Space In Turkey Research Articles

Comparison of the Continuing, Changing and Transforming Characteristics of Unplanned Organic Textured Neighborhoods and Planned Geometric Textured Neighborhoods with Housing in the Understanding of Public Space in Turkey

Geleneksel Anadolu yerleşmeleri ve mahalleleri toplumsal yaşamın bir yansıması olarak biçimlenmiştir. Çalışmada farklı kentsel dokulardaki avlu/bahçe, sokak ve meydan gibi toplumsal ve kamusal mekanlarla konut ilişkilerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışma Anadolu’nun farklı coğrafi bölgelerinde hem plansız-organik dokulu hem de planlı-geometrik dokulu mahallelere sahip 5 yerleşim bölgesindeki toplam 10 mahalle üzerinde yürütülmüştür. İnceleme alanları Kula Zaferiye ve Bey Mahalleleri, Avanos Orta ve Bahçelievler Mahalleleri, Safranbolu Akçasu ve Emek Mahalleleri, Boyabat Gökdere ve Yıldız Mahalleleri ile Midyat Işıklar-Akçakaya Mahalleleri ve Bahçelievler Mahallesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma yöntemi farklı ölçeklerde birbirine bağlı mekânsal, işlevsel ve biçimsel analiz aşamalarından oluşmuştur. Plansız ve planlı mahallelerde sokak ve konut dizilim sistemleri, mekânsal bütünleşmede öne çıkan kentsel mekan analizleri, kentsel mekanlarda farklı kamusallık derecesine sahip toplanma mekanı tipolojileri, yerleşmelerdeki toplanma-meydan mekanlarının işlevsel yapıları, mahallelerde konut üniteleriyle bağlantılı toplanma mekanlarını düşey ve yatayda belirleyen düzlem özellikleri konularında analizler yapılmıştır. Yarı özel/kamusal ve kamusal nitelikteki avlu/bahçe, sokak ve meydan gibi sosyal etkileşim ve toplanma mekanları mekânsal ve biçimsel analiz bulgularına bağlı olarak sürdürülebilirlik açılarından tartışılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda özellikle iç içe geçen tekil bina diziliminden çok katlı ayrık bina dizilimine geçişin toplumsal yaşamı ve mekanlarını etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

The Effect of COVID-19 on Leisure Related Public Space Use in Turkey

The COVID-19 pandemic has created radical changes in all aspects of daily life associated with public space. This paper aims to ascertain the effect of COVID-19 on the use of leisure-related public spaces in Turkey. This study investigates how public space usage differs for various socio-demographic groups and how information and communication technologies (ICT) affect changes in public space use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using purposive and snowball sampling methods, a nationwide online survey was conducted between September and October of 2020. The answers obtained from 531 participants were included in the analysis of the variance and path analysis. The analyses revealed that the frequency of urban public spaces usage during the COVID-19 pandemic decreased significantly as expected, in particular the use of internal public/quasi-public spaces and shopping malls. The use of external public spaces was relatively less affected by the pandemic. However, the use of virtual space increased significantly. The results also showed that the changes in the use of internal public/quasi-public spaces, shopping malls, and virtual space differ according to socio-demographic characteristics. It was concluded that ICT had statistically significant effects on changes in public space usage during COVID-19.

Knowledge Space, Relatedness and Complexity: A Regional Analysis in Turkey

Regional development policies based on regions’ core strengths is key for innovative and competitive growth. For sustainable growth, each region would discover their own growth paths grounded on their core knowledge base and capabilities. Although there are studies that focus on regional clustering of economic activity and technological dispersion of sectors in Turkey, little is known related to the regions’ potential to attract new technologies based on their core strenghts. There are three objectives of the paper: The first objective is to map knowledge space (relatedness between technologies) in Turkey for 2010 and 2017. The second objective of the paper is to understand relatedness (branching opportunities) and knowledge complexity in Turkey’s regions for 2010 and 2017. The third objective is to demonstrate the relationship of regional innovativeness as measured by patent applications with relatedness and knowledge complexity across Turkey’s NUTS3 regions. The study uses data from the European Patent Office (EPO) REGPAT Database (downloaded in January 2020). In order to map Turkey’s knowledge space, we use technological relatedness between patent classes. The knowledge space is a network where nodes represent technological categories and lines represent links between each pair of technology. Relatedness of the regions is operationalized by relatedness density. Knowledge complexity is operationalized by knowledge complexity index. We use regression analysis to understand the correlation of patent applications with regions’ relatedness density and knowledge complexity. As a control variable, the regression model uses diversity variable that is operationalized by the number of technological classes in which each city has relative technological advantage. The analysis demonstrates that knowledge space in Turkey became denser between 2010 and 2017 and there are variations across regions with respect to branching opportunities and knowledge complexity. Diversity and relatedness density are positively correlated with patent applications while complexity does not have a correlation with regional innovativeness.

Waiting for the disappeared: waiting as a form of resilience and the limits of legal space in Turkey

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Entrepreneurship Culture: Export Technologies, Strategies and Promoting Ukrainian Goods to the Market of the Ottoman Empire (Late 19th–Early 20th Centuries)

The article examines export techniques, strategies, and promoting Ukrainian goods to the market of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. That historical period was chosen not by chance, but because there was a rapid economic recovery in Ukraine then. Although there was no a state but Ukrainian was part of the Russian Empire, a corporate community of Ukrainian entrepreneurs (representative organizations) was formed, and Ukrainian lands became the leading production region of the empire, it linked all those involved in trade relations with grains, sugar, coal, and mineral resources. The excess of production over the volume of the domestic consumer market encouraged entrepreneurs to export these goods, primarily to the nearest foreign markets. The market of the Ottoman Empire was determined as a priority in that respect. The study of the export direction of commercial activity of Ukrainian entrepreneurs became possible as a result of attracting a wide range of sources including “Government and business statistical directories, office documents of representative organizations, articles from periodicals of that time, archival materials”. Export techniques of Ukrainian businessmen were analyzed in the article as one of the components of business culture, and consists in introducing organizational and logistical techniques for export tasks, studying global experience, and using the most successful and effective mechanisms to influence the process of invading foreign markets. The paper shows that Ukrainian entrepreneurs had resorted to a variety of tools to promote their products including renting space in Turkey and participating in the "Floating Exhibition". The article concludes that, despite all efforts, Ukrainian entrepreneurs lost in competition with more developed countries and they had to pay attention to the increased domestic demand. The idea of Ukrainian trade and industry to organize a permanent trade mission in Istanbul in the form of a chamber of commerce, which originated in the early 20th century, it is implemented at the present stage of mutually beneficial partnership between Ukraine and Turkey.

Beyond Vulnerability: Syrian Refugees in Urban Spaces in Turkey

Since 2011, 5.6 million people have fled Syria due to ongoing conflict. In Turkey alone, 3.6 million Syrians are confronted with a series of constraints once in the host country. This paper analyses, within the context of urban exile in Turkey, the different experiences and survival strategies of Syrians who are modulated by particular relations of race, class and gender. It aims to explain how refugees manage to create their own visibility in this new space full of limitations, and further explores how their newfound participation in these urban areas can deconstruct dominant representations of refugees, who are otherwise seen as threats or as voiceless victims. In all, this paper aims to go beyond the vulnerability of refugees, without neglecting the violence they endure. To do so, the study was conducted using a series of semi-structured interviews, complemented by an ethnological approach.
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Türkiye’deki Kamusal Yeşil Alanların Tarihsel Gelişimi ve Yeni “Millet Bahçeleri”

Focusing on contemporary Turkey’s “nation gardens” and the state and governmental policies to build them, this study investigated the development processes and design features of these public green spaces with respect to those from past eras of Turkey (extending to Ottoman and pre-Ottoman history) and the development of public green spaces as the state’s symbolic and spatial tools. The study relied on secondary sources about public green spaces from past eras of Turkey and also on the review of online news about “nation gardens” initiated after President Erdoğan’s announcement in May 2018. Our findings suggested that public green spaces in Turkey have played an important role in displaying the state’s power nationally and internationally as well as to transfer the state’s ideologies to people and thus, to build new identities of ‘citizens.’ Interestingly, in sharing these intentions of past policies for public green spaces, the recent introduction of nation gardens differs from those in the 19th and 20th century. Without any emphasis on modernization goals in the western-style, recent official talks described nation gardens as a way to raise Turkey and the government’s reputation both nationally and internationally, while also referring to past eras but with other characteristics as the source of “traditions” extending to today.

“Night Hawks” Watching Over the City: Redeployment of Night Watchmen and the Politics of Public Space in Turkey

Technological advances have enormously increased surveillance techniques in the last three decades. In this article, we scrutinize the re-instatement of bekçi, the traditional night watchmen patrolling the residential neighborhoods in Turkey, which was obsolete for decades. We analyze the re-emergence of the bekçi in relation to the dynamics of urbanization, and with a perspective of power and surveillance. Our discussion bridges the Foucauldian notion of “visibility,” equating it with being subject to surveillance, and the Arendtian emphasis on “appearance” as the precondition for a claim to public space (hence, citizenship) in order the uncover the role of visibility within the mechanisms of power in public space. We argue that although the bekçi seems outmoded, especially within the context of ever-increasing advancement of surveillance technologies; its recent deployment in the public spaces of Turkish metropolises brings about new modes of politics of visibility parallel to the changing modality of the urban environment.

Making lesbian space at the edge of Europe: Queer spaces in Istanbul

There is limited research regarding queer spaces in Turkey, and even less on lesbians because women have struggled to have an active public presence in Turkey. Accordingly, lesbian spaces are more embodied and less explicitly visible in public spaces than in the West. This study aims to make the invisible more visible by examining the space-making strategies of the lesbian community during the late 20th and early 21st century when lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) activism reached a high point in Turkey. In particular, we examined the ways that lesbians challenged narrow conceptions of “territoriality,” through their use of spaces such as bars, homes, and restaurants in one neighborhood across time, by reviewing print media archives with LGBTQ coverage and interviewing a sample of activist lesbian women who participated in the lesbian scene in Istanbul during this period. Our findings reveal that lesbians opted to live in Beyoglu due to its multicultural and welcoming character, and formed their businesses as venues to socialize as well as serve LGBTQ clientele. They also expanded the openness of gay bars in the district and opened their houses for home parties within the lesbian community. Furthermore, they used all these arenas as meeting places for lesbian activist support groups.

The spatialization of Islamist, populist, and neo-Ottoman discourses in the Turkish capital under AKP rule

AbstractThis article discusses the recent politics of space in Turkey during the rule of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) through a focus on the capital city of Ankara. In order to analyze the recent politics of space in Turkey, the article elaborates upon the recent politics of toponym changes and the discourse over space and place in the Turkish capital. Particular attention is paid to the spatialization of neo-Ottoman, Islamist, and populist discourses and to the production of various representational and counter-representational spaces. One of the key foci of the article is its elaboration on the new Presidential Complex (Cumhurbaşkanlığı Külliyesi) as a case that, in its representational and conceptual aspects, reflects the spatialization of Islamist and populist discourses and symbolizes the recent transformations of social space and the emergent sociospatial order in Turkey.

Being gifted in art and music space in Turkey

The gifted individual is an individual whose high performance in terms of intelligence, creativity, art, leadership capacity or academic fields is determined by experts. In the literature, when the individuals constituting the society are examined in terms of intelligence, 95% is considered to be normal, 3% is lowand 2% is superior. The development and progress of countries is only possible with the efficient use of skilled human resources. Three sets of characteristics for gifted children is defined in the study: general and special ability level, creativity and motivation. A workshop was organized by the Turkish Ministry of National Education on 21-22 January 2019 to form an action plan for “Education for Gifted”. 76 field experts and trainers participated in the workshop. This paper will discuss opinions relating to the field of arts, found in the report released at the end of the workshop and the current situation in Turkey will be summarized. The data of the descriptive study will be collected based on document review and observation.
 Keywords: Art, Art education, Fine arts, gifted children, leadership

Urban streets and urban social sustainability: a case study on Bagdat street in Kadikoy, Istanbul

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the social function of historical public space in Turkey that has been transformed with rise of modernism. Before that, it functioned as a suburban recreational area. The increasing demand for urban lands has been led to its transformation and its function as an urban component. The historical pattern of urban space can be conserved to protect and strengthen social interactions as the key issue of urban social sustainability. With a focus on the urban design through literature review, the aim is to identify the role of social interactions on social sustainability of historical urban street in Turkey. A field survey study was conducted to observe and in-depth interviews to locally evaluate the socio-spatial design principles in Bagdat street, as a research case. Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) and Cognitive Spatial Map (CSM) were used to investigate the spatial experiences of the respondents. Results indicated that the historical continuity of socio-spatial activities through the time in respect to the socio-cultural values and user satisfaction has led to enhance the sense of belongings for citizens. As a conclusion, all data were integrated to propose a socio-spatial framework for designing and developing of Turkish public street, to enhance the urban social sustainability in future communities.

A case study on borders in retail spaces

PurposeThe existence of retail spaces lies far back in history. However, retail design as an academic field of work is relatively recent and available for development. The common points and differences between commercial spaces and retail spaces, as well as the relationship between private and public spaces, require academic attention from a retail perspective. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the academic knowledge on retail design by interpreting retail spaces according to their relationship with their surroundings and their way of defining borders.Design/methodology/approachThe focal point of the paper lies on a case study based on built examples of retail spaces in Turkey. An actual perspective, along with the historical background of retail design, provides the theoretical framework of the study, as the term “border” is being interpreted according to encountered restrictions and intentions throughout the retail design process.FindingsThe case study conducted in the scope of this paper has shown that borders are an important component in retail design and they are affected by various factors like the limitations of the surroundings and atmospheric tools such as colours, lighting, sound or scent.Originality/valueAlthough there are existing studies on retail design from various perspectives, the interpretation of retail spaces in relationship with their borders is missing in academic literature. This paper provides a definition of borders in retail design including the elements that describe them and the knowledge of borders according to different corporate tendencies.

The Transformation of Space and Social Class: The Past and Present of Çukurambar

This paper examines the relation between physical space and social space by focusing on the recent transformation of Çukurambar, an old gecekondu neighborhood in Ankara. Applying to Pierre Bourdieu’s conceptual tools, this paper interrogates the social implications of spatial transformation.Based on the data that was acquired from an ethnographic research, the study first explicates the spatial trajectory of Çukurambar. The trajectory of the neighborhood goes in parallel with the general transformation of urban space in Turkey. Being a villageuntil 1950s, Çukurambar transformed into being a gecekondu neighborhood as a result of the internal migration waves.The social destiny of the neighborhood changed sharply again as a result of the neoliberal urban transformation projects.The paper underlines two dynamics that fastened the spatial transformation in Çukurambar: the intensification of political capital and economic capital.The product of the fast spatial transformation is the formation of an upper-middle class neighborhood. The partnership of politicians, local governments and urban transformation industry ended up with the making of the upper-middle class neighborhood.

Thinking Women, Feminism, and Muslim Identity through Bodies and Space in Turkey

Thinking Women, Feminism, and Muslim Identity through Bodies and Space in Turkey

Performing Academia in Public Space in Turkey

In ‘Performing Academia in Public Space in Turkey’, Özgül Akıncı writes about embodying a state of crisis in Turkey through contemplating on her own involvement in a series of, what she calls, public performances. When 1128 academics, researchers and doctoral students signed a petition in 2016, protesting the surge of violence and calling for peace, they were met with outstanding consequences. This paper reflects on some performative moments that occurred at the border zone of some sort, one is between the inside and outside of the prison, the other is between national borders. The act of solidarity among petitioners, which she reads as political performance, showed itself repeatedly on the margins of waiting, being marked as an insider or an outsider.

Civic space in Turkey: a social capital approach to civil society

ABSTRACTThe present study explores civil society organizations’ (CSOs) civic and political potential in Turkey. For this purpose, it generates original data from Antalya and utilizes social network analysis to analyze the CSOs’ cooperation structure. The analysis points out certain levels of dynamism and diversity in terms of the CSOs’ cooperative connections. Yet it also shows variance between the public-goods oriented Putnam-type CSOs and the special-interest oriented Olson-type CSOs in terms of their civic and political potential. This observed variance, in turn, is likely to influence their respective potential to articulate common interests on the one hand, to affect politics on the other hand.

An Investıgation On The Effect Of The Slow City (Cittaslow) Membership On Public Spaces In Turkey

An Investıgation On The Effect Of The Slow City (Cittaslow) Membership On Public Spaces In Turkey

Making a National Vatan in Turkey: Geography Education in the Late Ottoman and Early Republican Periods

The concept of homeland, vatan, the essential part of the nation-state establishing the link between the people and the territory, territorializes the national identity by creating a sense of belonging to the sacred soil and turning the imagined boundaries into physical ones. In Turkey, constructing the borders of the national identity and vatan required the transformation of the Ottoman imperial paradigm into a nation-state. Republican reforms were unprecedented in terms of combining Turkish identity with territoriality. With the establishment of the Turkish nation-state, a sense of nationalism substituted servitude to the sultan with loyalty to vatan. This was revolutionary in that the nation was disassociated from Islam and God as the community of believers and from the Ottoman sultan as his loyal servants and now was anchored to the life-giving vatan. This article examines the change in the pedagogy of space in Turkey from the late nineteenth century to the first three decades of the twentieth century, exploring how the mental maps of Turkish people shifted from an imperial to a national scope.

Genie in the bottle

Leaving İstanbul Bilgi University on 22 May 2013, conveners of the İstanbul Seminars could not have guessed that less than a week later the arguments they had debated would be revisited under a new light. For little did anybody know that in the summer of 2013 İstanbul would become the stage of one of the most intriguing of urban uprisings in Turkish, if not world, contemporary history. In this article I would like to take up some of the challenges brought up by Gezi resistance to rethink the concept of democracy through the changing ways in which people engage with urban public spaces in Turkey, and beyond.