curves and calibrated against field experiments. Results confirm the ability of this new device to substantially increase wind velocity and potentially achieve high levels of efficiency at a distributed-generation scale. The present work is the first release of a broader and more comprehensive research project on Eolic Cells as an alternative wind energy system for distributed generation. The whole research project involves studies on power augmentation curves, multivariable prognosis surfaces, optimum spacing layout, peripherally-supported wind turbine, power curves, prototype testing, as well as exhaustive wind-tunnel and field experiments, which are expected to be included in future releases of the present research project.

Study on Strength Failure and Optimization Scheme of Steel Platform Anti-Skid Strip

The strength failure of the anti-skid strip is one of the key factors restricting the service efficiency of the steel platform. In this paper, the compressive stress, shear stress, and the stress on the weld of the steel platform anti-skid strip during the movement of tracked vehicles are obtained through the movement mechanics analysis of heavy tracked vehicles, and the corresponding strength failure conditions are established. According to the calculation results, improvement measures and schemes are proposed for the layout spacing and size of the anti-skid strips on the mechanized platform, to improve the anti-skid and wear-resistant performance of the platform plate.

Evaluation on the urban green space layout in the central city of Yuxi based on big data

As an important part of urban public infrastructure, urban green space plays an indispensable role in urban development and public physical, mental, and emotional health. By collecting open data such as POI, OSM, and ASTER GDEM and using spatial analysis software such as ARCGIS, QGIS, and Global Mapper, this study conducted thermal analysis of crowd activities, service pressure analysis, and demand evaluation for the layout of park green space in the central urban area of Yuxi City. The results show that there are great differences in the area and spatial layout of the thermal classes of crowd activity. Class II occupies the largest area, accounting for 60.73%, while class V occupies the least area, accounting for 2.04%. The thermal classes of crowd activity decrease from the center of the city to the periphery, and their area increases with the decrease of the thermal classes. With the increase in the level of green space service pressure, the proportion of the area decreased, among which the proportion of grade I was as high as 53.20%, while that of grade V was only 1.89%, which was mainly affected by the spatial location. The demand level and the area of park green space are obviously different, mainly concentrated in the first level, accounting for 69.68% of the total demand, and the large area is scattered in the periphery of the central urban area, followed by the fourth level, accounting for 10.46%. The area of other levels, especially the high level of demand, is less. Comprehensive analysis shows that the service level, type of green space, service pressure, and demand of green space have a strong correlation with the geographical location. In future planning, Yuxi City should combine the population distribution density and land development intensity and carry out reasonable layout and planning of park green space by reducing the low-demand area, increasing the green space area of high-demand area, improving public transportation, and improving accessibility.

A new method to explore the abnormal space of urban hidden dangers under epidemic outbreak and its prevention and control: A case study of Jinan City

AbstractIn recent years, the proliferation of coronavirus disease has profoundly affected the world. The vitality of urban space is difficult to recover in the short term. Therefore, in the early stage of human-to-human transmission of the epidemic, we need to determine the potential urban agglomeration space as soon as possible, the timely find of hidden danger areas, and carry out spatial optimization to prevent the further spread of the epidemic. This becomes the urgent problem at the moment. Jinan is the capital city of Shandong Province, and the mega-city of China. The study is focused on the main urban area within the bypass. This study used spatial data methods such as spatial grammar and GIS technology. First, we analyzed the spatial topological properties of urban road network during the epidemic. Then, we carried out spatial autocorrelation analysis on the topological attributes to get the shape of urban spatial clustering layout during the epidemic. Finally, the thesis crawled through various types of infrastructure points-of-interest and conducted nuclear density analysis to get the dynamic trend of urban space in Jinan. The research results showed that there is significant space for agglomeration in the main urban area of Jinan. The areas with strong agglomeration are basically located in tourism areas, school areas, business areas, living circle areas of residential communities in Licheng and Lixia districts, transportation hub areas in Tianqiao District, and high-tech industrial areas in Lixia District. Topography, water body, greening, and parks could effectively reduce the concentration of human flow, and are important areas to relieve the potential abnormal epidemic. This study provided a new method for detecting epidemic prevention and control areas, optimizing urban space layout and formulating prevention and control strategies in the early stage of human-to-human epidemic transmission and lack of case surveillance data and control measures.

Accommodation Building Designing for Construction Labor Basic Life Quality Promoting

Since the problem in temporary accommodation for construction labor about space and building for supporting basic living, these are composed as bedding, toilet and showering, cafeteria and sanitation management. These always be necessity facility for life quality of construction labor in Thailand. However, there are the inadequate of designing for space building including facility usage that takes the bad condition of facility usage safety and hygiene. This paper aims to design and show properness of spaces and building in camp site. By questionnaires for 300 sample labors from 3 property construction project in Chonburi. Data were composed as daily activities and need of facilities and analyzed by zone of space. The result showed that proper space and building of camp site were provided as 15 m2 / 1 labor. These space were separated as the space of accommodation for 0.85 m2, sanitation for 1.50 m2, emergency for 1.25 m2, travelling for 1 m2, recreation and retail for 1.25 m2 and open space for 5.40 m2. All content about spaces of camp site were designed as layout of space and building concretely by program sketch up version 8.0. While discussing with various studies and provision about building and facilities for living, it found that there were both agreed and opposed.

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Construction of Old-age Facilities in Urban Institutions in Gusu District, Suzhou City

The increasingly severe aging trend challenges the old-age service system in China. As a component of the social old-age facilities, the urban institutions of old-age facilities play an indispensable role in the rational allocation of social old-age resources. Therefore, it is particularly important to establish a comprehensive and systematic evaluation index system of urban institutional pension facilities and comprehensively evaluate the construction effect. In this study, planning, space layout equivalence index reached degrees, stakeholder satisfaction as evaluation criterion, determining city institutions endowment facilities construction effectiveness evaluation framework and index system, secondly in Suzhou gusu area, for example on empirical research and put forward the corresponding strategies, so as to our country endowment services offer reference for development of high quality.

Aging in the Right Place for Older Adults Experiencing Housing Insecurity: An Environmental Assessment of Temporary Housing Program.

Research on programs offering senior-specific housing supports and enabling "aging in the right place" (AIRP) for "older persons with experiences of homelessness" (OPEH) is limited. This paper presents an environmental assessment of a "transitional housing program" (THP) in Metro Vancouver, Canada, for OPEH to AIRP. Data were collected using Aging in the Right Place Environmental (AIRP-ENV) and Secondary Observation (AIRP-ENV-SO) audit tools designed to evaluate multi-unit housing for OPEH. The 241-item AIRP-ENV tool was used to assess the built environmental features of four multi-unit buildings of the THP. The AIRP-ENV-SO tool was used to collect contextual data on the function, safety, and land use of the surrounding neighborhood. Findings identified built environment and urban design features that support THP residents' safety, security, accessibility, functionality, social activity, autonomy, and identity. The THP buildings were rated 'Good' for accessibility, functionality, autonomy and identity, while 'Satisfactory' or 'Poor' for safety, security, and social activity. Findings point to the built environmental features (e.g., size and layout of spaces) required in the THP to create opportunities for increased social engagement among residents and enhanced safety and security. The AIRP-ENV and AIRP-ENV-SO audit tools can help inform programs across the housing continuum to develop supportive built environments that promote AIRP for OPEH.

MagBox: Keep the risk functions running safely in a magic box

Address space layout randomization (ASLR) has been widely deployed in operating systems (OS) to hide memory layout, which mitigates code reuse attacks (CRAs). Unfortunately, the memory probing techniques can still provide attackers with enough information to bypass ASLR. Although the control flow integrity (CFI) methods are not affected by code probing, they face the precision problem of control flow graphs (CFG). To make matters worse, most methods rely on the source code of the targets to be protected, which leads to their restrictions on the protection of the objects without source code. To solve these problems, MagBox is proposed in this paper. It identifies the risk functions that can provide gadgets for CRAs by detecting and analyzing attackers’ code probing activities. If the function is probed, it will be moved to a new address space. After that, the control flow transfers of the function will be tracked and analyzed in real time to judge their legitimacy. Experiment results and analysis show that MagBox can mitigate CRAs, and only introduces 3.4% performance overhead to the CPU.

연구소 실내공간 구성특징에 관한 사례분석연구 - 화학계열/바이오계열 실험실을 중심으로 -

A research laboratory, the facility for professionally conducting research and experiments, has different functions and forms depending on its purpose. The space layout of the research laboratory and its surrounding facilities, which are the main indoor spatial elements of the research laboratory, is also affected by scientific technology. The purpose of this study is to investigate the space layout of the laboratory and to figure out the characteristics of the laboratory and its surrounding facilities that change with the times. This study analyzed the characteristics of the research laboratories focusing on the laboratory space, lab support space, and building equipments. 16 Chemical and 4 bio based laboratories established from 1960s and 2010s were choosen as the survey subjects. As a result, the following results were derived. Early laboratories had small and closed forms with customized space composition for specific purposes. It is safe in terms of security, but difficult to exchange with other laboratories, and expand and change the laboratory. Laboratories after 1990 have small and closed forms as in the initial form of the laboratories, but there have been new cases in which variability is considered, such as planning some medium-to-large-sized laboratories or planning building equipments outside the buildings. After 2000, there were many examples of the space layout that planned variability so that it could apply to various purposes. By planning a large open-type laboratory that can be used by multiple teams at the same time, active exchanges between researchers became possible, and the building equipmens were concentrated in one place to respond to future changes. In the future, it is necessary to accumulate case analysis data for the laboratories through continuous research studies, and studies of flexible plan composition that can change the offices and the laboratories used by many to the laboratory for the recent infectious disease COVID-19 will also be an important research task.

Investigating the Changes in Urban Green-Space Patterns with Urban Land-Use Changes: A Case Study in Hangzhou, China

Urban green space (e.g., parks, farmland, gardens, etc.) design in different urban functional regions (e.g., residential land, commercial land, etc.) depends on different planning purposes. The changes in urban green spaces are highly related to urban land-use changes (e.g., from residential land to commercial land). However, the investigation of urban green space patterns in response to urban land-use changes has been ignored. This research takes Hangzhou city, a typical example in terms of urbanization, population growth, economic development, and land-use changes, as the study site, aiming to explore the landscape patterns of urban green space changes with different urban land-use changes. The results showed that urban green spaces increased from 2017 to 2021, and the growth was mainly concentrated in the urban core area, indicating that the city has made remarkable achievements in the planning of green spaces. Specifically, the increase in urban green spaces in the first ring belt was mainly related to the old town transformation program in the residential land. The change from the residence parcels to the business parcels determined the increase in green spaces in the second and third ring belts, probably because of the attractiveness of customers. In addition, a large number of open-space parcels have changed to business parcels around the urban periphery, which might be due to the transformation from farmland to impervious surfaces. Combined with the urban land-use and green-space policies, the findings highlighted that a reasonable urban land-use layout can promote the optimization and layout of urban green spaces. The private sector (e.g., shopping malls) can also contribute to the increase in green spaces. The understanding of urban green landscapes with different urban land-use changes can provide references for analyzing and optimizing green space in other cities experiencing rapid urban land-use changes.

The development trend and optimization of interior design

[Purpose/Significance] Since the development of domestic commercial housing, interior space design has slowly exposed many problems and hidden dangers, and more and more people are aware of the importance of interior space design. [Methodology/Process] By analyzing the many hidden dangers that the occupants of interior design may face in the context of the new era, this paper proposes that interior design in the new environment should reasonably layout space, optimize interior space design, and improve the living environment as the new development direction of interior design nowadays. [Conclusion] This paper mainly puts forward rationalized suggestions for interior space layout, function allocation, humanized design and other issues. This paper will not only separate the interior space more reasonably, but also redefine the layout of interior space, which is more in line with the necessary conditions for modern people's daily life. With the rapid development of today's economy, China's construction industry has been developing comprehensively and rapidly, and people are paying more and more attention to the living environment. In the process of modern interior design, people's lifestyles have also changed dramatically. People's quality of life has improved significantly, and they are paying more attention to interior design as they are putting forward higher-level requirements for residential comfort and functionality. People realize that indoor living space is not only to meet the needs of human living, but also to reasonably plan the indoor space, optimize the design of indoor space, effectively improve the living environment, and to reflect the humane living environment. The practicality, reasonableness and comfort design of space layout is what we need to pay close attention to.

MEASURING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPATIAL CONFIGURATION CONCEPT VARIABLES AND FLEXIBILITY COMPONENTS

Flexibility has been one of the valuable concepts in architecture due to the emphasis on the formation of a variable space to meet the needs of users and their peace and comfort over time. The main components of flexibility in a space system are multi-functional space, seasonal and daily displacement, and component separation and aggregation. Overall flexibility is a structural and conceptual concept that means the ability to make internal changes in a spatial system. On the other hand, the concept of spatial configuration emphasizes that space is the main factor and core of how events occur. To understand and explain the spatial configuration, one should look for a suitable method that responds to the environmental characteristics, one of the most important methods for understanding the spatial configuration is the space arrangement method. This method determines the configuration of a spatial system with the help of its variables, which are: coherence, depth, space difference, isovist, and visual accessibility. The main goal of this research is to know the relationship between spatial configuration variables and flexibility components in the spatial system of traditional houses in the Sufian neighborhood of Borujerd. This research is of applied type and has been done through correlation strategy and space layout method. The tool for collecting information in this research is documentary and library research and a survey through a questionnaire. To evaluate the variables and components of spatial configuration and flexibility, the relationship between the components and variables is first measured using the correlation method and spss software. The statistical population for measuring the relationship between flexibility components and spatial configuration variables is 25 experts and university professors. In the next step, five houses from the traditional houses of the Sufian Boroujerd neighborhood will be measured and evaluated using specialized space layout software to determine the variables of the concept of spatial configuration and their relationship with flexibility components. The results of this research show that the multi-functional space component in flexibility with depth and visual accessibility variables in the concept of spatial configuration, the seasonal and daily displacement component in flexibility with interconnected variables, space difference and isovist in the concept of spatial configuration and the component of separation and aggregation in flexibility is related to the interlinking variables, depth, and difference of space in the concept of spatial configuration.

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Green Spatial Vitality and the Corresponding Influencing Factors: A Case Study of Chengdu, China

Green space integrates diversified urban functions, and the analysis of its utilization, can help improve the vitality of the social and economic development of cities while contributing to the important goal of enhancing urban green space (UGS) planning and management. In this study, the heat value obtained from Baidu heat maps was used as an external representation of spatial vitality, and the factors that influence vitality were analyzed from two dimensions, i.e., the inner and outer space characteristics of green space, using spatial big data such as points of interest (POIs), Open Street Map (OSM) and online review data. The findings indicated that green space and urban resources in Chengdu are highly centralized. That is, a high road network density and nearby transportation facilities make it easier for visitors to reach parks, while peripheral functional density also plays a role in promoting vitality; additionally, reasonable and moderate space and functional layouts are conducive to the development of green space. In addition, our study integrates the tour experience index, which has a strong positive impact on vitality, to better reflect the human-oriented characteristics of green space, which are of great relevance to the construction and renewal of human space in UGSs.

Architectural Interior Design and Space Layout Optimization Method Based on VR and 5G Technology

With the continuous optimization of the living environment, people’s requirements for its comfort and cultural taste are also constantly improving, and their understanding and requirements for the appearance and style of the building and the layout of the building space have been further deepened, thus forming a situation of diversification and diversification of the style and form of the architectural appearance and interior design. There are a lot of layout problems in modern engineering and real life, and the indoor space layout is a very important branch. The indoor space layout focuses on the indoor scenes that people rely on for production and life. At the same time, indoor scene models are gradually applied to more and more fields. The urgent need for indoor scene modeling has also led to relevant research on indoor space layout. Because of its wide application prospects and great commercial value, indoor space layout has become an important research topic in the field of computer graphics and computer vision. As the computer-aided design is widely used in the field of intelligent design, indoor space layout has also become an important research field. Focusing on the automatic design and optimization of indoor space layout, this paper proposes an optimization method based on design constraints for the automatic generation of a layout plan based on the given layout boundary or layout space. The room units in the interior space layout are represented by polygons composed of multiple rectangles, and the constraints and rules in the layout design are transformed into constraints on related rectangles. Experimental results show that our scene redirection method is effective. Comparing with the results of uniform scaling further proves the effectiveness of our redirection algorithm.

Biodiversity in Urban Green Space: A Bibliometric Review on the Current Research Field and Its Prospects.

Understanding the development process of urban green space and biodiversity conservation strategies in urban green space is vital for sustainable urban development. However, a systematic review of the urban green space biodiversity research is still lacking. We have retrieved 3806 articles in WOS core journals and carried out the bibliometrics analysis through the three related search terms: urban, green space, and biodiversity. We found that: (1) the year 2009 was a changing point, and the number of articles have increased exponentially since 2009. The United States, China, Europe, and Australia are closely linked, and four research centers have formed; (2) all studies can be classified into three research themes: “Pattern of Urban Green Biodiversity”, “Ecological Function of Urban Green Biodiversity”, and “Sustainability of Urban Green Biodiversity”; (3) based on the evolution of keywords, this field is divided into the budding stage (1998–2012) and the development stage (2012–2021). The keywords in the budding stage focus on the diversity of different species, and the keywords in the development stage focus on the ecosystem services, biodiversity protection, and residents’ satisfaction; (4) the future research focus may be in three aspects: studies on green space in the less urbanized area and urban-rural ecotone, the regulation mechanism and cultural services of urban green space, and the rational layout and management of urban green space. This study hopes to provide a reference for future research on urban green space biodiversity and promote the sustainable development of urban green space.

Optimization on Bi-Directional PNP ESD Protection Device for High-Voltage FlexRay Applications

The I/O of CMOS integrated circuits of for FlexRay communication has to be tolerant with the input signals of ±60 V in its normal applications. Thus, the on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices for such I/O pin must be kept off unless the bus voltage is higher than 60 V or lower than −60 V. In this work, the bi-directional p-n-p (Bi-PNP) device was proposed and optimized for bi-directional ESD protection in the FlexRay communication systems. The proposed Bi-PNP devices were verified in a 0.15- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> BCD technology. The relationships between the layout spacing of doping layers and other device characteristics, including trigger voltage (Vt1) and breakdown voltage (BV), were investigated, respectively. The size dependence on the ESD robustness was also studied. The transient response of the proposed Bi-PNP device under fast ESD stress was investigated by very fast TLP (vf-TLP) and TLP measurement. In addition, the empirical correlations of the It2 on the HBM and IEC 61000-4-2 failure levels were estimated. Finally, the recommended size and parameters of the proposed Bi-PNP device for ±60 V FlexRay application are provided.

How to resolve the conflicts of urban functional space in planning: A perspective of urban moderate boundary

The multi-functionality and the finiteness of land resources collectively determine the inevitable space conflicts among urban construction space (SUC), grain production space (SGP), and ecological protection space (SEP) in planning. Moreover, the increasing urban expansion is expected to further exacerbate these conflicts. However, there is a lack of research on solving space conflicts in planning under the multi-objective. Given this, taking Xuzhou City as an example, using planning data, we analyzed the patterns of space conflicts. Then we proposed a novel method to extract the urban moderate boundary (UMB) based on the principle of value equilibrium. Finally, using UMB as the space boundary to solve the conflicts. The results show that we detected three types of space conflicts, namely construction-production conflicts (CPC), construction-ecological conflicts (CEC), and production-ecological conflicts (PEC), with an area of 17.31 km2, 14.13 km2, and 3.24 km2 of each conflicting area respectively. The land value corresponding to the UMB is 941.90 yuan / km2. The CPC and CEC within the UMB should be reserved as SUC, those outer parts of the boundary should be reserved as SGP and SEP. The PEC should be reserved as SEP according to the principle of ecological priority. After conflict resolution, the new layout of urban functional space was obtained, showing an area of 240.18 km2, 42.56 km2, and 55.35 km2 for SUC, SGP, and SEP, respectively. The new perspective and method proposed in this paper can provide a reference for urban planning and urban functional space layout optimization.

Fire protection design of a lithium-ion battery warehouse based on numerical simulation results

Due to its instability and thermal runaway, a lithium-ion battery (LIB) has always been at severe risk in the process of transportation and storage. Recently, numerous studies have been conducted on the risk of thermal runaway in LIB storage, but most of them have focused on small-scale micro mechanisms. However, there has still been a lack of research on the risk of thermal runaway in large-scale scenarios, such as LIB factories and warehouses. In this study, the fire dynamics software (FDS) is used to simulate different fire conditions in a LIB warehouse numerically and determine the optimal battery state of charge (SOC), shelf spacing, and warehouse layout scheme of fire extinguishing facilities. The results show that when 50%- and 100%-SOC batteries are stored in a warehouse, the risk of thermal runaway fire spread and smoke diffusion is much higher than that under the zero-SOC condition. The results also indicate that an automatic fire-fighting water spray system has an obvious inhibitory effect on the fire in a LIB warehouse, and under the 100%-SOC condition, an automatic water sprinkler device with a quick-response sprinkler should be installed. The shelf spacing in a warehouse is also an important factor affecting the fire spread in a warehouse. Therefore, to prevent the spread of fire, a critical value of shelf spacing under different working conditions is defined, that is, when there is no automatic water sprinkler system under the 100%-SOC condition, the critical value of shelf spacing is 8.3 m, which is not economically practical. Therefore, when a warehouse stores lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with medium and high SOC values, an automatic water sprinkler system should be set to reduce the critical value of shelf spacing.

Uyghur and Tibetan university students’ English language learning in China: a spatial assemblage

ABSTRACT Informed by an increasing amount of research in understanding spatiality in language learning, this ethnographic case study investigates two ethnic minority university students’ English language learning in urban, virtual, and classroom spaces as they relocated to an interior city for higher education in southeastern China. Data consisted of the students’ informal online interactions, drawing journals, photos, and interviews. This study examines the participants’ capacity in appropriating and transforming both human and non-human objects in facilitating their English language learning and the contestations embedded in their meaning-making processes as they assembled their linguistic repertoires and materiality. This study finds that the virtual spaces are more enabling for the Uyghur student’s English language learning than his learning in urban and classroom spaces, whereas the urban space is more empowering for that of the Tibetan student. Instead of the traditional layout of classroom space, the two students became legitimate participants in the urban and virtual spaces where they actively engaged in utilizing resources for English language learning. This study indicates that spatiality needs to be seen as more central in shaping the participants’ English language learning outcomes. Implications for future research and pedagogy are provided.

Classroom perception in higher education: The impact of spatial factors on student satisfaction in lecture versus active learning classrooms.

Driven and influenced by learning theory and information technology, the form of the classroom environment in higher education is constantly changing. While traditional lecture classrooms focus on efficient learning modes and economical space layouts, active learning classrooms focus more on active learning psychology and adaptive space perception. Although existing studies have explored the development of educational and technological domains in the classroom, a comparative study of these two classroom environments and students’ learning perceptions has not been conducted. Hence, using a questionnaire, this study collected subjective perception reports from 316 students in traditional lecture classrooms versus active learning classrooms. By analyzing Likert scales of student satisfaction in two classroom environments, the study found the following: learning support dimensions in both classroom environments required improvements; space and furniture perception, physical and decorative environment are critical factors in improving students’ perceptions in the lecture classroom; space perception is the critical factor in enhancing students’ perception in the active learning classroom. These findings can serve as good references and useful insights for future classroom design and optimization to build enriched and inclusive learning environments to help students gain a more positive perception of learning.