Soybean Progenies Research Articles

Seleção precoce de progênies resilientes para produtividade de sementes em populações de soja

ABSTRACT: This study carried out early selection of soybean progenies that are productive and resilient to environmental conditions. The experiment took place at the Genetic Breeding Program of UNIJUI (University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul), located in Ijuí - RS, Brazil. The experiment used augmented blocks design with interim checks. The regular treatments correspond to 24 soybean F2 populations and the common treatments were 18 commercial checks, arranged in four replications. At full physiological maturity, in each experimental unit, five plants were randomly collected to obtain seed weight per plant (SWP, g). The Jinks and Pooni methodology was used to calculate the probability of extracting superior lineages from the evaluated populations. The best control and promising cultivars to compose the parent bank are BMX FORÇA RR, FUNDACEP 66 RR and TMG 7062 IPRO. Jinks and Pooni’s methodology identified populations IRC001, IRC002, IRC017, IRC019, IRC028, IRC030, IRC032, IRC033, IRC035, IRC036, IRC039 and IRC040 as having high potential for extraction of superior lineages.

Combining abilities of soybean progenies and bradyrhizobium strains for biological nitrogen fixation

AbstractWe aim to study the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) ability of soybean (Glycine max) progenies and their ability for symbioses using different Bradyrhizobium strains, as well as select progenies and strains that are more efficient in BNF to guide strategies in soybean breeding. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, evaluating 24 soybean progenies and five Bradyrhizobium strains. Mean values from analysis of variance were compared by the Scott–Knot test, and partial diallel analysis was performed to estimate general and specific combining ability. Following analysis of the greenhouse experiment, 10 soybean progenies and two Bradyrhizobium strains (SEMIA 587 and INPA 03–11B) were selected to carry out a field trial experiment. Biological nitrogen fixation was affected by genotype, strain, and genotype × strain interactions. Additive effects were predominant on the traits related to BNF, indicating that recurrent selection could be an effective breeding strategy. The progenies showed higher values for the traits related to field nodulation but did not improve seed yield. The EA‐8 progeny stood out for high yield and had good results in traits related to BNF and early maturity. The INPA 03–11B strain had the best result for seed yield, indicating high potential for use as an inoculant in soybean crops.

Genotypic and phenotypic parameters associated with early maturity in soybean

Abstract The objective of this work was to estimate genotypic and phenotypic parameters associated with early maturity, and to select soybean (Glycine max) progenies that are high yielding and early maturing. F3:4 and F3:5 progenies were evaluated during the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 crop years in five environments. Data on days to full maturity, days to flowering, and grain yield were collected and analyzed using the mixed model approach. Genotypic and phenotypic parameters, expected and achieved selection gains, and correlated responses were estimated. The components genetic variation and genotype x environment interaction were significant. Heritability fluctuated from 50.14%, for grain yield, to 90.37%, for full maturity. The achieved genetic gain for full maturity ranged from −0.17 to −2.57%. A positive correlation was observed among the three evaluated traits. The selection of 5.0% of the earliest-maturing soybean progenies would reduce mean grain yield by about 5.02%, but also reduce time to reach full maturity from 125 to 119 days, in detriment of 210.5 kg ha−1 potential yield. Five progenies reached full maturity up to 120 days. Progeny 51 overperformed the more productive parent (NK 7074 RR), with a grain yield of 4,975 kg ha−1 and 128 days to full maturity.

Parâmetros genéticos e estratégias de seleção de progênies de soja visando precocidade e produtividade de grãos

ABSTRACT Genetic parameters and correlations are useful tools in breeding programs, helping to make decisions about the most efficient method of selecting soybean progenies. The objective was to determine genetic parameters and correlations between characters in 52 soybean genotypes, from 4 populations and to select the superior progenies for early cycle and grain productivity. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design consisting of 52 RCF3:4 progenies and three controls (UFUS7010, TMG801, BRSGO7560). Agronomic and yield traits were evaluated. For the number of days to flowering and maturity, plant height at maturity and number of nodes at maturity, a high heritability estimate and favorable conditions for selection were observed. The existence of correlations between the characters was verified with the predominance of genetic causes, which allows the success in the indirect selection. By the Mulamba and Mock method, the highest selection gain was obtained, however, for the genotype-ideotype distance index method, greater gains were obtained for production components, therefore, 15 early cycle and productive superior RCF3:4 progenies were selected with a cycle between 79.0 and 105.0 days and production of 302.5 to 463.0 g plot-¹.

Inference of population effect and progeny selection via a multi-trait index in soybean breeding

The selection of superior genotypes of soybean entails a simultaneous evaluation of a number of favorable traits that provide a comparatively superior yield. Disregarding the population effect in the statistical model may compromise the estimate of variance components and the prediction of genetic values. The present study was undertaken to investigate the importance of including population effect in the statistical model and to determine the effectiveness of the index based on factor analysis and ideotype design via best linear unbiased prediction (FAI-BLUP) in the selection of erect, early, and high-yielding soybean progenies. To attain these objectives, 204 soybean progenies originating from three populations were examined for various traits of agronomic interest. The inclusion of the population effect in the statistical model was relevant in the genetic evaluation of soybean progenies. To quantify the effectiveness of the FAI-BLUP index, genetic gains were predicted and compared with those obtained by the Smith-Hazel and Additive Genetic indices. The FAI-BLUP index was effective in the selection of progenies with balanced, desirable genetic gains for all traits simultaneously. Therefore, the FAI-BLUP index is an adequate tool for the simultaneous selection of important traits in soybean breeding.

Genetic and phenotypic parameters associated with soybean progenies in a recurrent selection program

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters associated with progenies from the recurrent selection program for grain yield in soybean. The evaluation of S0:1 progenies was in Lavras in the 2015/2016 crop year. The S0:2 progenies were evaluated in Lavras, Nazareno, and Itutinga. The S0:3 progenies were evaluated in Lavras, Ijaci, and Itutinga in the following crop years. The following traits were evaluated: days to flowering, days to full maturity, bottom pod height, plant height, lodging, and grain yield. The expected gain and gain achieved from selection, genetic correlation, and correlated response were estimated. The variance components show variability among the progenies. It was possible to obtain gains from selection for grain yield for all selection intensities (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%). The variability and the high performance of the progenies indicate that implementation of the recurrent selection program can be successful.

Heritability and the genotype × environment interaction in soybean

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to examine the implication of the genotype × environment interaction (G × E) in the identification of genetically superior soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] progenies; to obtain estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for agronomic traits in soybean progenies; and to select genetically superior progenies to obtain lineages. Progenies F3:4 were evaluated in the municipalities of Lavras‐MG and Itutinga‐MG, Brazil, in the agricultural year 2016–2017. Progenies F3:5 were evaluated in the summer of 2017–2018 in the municipalities of Lavras‐MG, Itutinga‐MG, and Ijaci‐MG. The traits of days to flowering, days to full maturity, plant height, bottom pod height, lodging, and grain yield were evaluated. The genetic and phenotypic parameters, expected gain from selection, genetic correlation, correlated response, achieved heritability, and frequency distribution of the adjusted means were estimated. The estimates of the components of variance showed the existence of variability among the progenies, enabling the selection of superior genotypes. There was an effect of the G × E interaction for all traits, and most of the interaction was due to complex interaction. From the analysis of genotypic correlation, significant estimates were observed between the traits. The G × E interaction affected the estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters in the soybean, and the achieved heritability is a tool to study this interaction.

Gene flow from herbicide resistant transgenic soybean to conventional soybean and wild soybean

Gene flow from transgenic crops to conventional cultivars or wild relatives is a major environmental and economic concern in many countries. South Korea is one of the major importer of transgenic crops for food and feed, although commercial cultivation of transgenic crops is not yet allowed in this country. This study evaluated gene flow from the herbicide glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant transgenic soybean (Glycine max) to five non-transgenic soybean cultivars and three accessions of wild soybean (Glycine soja). Field trials were conducted over 2 years, and gene flow was monitored up to 10 m distance from the pollen source. The results indicated that the detectable rate of gene flow from transgenic to conventional soybeans varied between 0 and 0.049% in both 2014 and 2015 field trials, while no hybrids were detected among wild soybean progenies. The highest rate of gene flow was found in the progenies of the Bert cultivar, which exhibited the longest period of flowering synchronization between the pollen donor and the recipient. In addition, overall gene flow rates declined with increased distance from the transgenic soybean plot. Gene flow was observed up to 3 m and 8 m from the transgenic soybean plot in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Our results may be useful for developing measures to prevent gene flow from transgenic soybean.

Correlations and Path Coefficients for Yield Related Traits in Soybean Progenies

Correlations and Path Coefficients for Yield Related Traits in Soybean Progenies

Correlations and path analysis in soybean progenies with resistance source to cyst nematode (race 3)

Path analysis is an important study that slices the correlation coefficients between two variables to evaluate whether the relationship between them is of cause and effect. This study aimed to estimate the phenotypic and genotypic correlations between agronomic traits and perform a path analysis in order to identify variables for indirect selection aiming at a higher grain yield. Fourteen soybean F6 lines from the soybean breeding program of FCAV–UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The agronomic traits plant height at maturity (PHM), first pod height (FPH), lodging (Ld), agronomic value (AV), number of pods per plant (NP), number of seeds per plant (NS), and grain yield (GY) were evaluated. Overall, the genotypic correlations were higher than their corresponding phenotypic correlations. The genotypic correlations between grain yield and the traits agronomic value, number of pods per plant, and number of seeds per plant were positive, significant, and of high magnitude. Path analysis showed that the trait number of seeds per plant had the highest direct effect on grain yield, while the trait number of pods per plant had the highest indirect effect through the number of seeds per plant on grain yield

KERAGAMAN GENETIK, HERITABILITAS DAN KEMAJUAN GENETIK KARAKTER AGRONOMI PADA POPULASI GALUR F2 HASIL PERSILANGAN

Genetic variability, heritability estimate and expected genetic advance may be useful to provide the basis for planning of more efficient in selection program. The objectives of this study were to determine genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of agronomic characters that could be realized through selection of segregation progenies. The F2 soybean progenies derived from two cross combinations and their three parent varieties were evaluated for their genetic variability, heritability and expected genetic advance of agronomic traits at Muneng Experimental Station, Probolinggo, East Java, during dry season of 2016. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with three replications. Seeds of each F2 progenies and their parents were sown in four rows of 4 m length of plots. Plant spacing was 40 cm x 20 cm, with one plant per hill. Plant population of each F2 progenies and their parents were 80 plants in each replication. Among the character observed, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant and days to maturity had the highest coefficient of variability, with the means of 53.1%, 48.2% and 42,5% respectively. Plant height and seed size had a moderate coefficient of variability, with the means of 33.5% and 35.7%. While the days to flowering, number of branches and number of nodes per plant had the lowest coefficient of variability, and the means were only 19.9%, 14.1% and 15.8% respectively. The heritability estimate of the eight agronomic traits ranged from 18.9%-53.6%. Number of pods per plant and plant height had the highest heritability estimates for the two crosses, and the means were 53.6% and 41.5% respectively. The days to maturity, seed size and days to flowering were also had high heritability estimate of 38.8%, 36.8% and 36.6%. The mean heritability estimates for seed yield per plant, number of nodes and number of branches per plant were the lowest of only 20.6%, 19.7% and 18.9% respectively. Based on the F2 data, selection on the number of pods per plant had the highest expected genetic advance of 44.7%, followed by the days to maturity (41.0%) and the plant height (40.4%). Seed yield per plant, seed size and the days to flowering had a moderate expected genetic advance of 34.8%, 33.4% and 26.8%. The means of expected genetic advance for number of branches and number of nodes per plant were the lowest of 13.8% and 13.9% respectively. In relation to grain yield, the mean heritability estimate for seed yield per plant was low, of only 20.8%. However, considerable high genetic heritability (48.2%) and genetic advance (34.8%) was present on the seed yield per plant.

Research Article Inheritance of seed characteristics in soybean progenies from grain type x food type crosses

Research Article Inheritance of seed characteristics in soybean progenies from grain type x food type crosses

Physiological and N2-fixation-related traits for tolerance to drought in soybean progenies

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate six soybean (Glycine max) genotypes for physiological traits and biological nitrogen fixation in drought conditions, and their capacity for recovery after rewetting, based on yield components. The genotypes evaluated in a greenhouse were the following: 'BRS 317', susceptible to drought; R01-581F and R02-1325, which show biological nitrogen fixation tolerant to drought; and the BRB14-207525, BRB14-207526, BRB14-207527 breed lines resulting from crossings between commercial genotypes and PI 471938, which shows a slow-wilting phenotype under drought. Drought conditions were applied to the genotypes at the full-flowering stage (R2) for ten days, whereas control plants were kept well-watered. Photosynthetic rate and gas exchanges under drought were more stable in the BRB14-207526 genotype. Root biomass increased 3.5 times in R02-1325 as an adaptive response to drought. In addition, leaf ureides - a trait related to biological nitrogen fixation in plants tolerant to drought - remained stable in genotypes R02-1325 and R01-581F exposed to drought, but decreased in BRB14-207527. Genotypes BRB14-207526, BRB14-207527, and R02-1325 show more favorable physiological performances and a lower accumulation of ureides under drought, besides a higher grain yield after rehydration. The BRB14-207526 and BRB14-207527 progenies show drought-tolerance traits from PI 471938, whereas R02-1325 is a promising source of tolerance to drought for soybean breeding.

Heritabilitas dan Harapan Kemajuan Genetik Beberapa Karakter Kuantitatif Populasi Galur F4 Kedelai Hasil Persilangan

The F4 soybean progenies derived from two cross combinations and their three parent varieties were evaluated for their heritability and expected genetic advances of quantitative traits, at Ngale Experimental Station, Ngawi, East Java during the dry season of 2009. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Seeds of each F4 progenies and their parents were sown in two rows of 4.5 m length of plots with a 40 cm x 15 cm plant spacing, two plants/hill. Plant population of each F4 progenies and their parents were 120 plants in each replication. Among the characters observed, seed yield per plant, number of pods per plant, and days to maturity had the highest coefficient of variability, with the means of 50.4%, 47.4% and 43.9%, respectively. Number of branches, number of nodes per plant and days to flowering had the lowest coefficient of variability, and the means were 14.0%, 14.3% and 17.2%, respectively. The heritability estimates of the 8 quantitative characters ranged from 19.4% to 55.9%. Plant height, number of pods per plant, and days to maturity had the highest heritability estimates for the two crosses, namely 55.9%, 51.5% and 41.2%, respectively. The mean heritability estimate for seed yield per plant and number of nodes per plant were the lowest, namely 19.7% and 19.4%, respectively. Based on the F4 data, selection on the number of pods per plant had the highest expected genetic advances of 41.8%, followed by the days to maturity (40.7%) and the plant height (38.0%). The mean of expected genetic advances for the number of branches and the number of nodes per plant were the lowest, namely 13.7% and 13.5%, respectively. In relation to the grain yield, the mean heritability estimate for seed yield per plant was low (19.7%). However, considerable genetic variability (50.4%) and genetic advances (35.8%) was present on the seed yield per plant.

Heterosis and combining ability estimates in isoflavone content using different parental soybean accessions: wild soybean, a valuable germplasm for soybean breeding.

Isoflavone, a group of secondary metabolites in soybean, is beneficial to human health. Improving isoflavone content in soybean seeds has become one of the most important breeding objectives. However, the narrow genetic base of soybean cultivars hampered crop improvement. Wild soybean is an extraordinarily important gene pool for soybean breeding. In order to select an optimal germplasm for breeding programs to increase isoflavone concentration, 36 F1 soybean progenies from different parental accessions (cultivars, wild, Semi-wild and Interspecific) with various total isoflavone (TIF) concentration (High, Middle, Low) were analyzed for their isoflavone content. Results showed that male parents, except for Cultivars, showed positive GCA effects. In particular, wild soybean had higher positive GCA effects for TIF concentration. Both MP and BP heterosis value declined in the hybrid in which male parents were wild soybean, semi-wild soybean, interspecific offspring and cultivar in turn. In general, combining ability and heterosis in hybrids which had relative higher TIF concentration level parents showed better performance than those which had lower TIF concentration level parents. These results indicated characteristics of isoflavone content were mainly governed by additive type of gene action, and wild relatives could be utilized for breeding of soybean cultivars with this trait. A promising combination was found as the best potential hybrid for isoflavone content improvement.

English

Breeding programs strive to obtain cultivars with superior traits. The association between these characters, such as those estimated by correlation coeficients, are important to the breeding selection process. In this study we analyzed phenotypic and genotypic correlations between yield and other agronomic traits in soybean progenies derived from various crosses to support breeding line selection in the the soybean breading program of the Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU). The experiment was carried out in the 2011/2012 growing season at the Capim Branco research station in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Seventy-one soybean lines were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. In these plots plants were evaluated for the number of pods, grain yield per plant, number of days for flowering, plant height at flowering, number of days for maturity, plant height at maturity, height of the first pod insertion, number of grains per pod and grain yield per plant. The estimates for genotypic correlations were equal or greater than those for the phenotypic correlations for all the evaluated traits. This suggests a small effect of environmental factors on the trait expression. An exception of this behavior was the correlation between plant height at flowering and plant height at maturity. In this case, although the signs for the genotypic and phenotypic correlations were the same, the value for the last was greater than that for the former.. The late flowering and late-maturing plants were taller. Also, selecting plants for higher number of pods ultimately contributed for the selection of plants with higher grain yield. The selection of late-flowering and late-maturing plants have yielded taller plantsin the same way that the selection for a higher pod number could promote the selection and improvement of grains yield trait.

Análise AMMI da produtividade de grãos em linhagens de soja selecionadas para resistência à ferrugem asiática

O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar os efeitos da interação genótipo x ambiente (GxE) sobre a produtividade de grãos em progênies de soja pré-selecionadas para resistência à ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi). Doze ensaios de avaliação de progênies (linhagens F6 e F7) foram conduzidos em diferentes ambientes (combinação de locais, anos e tratamentos fungicidas para controle de doenças de final de ciclo, incluindo ou não a ferrugem). A análise "additive main effects and multiplicative interaction" (AMMI) capturou, como padrão da interação GxE, 57% da variação associada aos resíduos de não aditividade, dos quais 44% foram retidos no primeiro componente principal de interação e o restante, no segundo. O primeiro componente associou-se a diferenças entre os anos de avaliação, o que denota imprevisibilidade na predição. O segundo componente, no entanto, associou-se ao manejo diferenciado do cultivo, no que se refere ao controle ou não das doenças. Entre os genótipos de ampla adaptabilidade produtiva, as linhagens USP 02-16.045 e USP 10-10 apresentaram desempenho destacado.

Genetic Analysis of High Sucrose, Low Raffinose, and Low Stachyose Content in V99-5089 Soybean Seeds

Seed sugar content is an important trait for food-grade soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Few reports exist on the genetics of soybean seed sucrose and oligosaccharides contents. The objective of this research was to determine the inheritance of high sucrose and low raffinose and stachyose contents in V99-5089 soybean seeds. The sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose contents were investigated in 125 F3-derived progenies developed from a cross between ‘Ozark’ and V99-5089. The bimodal distribution with good fit to single gene segregation ratio was observed for sucrose content with high sucrose as recessive, for raffinose content with low raffinose as recessive, and for stachyose content with low stachyose as recessive in the V99-5089-derived population. Strong correlations were recorded between sucrose and raffinose (r = −0.88) and between sucrose and stachyose (r = −0.96), indicating that the desirable food-grade soybean progenies with high sucrose and low oligosaccharides content (low raffinose and low stachyose) can be selected from V99-5089-derived populations. This research provides breeders an excellent germplasm, i.e., V99-5089, with high sucrose, low raffinose, and low stachyose content to use as parent in soybean food-grade breeding programs.

Parentesco na seleção para produtividade e teores de óleo e proteína em soja via modelos mistos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar influência da informação de parentesco na seleção de progênies de soja quanto à produtividade e aos teores de óleo e proteína, com base no uso de modelos mistos de predição dos valores genéticos. Novecentas progênies F4:6 e 200 progênies F4:7 de soja foram avaliadas nas safras 2010/2011 e 2011/2012, respectivamente. As progênies foram obtidas de cruzamentos múltiplos a partir de 57 progenitores. Os dados foram analisados por meio de modelos aleatórios (quadrados mínimos) e mistos BLUP/REML ("best linear unbiased prediction/restricted maximum likelihood"). Os maiores valores de ganhos preditos foram obtidos com o BLUP/REML. Os valores genéticos preditos com o método BLUP/REML, sem informação de parentesco, apresentaram alta correlação com aqueles obtidos com o modelo aleatório, além de detectada alta coincidência das progênies selecionadas. A inclusão da matriz de parentesco resultou na seleção de progênies diferentes e em maior acurácia na predição dos valores genéticos.

Isoflavone composition in F1 soybean progenies

Twenty F1 soybean progenies were analyzed for isoflavone content in order to investigate whether this attribute can be translated from parents to the corresponding hybrids. Content of total isoflavones in analyzed samples was ranged from 1.56 to 3.66 mg/g of dried soybean. Ten analyzed F1 progenies in one group had a mutual parent while the rest in the second group had randomly chosen parents. Contents of total isoflavones, total daidzeins and total genisteins were significantly different ( p < 0.05) in these two sample groups. A significantly strong correlation ( p < 0.05) between total isoflavone content in parents and corresponding F1 progenies was established (R 2 = 0.915). Similarity of the F1 progenies with a mutual parent was confirmed by Principal Component Analysis. Obtained results suggest that isoflavone content is the trait that can be derived from parent genotype to its F1 progenies and therefore the breeding of genotypes with better health promoting characteristics can be directed.