Soybean Phospholipids Research Articles

Development, characterization and Caco-2 cells absorption of curcumin solid dispersion for oral administration

Curcumin is an active dietary compound. However, its low solubility and rapid metabolism limit its absorption in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and reduces its systemic bioavailability. To overcome these drawbacks, curcumin solid dispersion (CSD) was developed employing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a carrier without and with soybean phospholipids (SP) as a co-carrier and prepared using a melting solvent method. The influence PVP and SP on physicochemical properties and in vitro permeability of CSD was investigated. Curcumin in all developed CSD demonstrated amorphous state as confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Spherical particles of ∼140 nm and ∼190 nm were obtained when CSD without and with SP was diluted with water. Consequently, CSD without and with SP possessed significantly greater curcumin water solubility of ∼4200-fold and ∼6500-fold, respectively, as compared to free curcumin, which leading to enhanced curcumin absorption across Caco-2 cell. The dissolution studies, both in 0.1 N HCl and phosphate buffer pH6.8, of CSD showed that curcumin was quickly and completely dissolved within 5 min. Caco-2 cell permeation studies revealed that CSD with SP presented a lag time with slightly lower curcumin absorption than CSD without SP. Moreover, the physical and chemical stability of CSD was found to be stable for up to 6 months at 4 °C and room temperature. From these findings, CSD could be beneficial for enhancing the oral absorption profiles of curcumin.

Analysis of soybean phospholipids based on liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry

Using liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry to establish a soybean phospholipids(PL) analysis method, carry out comprehensive structural identification and quantitative analysis of soybean PL molecule species, and obtain soybean PL molecular composition and content data. The PL profiles of 10 soybean varieties cultivated in northeast China were determined by a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry(HILIC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS) system. The hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography realized class separation of PLs, and ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry realized the estimation of head group type, fatty acyl structure, and substituent position. The identified PL molecule species were quantified using accurate mass extraction and internal standard method. A total of 101 PL molecular species from 11 classes were estimated in soybean seeds, including 20 phosphatidylcholines(PC), 15 phosphatidylethanolamines(PE), 17 phosphatidylinositols(PI), 12 phosphatidylglycerols(PG), 9 phosphatidic acids(PA), 6 phosphatidylserines(PS), 5 lysophosphatidylcholines(LPC), 5 lysophosphatidylethanolamines(LPE), 6 lysophosphatidylinositols(LPI), 4 lysophosphatidylglycerols(LPG) and 2 lysophosphatidicacids(LPA). The limits of detection for the target object were ≤ 60 ng/mL and R~2 were all >0.99. The total concentration of PL ranged from 6873.1 to 12 678.6 μg/g in detected soybeans. Generally, most of the detected soybean cultivars were great resources of PL, especially SN-29, SN-61, HN-40 and DN-690. The concentrations of PC and PE in the tested soybean were higher, followed by PI, PG, PA and PS. Among the lysophospholipids, the concentration of LPC was the highest, followed by LPE, LPI, LPG and LPA. The soybean PL component analysis method established based on the HILIC-IT-TOF-MS system can achieve good separation of various types of PL, and can accurately characterize the head group type, fatty acyl structure and substituent position of PL molecule species. The molecular composition and content data of soybean PL were obtained.

Interfacial compositions of fat globules modulate structural characteristics and lipolysis of its model emulsions during in-vitro digestion.

This study investigated whether milk fat globule membrane as an emulsifier could make fat easier for infants to digest. An emulsion was formed using the membrane material, where anhydrous milk fat was used as the core material, milk fat globule membrane polar lipid (MPL) as the emulsifier, and soybean phospholipid (PL) and milk protein concentrate (MPC) incorporated as control emulsifiers. Structural characterization, glyceride composition, and fatty acid release from emulsions by in vitro digestion were investigated. The average particle size at the end of intestinal digestion was in the order MPL < PL < MPC, with diameters of 3.41 ± 0.51 μm, 3.53 ± 0.47 μm, and 10.46 ± 2.33 μm respectively. Meanwhile, laser scanning confocal microscopy results also illustrated that MPL could reduce the degree of aggregation during digestion. The lipolysis degree of MPL emulsion was higher than that of PL and MPC emulsions. MPL not only released higher levels of long-chain fatty acids, such as C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, which are of great significance for infant growth and development, but also released increased levels of C20:4 (arachidonic acid) and C22:6 (docosahexaenoic acid) than PL and MPC emulsions did. Fat droplets enveloped by milk fat globule MPLs were easier to digest and are therefore more suitable for infant formula. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics of oridonin-loaded liposomes.

The aim of this study was to prepare oridonin liposomes and evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and pharmacokinetics in rats. A three-level, three-factor Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the preparation of oridonin liposomes. A highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic quantification method using ultraviolet detection was established and validated for the determination of oridonin in rat plasma. Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned and injected with 15 mg/kg of oridonin or oridonin liposomes via the tail vein. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a compartmental modeling approach using PKsolver software. The optimum conditions were as follows: soybean phospholipids/cholesterol ratio, 3.9:1; soybean phospholipids/drug ratio, 8.5:1; and soybean phospholipid concentration, 1.1%. Under these conditions, the mean particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of oridonin liposomes were 170.5nm, 0.246, -30.3mV, and 76.15%, respectively. The pharmacokinetic results showed that liposomes could significantly prolong the elimination half-life (from 2.88 ± 0.55 to 13.67 ± 3.52 h), increase the area under the concentration-time curve (from 1.65 ± 0.17 to 6.22 ± 0.83 μg h/ml), and decrease the clearance (from 6.62 ± 1.38 to 1.96 ± 0.24L/kg h). The oridonin liposomes increased the elimination half-life and area under the concentration-time curve and provided a reference for the development of drugs with a short half-life.

Understanding the Effects of Cholesterol and Ethanol on the Stability and Morphology of Bicellar Mixtures

Elucidating the stability and morphology of bicellar mixtures is of great importance in the biomedical field. In this report, self-assembly cholesterol (CHOL)-containing bicellar mixtures were investigated, that were composed of long chain hydrogenated soybean phospholipids (HSPC), short chain 1, 2-diheptanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) phospholipids, negatively charged dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (DPPG), and polyethylene glycol conjugated (1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethano-lamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (PEG2000-DSPE) lipid. Analytical techniques like; Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the stability and morphology changes of these bicellar mixtures. The effects of CHOL and ethanol on the morphology and stability of these bicellar mixtures under 50ºC were also studied. The transition happened from nanodiscs to nanovesicles when the CHOL molar ratio was 40% in pure water. However, adding ethanol could improve CHOL solubility when the ethanol weight ratio was 20 wt% (ethanol/lipid) that favored nanodiscs-nanovesicle transition. Additionally, the ammonium sulfate maybe another factor that could affect the morphology of these bicellar mixtures form high order d-spacing structure.

Liposomal Doxorubicin: the Sphingomyelin/Cholesterol System Significantly Enhances the Antitumor Efficacy of Doxorubicin

Doxorubicin (DOX) has a cytotoxic effect on many tumor cells; however, its clinical application is limited owing to its strong side effects. Although Doxil® reduces the cardiotoxicity of free DOX, it has also introduced a new dose-limiting toxicity. In a previous study, a sialic acid-cholesterol conjugate (SA-CH) was synthesized and modified onto the surface of DOX-loaded liposomes to target tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), further improving the efficacy of DOX-loaded liposomes over that of Doxil®. Meanwhile, the good retention characteristics and promising antitumor ability of sphingomyelin/cholesterol (SM/CH) system for water-soluble drugs have attracted wide attention. Therefore, we aimed to use SA-CH as the target and hydrogenated soybean phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) or egg sphingomyelin (ESM) as the membrane material to develop a more stable DOX-loaded liposome with stronger antitumor activity. The liposomes were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, long-term storage, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, pharmacokinetics, tumor targetability, and in vivo antitumor activity. In the liposomes prepared using HSPC/CH, sialic acid (SA) modification considerably increased the accumulation of DOX-loaded liposomes in the tumor, thus exerting a better antitumor effect. However, SA modification in DOX-ESL (SA-CH-modified DOX-loaded liposomes prepared by ESM/CH) destroyed the strong retention effect of the ESM/CH system on DOX, resulting in a reduced antitumor effect. Notably, DOX-ECL (DOX-loaded liposome prepared by ESM/CH) had the optimal storage stability, lowest toxicity, and optimal antitumor effect due to better drug retention properties. Thus, the ESM/CH liposome of DOX is a potential drug delivery system. Sketch of the effect of two DOX-loaded liposomes with hydrogenated soybean phospholipid (HSPC) and egg sphingomyelin (ESM) as lipid membrane material and surface-modified SA derivative on tumor growth inhibition.

Activatable unsaturated liposomes increase lipid peroxide of cell membrane and inhibit tumor growth

The cancer chemodynamic therapy based on the Fenton reaction has been attracting more and more attention. However, the performance of the Fenton reaction is restricted by the unsuitable physiological pH value and inadequate H2O2 content in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, we proposed a novel method of inducing lipid peroxide (LPO) of the cancer cell membrane, whose performance is not limited by the pH value and H2O2 in the TME. The activatable LPO-inducing liposomes were constructed by encapsulating Fe3+-containing compound ferric ammonium citrate (FC) in the unsaturated soybean phospholipids (SPC). It was found that the FC could be reduced by the overexpressed glutathione (GSH) in the TME and produce iron redox couple. The Fe3+/Fe2+ mediated the peroxidation of the unsaturated SPC and induced the LPO in the cancer cells. Finally, LPO accumulation led to cancer cell death and tumor growth inhibition. Furthermore, the activatable liposomes did not damage healthy tissues because of the low GSH content in normal tissues and the GSH-triggered activation of the nanocarrier. Together, our findings revealed that FC-SPC-lipo displayed excellent anti-tumor performance and its therapeutic effects are less influenced by the TME, compared with the traditional ferroptosis.

Impact of O/W emulsion stabilized by different soybean phospholipid/sodium caseinate ratios on the physicochemical, rheological and gel properties of surimi sausage

The O/W interface composition is the key to determine the gelatinous and rheological properties of thermosetting emulsified surimi gel. Therefore, this research explored impact of O/W emulsion stabilized with different soybean phospholipid (SP)/sodium caseinate (SC) ratios (10:0, 8:2, 6:4, 4:6, 2:8, and 0:10, w/w) on the properties of surimi sausage. With increasing SC ratios, the interfacial protein concentration of emulsions increased significantly from 0 to 4.11 ± 0.22 mg/m2 (p < 0.05). Increasing the interfacial protein concentration of emulsions led to a significant increase in the hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness, gel strength, recovery rate, and quality factor value (Q) of the surimi sausage (p < 0.05). Moreover, the fractal dimension (Df) of emulsified surimi sausage raised from 2.73 to 2.87 with increasing interfacial protein concentration, indicating an increased density and uniformity of network structures. Pearson's correlation results demonstrated that the hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, chewiness, gel strength, recovery rate, Q value, and Df of emulsified surimi sausage were positively correlated with the interfacial protein concentration. Overall, SP/SC emulsion with the higher interfacial protein concentration contribute to the formation of uniform and dense crosslinked network structures, and further improve the gel quality of surimi sausage in all aspects.

基于大豆磷脂的氮磷掺杂碳量子点测定环境水样中的高锰酸盐

基于大豆磷脂的氮磷掺杂碳量子点测定环境水样中的高锰酸盐

Development of Nanoliposome of Labisia pumila Standardized Extract

Background: Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila has been used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments such as gonorrhoea, dysmenorrhoeaand as tonics for females females.AimsAims: To investigate the standardization procedure of Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila extract (LPE) and evaluation of its nanoliposomes.Methods:Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila Labisia pumila extract was standardized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gallic acid, caffeicacid, rutin and 2,4 2,4-Di -tert tert-butylphenol were quantified in the extract. Then, the standardized extract was prepared as nanoliposomeusing soy bean phospholipid by the film method and after that was characterized by zetasizer, zeta potential, UV -Visspectrophotometer and FTIR techniques techniques.Results:For the standardization, the mean percentage recovery values of the concentration studied were 98.49 98.49±1.43, 97.01 97.01±2.04,97.7097.70±1.55 and 99.43 99.43±3.04 % for gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin and 2,42,4-Di -tert tert-butylphenol, respectively. The accuracy values werebetween 95.06 and 104.86% for the marker compounds, while the corresponding precision values were betwee n 0.09 and 5.18% forwithinwithin-day and between between-day analysis, respectively. The average particle size for LLP was 174.20±4.58 nm with zeta potential ofparticles surface charge from −43.40 to − 44.40 mV. The polydispersity index was 0.19±0.02 and the morpholo gy and presence ofliposomes were further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy which revealed the presence of spherical liposomes of &lt; 200nm.Conclusion:HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of selected marker compounds has been develop ed; the method wasreliable, repeatable and reproducible. The method was successfully applied in standardization of LPE. LPE was successfully pr eparedas nanoliposome using soybean phospholipid.

Solid lipid nanoparticle as an effective drug delivery system of a novel curcumin derivative: formulation, release in vitro and pharmacokinetics in vivo

Context Curcumin (Cur) has a short duration of action which limits its therapeutic efficacy. Carbonic acid 17-(1,5-dimethyl-hexyl)-10,13-dimethyl-2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-yl ester 4-[7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-3,5-dioxo-hepta-1,6-dienyl]-2-methoxy-phenyl ester (CUD), as a small molecule derivative of Cur with superior stability, has been developed in our laboratory. Objective CUD-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (CUD-SLN) were prepared to prolong the duration of the drug action of Cur. Materials and methods CUD-SLN were prepared with Poloxamer 188 (F68) and hydrogenated soybean phospholipids (HSPC) as carriers, and the prescription was optimized. The in vitro release of CUD and CUD-SLN was investigated. CUD-SLN (5 mg/kg) was injected into Sprague Dawley (SD) rats to investigate its pharmacokinetic behaviour. Results CUD-SLN features high entrapment efficiency (96.8 ± 0.4%), uniform particle size (113.0 ± 0.8 nm), polydispersity index (PDI) (0.177 ± 0.007) and an appropriate drug loading capacity (6.2 ± 0.1%). Optimized CUD-SLN exhibited sustained release of CUD for about 48 h. Moreover, the results of the pharmacokinetic studies showed that, compared to Cur, CUD-SLN had a considerably prolonged half-life of 14.7 h, slowed its metabolism in vivo by 35.6-fold, and had an improved area under the curve (AUC0– t ) of 37.0-fold. Conclusions CUD-SLN is a promising preparation for the development of a small molecule derivative of Cur.

Antibacterial Regularity Mining Beneath the Systematic Activity Database of Lipopeptides Brevilaterins: An Instructive Activity Handbook for Its Food Application.

Bacterial contamination is a primary threat to food safety. Therefore, the persistent development of natural antibacterial agents has become essential work. The present essay attempts to establish a systematic antibacterial activity database to instruct the food application of brevilaterins, promising antibacterial lipopeptides from Brevibacillus laterosporus S62-9. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were systematically collected from 43 species of standard bacteria and 140 strains of isolated bacteria (food spoilage bacteria and antibiotic-resistant bacteria) using a broth dilution method. The results showed that brevilaterins performed a broad-spectrum inhibitory (0.5~128 μg/mL) and bactericidal activity (1~256 μg/mL), especially efficient against Gram-positive bacteria and spoilage bacteria from grain products. Moreover, brevilaterins not only inhibit and kill multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria but do not readily develop resistance, with a small specific value of MBC/MIC (1~8). Furthermore, brevilaterins would interact with negatively charged sodium dodecyl sulfate and bind amphipathic soybean phospholipid with an affinity constant of KD = 4.70 × 10−4 M. No significant activity difference was found between brevilaterin B and brevilaterin C. Collectively, this work contributed rich antibacterial data of brevilaterins and revealed the antibacterial regularity beneath these data, which can be used as an activity handbook to instruct their application in food safety.

Impact of interactions between whey protein isolate and different phospholipids on the properties of krill oil emulsions: A consideration for functional lipids efficient delivery

The interactions between different phospholipids (yolk phospholipid, soybean phospholipid, and perilla seed phospholipid) and whey protein isolate (WPI) were studied. Physical characteristics and bioaccessibility of different emulsions were compared. According to the results of multiple spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking, hydrophobic interactions played an important role in the interaction of phospholipid and WPI, enhanced as more unsaturation. Dynamic light scattering showed that combination of phospholipids and proteins could decrease particle sizes (from 232.33 ± 4.79 nm to 188.59 ± 2.61 nm) and improve emulsion stability significantly (from −34.26 ± 1.31 mV to −49.13 ± 1.91 mV), presenting dose-dependency. Microstructure results indicated that phospholipids would contribute to dispersity and homogeneity of emulsions. Furthermore, the phospholipid-WPI emulsion can be an efficient tool for functional lipid delivery and improving the functional lipid ratios in the zebrafish model. Compared to WPI emulsions, the phospholipid-WPI emulsion group exhibited higher ratios of functional lipids in zebrafish fatty acid compositions (up to 29.41% ± 0.87%). In vitro digestion supported that perilla seed phospholipid-WPI emulsions would contribute to a higher bioaccessibility of EPA (from 36.59% ± 0.88%–53.08% ± 0.96%), DHA (from 36.42% ± 1.03%–54.10% ± 1.07%) and astaxanthin (from 31.54% ± 2.52%–53.31% ± 4.05%). Overall, our research can be useful to an efficient delivery system for functional lipids with phospholipid-protein structures.

Interaction between soybean oleosome-associated proteins and phospholipid bilayer and its influence on environmental stability of luteolin-loaded liposomes

Soybean oleosome-associated protein (SOP) plays a vital role in stabilizing soy oleosomes owing to its unique amphipathic topological structure. Inspired by the structure of natural oleosomes, in the current study, SOP-decorated liposomes (SOP-Lips) were proposed as a vehicle for improving phospholipid bilayer membrane stability. The micro morphology, size, encapsulation efficiency, and retention rate of SOP-Lips were characterized, the interactions between SOP and the phospholipid bilayer and their effects on the protein and lipid bilayer structures were evaluated. When the liposomes/SOP mass ratio was 1: 0.2 and 1: 0.4, the SOP-Lips exhibited spherical morphology and favorable dispersibility. The quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) result suggested that most of SOP bound to liposomes in a tightly integrated way. Spectroscopy analysis indicated that the aromatic amino acids in the protein were exposed to a more hydrophobic microenvironment due to the interactions between the SOP and liposomes. There was an increase in α-helix and decrease in β-sheet and random curl contents in SOP upon exposure to liposomes. The decoration of SOP to liposomes could decrease membrane fluidity and enhance lateral packing of the phospholipid fatty acyl chain. The SOP coating increased the pH, ionic strength and temperature stability of luteolin liposomes (LUT-Lips). In the simulated digestion, SOP-decorated luteolin liposomes (SOP-LUT-Lips) showed a delayed release effect compared with LUT-Lips, suggesting that the inclusion of SOP resulted in a more digestion-resistant structure. This work provides a viable strategy for using SOP-Lips as a delivery system for nutraceuticals in functional food, dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals. • Soybean oleosome-associated protein (SOP) decorated liposomes were constructed. • SOP interacted with liposomes through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. • SOP decreased phospholipid membrane fluidity and enhanced the bilayer orderness. • Inclusion of SOP increased the load efficiency of luteolin in liposomes. • SOP modified liposomes exhibited sustained luteolin release profile.

The Use of Sea Buckthorn Processing Products in the Creation of a Functional Biologically Active Food Emulsion.

The current trend in dietary supplements and functional foods is the use of lipophilic bioactive compounds. The sea buckthorn (Hippóphae rhamnoídes) contains some such compounds: polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, and carotenoids. Lipophilic components are best distributed using oil-in-water emulsions, which ensures their high bioavailability. A significant property of emulsions is colloidal and oxidative stability, so the choice of emulsifiers that have both surface-active properties and antioxidant activity is an important area of research for making new types of food emulsions. The purpose of this study is the development and refinement of an emulsified biologically active food additive containing sea buckthorn products (pulp, juice, and oil) and stabilized with soy phospholipids. We studied the fruits of Chuyskaya, Orange, and Prevoskhodnaya sea buckthorn varieties growing in the Altai Territory. As we analyzed their composition, we chose the Chuyskaya variety for making the emulsion. The fruits contain 5.30 ± 0.1% of lipids including 16.8 ± 0.5 mg/100 g of carotenoids and 10.5 ± 0.5 mg/100 g of tocopherols. To choose the emulsifier we studied the fractional and fatty acid composition of the soy and sunflower phospholipids with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balances (HLB). We made the emulsions containing sea buckthorn oil and pulp of its different layers, soybean oil, and phospholipids by dispersion using an HG-15D homogenizer. The study of the colloidal stability showed that the most stable (99.5%) are the emulsions containing a mixture of hydrolyzed soybean phospholipids (HLB = 7) and fractionated soybean phospholipids (HLB = 3). The best ratio is 40:60. We examined the oxidative stability of the emulsions by provoking accelerated oxidation. The emulsions containing 1.5% of a soy phospholipids mixture showed the best oxidative stability. The resulting direct oil-in-water fine emulsion contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), tocopherols, β-carotene, and essential phospholipids. For this reason, the emulsion can be used to make biologically active food supplements (also encapsulated) and as part of special nutrients.

Optimization of preparation technology for Acanthopanax senticosus total saponins microemulsion by D-optimal mixture design and intestinal absorption characteristics

Following the preparation of Acanthopanax senticosus total saponins microemulsion, the formulation and preparation technology were optimized and the quality was evaluated. The absorption characteristics of A. senticosus total saponins microemulsion by the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system(SMEDDS) were investigated in the unidirectional intestinal perfusion model in vivo. The oil phase, mass ratio(K_m), number of revolutions, and drug concentration were subjected to single-factor investigation with the area of pseudo-ternary phase diagram as the index. The process was optimized by D-optimal mixture design with the particle size as the index, and then the appearance, morphology, and particle size were investigated. The mass concentrations of eleutherosides B and E in the microemulsion were determined. The results showed that the optimum formulation of A. senticosus total saponins microemulsion was determined as follows: 20.8% of water phase, 31.2% of isopropyl palmitate, and 48.0% of soybean phospholipid and absolute ethanol(K_m=1∶1). As revealed by the observation under a transmission electron microscope, the microemulsion exhibited homogeneous dispersion and was a spherical emulsion droplet in the water-in-oil type. At room temperature, the pH value was 5.19, the refractive index 1.416 5, the average particle size(26.47±0.04)nm, and the polydispersity index(PDI) 0.118±0.03. The content of the eleutherosides B and E was 0.038 9 and 0.166 4 mg·mL~(-1), respectively. The preliminary stability study showed that the solution was clear and transparent within 30 d, without stratification or content change, indicating good stability. The absorption of microemulsion in each intestinal segment was significantly improved as compared with that of the A. senticosus total saponins, with the best absorption effect detected in the ileum, which has laid a foundation for further development and utilization of A. senticosus.

Soy Phospholipids Exert a Renoprotective Effect by Inhibiting the Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathway in Macrophages.

Complications associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which involves kidney inflammation, are a major health problem. Soy protein isolate (SPI) reportedly inhibits CKD exacerbation; however, its detailed action mechanism remains obscure. Therefore, the role of the polar lipid component of SPI in suppressing inflammation was investigated. Zucker fatty rats were divided into three groups and fed a diet containing casein, SPI, or casein + SPI ethanol extract (SPIEE) for 16 weeks. The isoflavones and phospholipids of SPIEE were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects. Rats in the SPI and casein + SPIEE groups showed reduced levels of the urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and renal IL-1β mRNA (an inflammatory marker) compared with those in the casein group. In proximal tubular cells, genistein significantly inhibited monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression induced by an IL-1β stimulus. In macrophages, soybean phospholipids suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β gene expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of inhibitor κB and p65. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) was found to be essential for inhibition of IL-1β expression. SPIEE inhibited the exacerbation of kidney disease. Genistein and soybean phospholipids, especially soybean-specific phospholipids containing PI, effectively inhibited the inflammatory spiral in vitro. Hence, daily soybean intake may be effective for inhibiting chronic inflammation and slowing kidney disease progression.

Effects of soybean phospholipids, ovalbumin, and starch sodium octenyl succinate on the mechanical, microstructural, and flavor properties of emulsified surimi gels

Liquid oils are frequently used to improve texture, enhance color, and as processing aids to improve the quality of emulsified surimi products and address the lack of essential nutrients in raw surimi seafoods. To clarify the role of interactions between oil droplet and myofibrillar proteins of surimi-based products in determining the mechanical and microstructural properties of emulsified surimi gels, we investigated the effects of emulsifiers (ovalbumin (OVA), soybean phospholipids (SP), and starch sodium octenyl succinate (SSOS)) on the mechanical, microstructural, and flavor properties of emulsified surimi gels. The emulsion droplets in the SP-containing gel led to a significant decrease in the hardness, gel strength, and viscoelasticity, and experienced flocculation and were inhomogeneously distributed in the gel matrix. Conversely, OVA- and SSOS-containing gels exhibited elevated hardness, gel strength, and viscoelasticity, and featured homogeneously distributed emulsion droplets. The introduction of SP caused darkening, whereas that of OVA and SSOS resulted in enhanced gel whiteness. Finally, the release of flavor compounds from the gel matrix was faster for SP-containing gels than that for OVA- and SSOS-containing gels, which was attributed to the different gel structures. Thus, the introduction of additional emulsifiers facilitated the fabrication of emulsified surimi gels with tailor-made structures.

The bioactive of four dietary sources phospholipids on heavy metal-induced skeletal muscle injury in zebrafish: A comparison of phospholipid profiles

Phospholipids have been recognized as significant functional lipids related to nutrition, while they were complex and multiple, and their sources were various. Bioactive functions of phospholipids in skeletal muscle were given serious attention; however, studies on dietary phospholipid profiles with functions on skeletal muscle were rarely reported. Here, we analyzed phospholipid profiles of four kinds of dietary phospholipids (including yolk phospholipid, soybean phospholipid, perilla seed phospholipid and krill oil phospholipid) and compared their composition differences using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Lipidomics emphasized significant differences in compositions. Krill oil phospholipid rich in ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LCPUFAs) showed the most excellent effect in skeletal muscle protection. Compared with triglyceride-type lipid (fish oil), phospholipids had higher bioavailability. Besides, as for a higher degree of unsaturation of phospholipid, they did not always perform better effects, which might be related to being more susceptible to suffering from oxidative stress. Overall, four representative phospholipids were analyzed and compared for their bioactive function in skeletal muscle, providing a reference for better understanding relationships between structures and functional applications of phospholipids.

Cerosomes as skin repairing agent: Mode of action studies with a model stratum corneum layer at liquid/air and liquid/solid interfaces

The stratum corneum (SC) is the largest physical barrier of the human body. It protects against physical, chemical and biological damages, and avoids evaporation of water from the deepest skin layers. For its correct functioning, the homeostasis of the SC lipid matrix is fundamental. An alteration of the lipid matrix composition and in particular of its ceramide (CER) fraction can lead to the development of pathologies such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Different studies showed that the direct replenishment of SC lipids on damaged skin had positive effects on the recovery of its barrier properties.In this work, cerosomes, i.e. liposomes composed of SC lipids, have been successfully prepared in order to investigate the mechanism of interaction with a model SC lipid matrix. The cerosomes contain CER[NP], D-CER[AP], stearic acid and cholesterol. In addition, hydrogenated soybean phospholipids have been added to one of the formulations leading to an increased stability at neutral pH. For the mode of action studies, monolayer models at the air-water interface and on solid support have been deployed. The results indicated that a strong interaction occurred between SC monolayers and the cerosomes. Since both systems were negatively charged, the driving force for the interaction must be based on the ability of CERs head groups to establish intermolecular hydrogen bonding networks that energetically prevailed against the electrostatic repulsion. This work proved for the first time the mode of action by which cerosomes exploit their function as skin barrier repairing agents on the SC.