Soybean Meal Diet Research Articles

Use of watermelon seed meal as a replacer of soybean meal in African catfish diets: effect on growth, body composition, haematology, and profit margin

The effects of replacing soybean meal with watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seed meal (CLM) on growth, body composition, haematology and profit margin in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) breeding was evaluated. Juvenile catfish (n = 150) were acclimatised for a week, weighed and allotted into five dietary treatments; D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 containing 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 % replacement of soybean meal with watermelon seed meal, respectively. The diets were isonitrogenous and isolipidic. Each treatment was conducted in triplicate with ten fish per replicate. The results from the study indicate that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in growth, carcass composition, and nutrient utilization. However, a significant variation (p < 0.05) existed in the haematological parameters among the fish fed the different dietary treatments. The incidence of cost showed that the production of fish was cheaper when CLM was used as a replacement for soybean meal. The higher carcass yield and profit per kg of fish fed CLM justifies the use of CLM as a substitute for soybean meal in the diet of African catfish.

Evaluation of increasing digestible threonine to lysine ratio in corn-soybean meal diets without and with distillers dried grains with solubles on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs.

Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is commonly available and often can lower diet cost for swine diets. This corn co-product is recognized to be a source of dietary insoluble fiber, which can not only increase the villous length of the gut mucosa but also increase intestinal production of mucin. Mucin structure, functions, and synthesis are correlated to Thr intake; consequently, the dietary Thr level may need to be increased when feeding an insoluble fiber source such as corn-DDGS. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate if feeding standardized ileal digestible (SID) Thr:Lys ratio at or above the estimated requirement in diets without and with DDGS would influence growth performance in finishing pigs. A total of 2,160 pigs (PIC 337 × 1,050; initially 35.1 ± 0.5 kg) were used in a 112-d growth trial. Pigs were randomly assigned to pens (27 pigs per pen) in a randomized complete block design by body weight (BW) with 20 replications per treatment. Pens of pigs were allotted to one of four dietary treatments that were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of dietary Thr level (normal vs. high) and DDGS (without or with). Treatment diets were formulated in four phases from 34 to 57, 57 to 79, 79 to 104, and 104 to 130 kg BW. Diets with high DDGS were formulated to include 40% DDGS in phases 1 and 2, 30% in phase 3, and 15% in phase 4. The normal Thr diets were formulated to contain 61%, 62%, 63%, and 65% SID Thr:Lys ratios for the four dietary phases, respectively. High Thr diets had SID Thr:Lys ratios of 67%, 68%, 69%, and 72%, respectively. There were no interactions (P > 0.10) observed in any phase or overall between Thr level and added DDGS. For the overall period (day 0 to 112), pigs fed diets without DDGS had increased (P < 0.001) average daily gain (ADG) but reduced (P < 0.001) average daily feed intake (ADFI), leading to increased (P < 0.001) feed efficiency (gain-to-feed ratio [G:F]). There was no evidence for difference (P > 0.10) between pigs fed diets formulated at normal or high SID Thr:Lys ratio. In summary, feeding high levels of DDGS decreased ADG and increased ADFI, which resulted in decreased G:F and lower final BW, regardless of the dietary SID Thr:Lys ratio level. In the current study, increasing the level of digestible Thr in a diet that contained a highly insoluble fiber source did not increase the growth performance of grow-finish pigs.

Metabolomic Effects of the Dietary Inclusion of Hermetia illucens Larva Meal in Tilapia.

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal have been used as feed protein supplements in fish feed, but few researches have investigated the metabolomic effects of Hermetia illucens larvae meal supplements. Therefore, the metabolic effects on Nile tilapia were investigated by replacing 5%, 10%, and 20% of the dietary soybean meal in the basal diet with Hermetia illucens larvae meal, respectively. This study shows that 20% H. illucens larvae meal feed could promote tilapia average daily gain of upto 5.03 ± 0.18 g (mean ± SEM). It was found that the tricarboxylic acid cycle efficiency was improved by activating the enzymes of mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase, NAD-malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, which then increased the output of ATP and NADH. Furthermore, amino acid and protein biosynthesis was boosted by enhanced glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase. In particular, GSH increased with increased H. illucens larvae meal. Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis was stimulated by higher levels of fatty acid synthase and acetyl CoA carboxylase. Additionally, there was no significant change in lipase levels. Thus, the higher acetyl Co-A content was primarily involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and energy metabolism. Flavor substances, such as nonanal and 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, also accumulated with the addition of H. illucens larvae meal, which increased the umami taste and meat flavor. Additionally, the flavor of tilapia was improved owing to a decrease in trimethylamine content, which causes an earthy and fishy taste. This study uncovers a previously unknown metabolic effect of dietary H. illucens larvae meal on Nile tilapia.

Effects of supplemental amino acids and bile acid in a completely replaced fish meal by enzymatically hydrolysed soybean meal diet on growth performance, liver health and fillet quality of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Effects of supplemental amino acids and bile acid in a completely replaced fish meal by enzymatically hydrolysed soybean meal diet on growth performance, liver health and fillet quality of rainbow trout ( <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> )

Comparative digestibility of energy, dry matter, and nutrients by gestating and lactating sows fed corn–soybean meal diets without or with full-fat or defatted rice bran

Twenty-four gestating sows and 24 lactating sows were randomly allotted to three diets with eight replicate sows per treatment in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Different sows were used in gestation and lactation periods. The hypothesis was that digestibility of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), and nutrients in lactating sows is not different from that in gestating sows. A corn–soybean-meal diet and two full-fat-rice-bran or defatted rice bran diets were used. Results indicated that regardless of diet, lactating sows had greater (P &lt; 0.01) apparent total tract digestibility of GE, DM, neutral detergent fiber, organic matter, and phosphorus than gestating sows.

Effects of Taurine Supplementation on Growth, Feed Utilization, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Microflora of Largemouth Bass Fed a Low Fish Meal Diet

AbstractThe present study was conducted to examine the effects of taurine supplementation on feed intake, growth, feed utilization, body composition, waste output, hepatic antioxidant enzymes, and intestinal microflora of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides that were fed a low fish meal diet. Three isoproteic (49% crude protein) and isolipidic (9.5% crude lipid) diets were formulated: one diet contained 40% fish meal and served as the control (FM diet), and 60% of the fish meal in the FM diet was replaced by soybean meal either without taurine supplementation (SBM diet) or with 0.5% taurine supplementation (SBM+T diet). Lower feed intake, final body weight, weight gain, condition factor, and hepatosomatic index and a higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) were found in fish that received the SBM diet compared to fish that were fed the FM diet, but no significant difference was found in feed intake, final body weight, weight gain, FCR, condition factor, or hepatosomatic index between fish in the FM and SBM+T diet groups. No significant differences were found in nitrogen retention efficiency, body composition, nitrogen waste, or activities of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase among fish fed the different test diets, and the alpha diversity of intestinal microbiota also did not differ among diet groups. The abundance of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes increased while the abundance of Fusobacteria decreased in the SBM diet group relative to the FM diet group; in contrast, dietary taurine (SBM+T diet) restored the abundance of Proteobacteria to a level similar to that in fish receiving the FM diet. This study suggests that the dietary fish meal level for Largemouth Bass can be reduced from 40% to 16% if soybean meal is used as an alternative protein with 0.5% taurine supplementation.

PRR-Mediated Immune Response and Intestinal Flora Profile in Soybean Meal-Induced Enteritis of Pearl Gentian Groupers, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize microbial-specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns, initiate signal cascade transduction, activate the expressions of host immunity and proinflammatory genes, and, ultimately, trigger an immune response against identified pathogens. The present study focused on two outcomes of feeding pearl gentian groupers with high levels of soybean meal (SBM): (1) growth performance and (2) the intestinal environment, including tissue structure, flora profile, and immune responses. Some 720 groupers were randomly divided into three groups (n = 4): (1) controls, fed a 50% fish meal feed (FM), (2) with 20% of the FM substituted with SBM (SBM20), and (3) 40% of the FM substituted with SBM (SBM40). The fish were fed these iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic diets for 10 weeks. They were kept in containers with 1 m3 of water under natural light and temperature levels. The experimental results demonstrate that the SBM diets significantly degraded growth performance and intestinal physiology. Typical enteritis characteristics and immune fluctuations appeared, as reflected by the enzyme activities of total superoxide dismutase and lysozyme, and the contents of immunoglobulin M, complement 3, and complement 4. 16SrDNA high-throughput sequencing showed that the intestinal flora was significantly affected, with the abundance of harmful bacteria, such as Vibrio and Streptococcus, increasing with dietary SBM level. Based on “3 + 2” full-length transcriptome sequencing, three triggered PRRs were found in the intestine: the RIG-like receptor, NOD-like receptor, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. The intestinal flora variations were significantly correlated with the activation of the three PRR signaling pathways by canonical correlation analysis. These culminated in the transcriptome activation of NF-κB, IRFs, and costimulatory molecules, ultimately promoting the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, interferons (IFNs), chemokines, and other molecules vital to the innate and/or adaptive immune responses. This study provides new information for diagnosing and preventing SBMIE in aquaculture fish.

An Evaluation of Replacing Fish Meal with Fermented Soybean Meal in Diet of Hybrid Snakehead (Channa argus × Channa maculata): Growth, Nutrient Utilization, Serum Biochemical Indices, Intestinal Histology, and Microbial Community

The present study investigated the effect of fish meal (FM) replacement with fermented soybean meal (FSM) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, serum biochemical indices, intestinal histology, and microbial community of hybrid snakehead. Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated with FSM inclusion to decrease dietary FM from 350 g/kg (the control diet) to 300, 250, 200, and 150 g/kg, referring to CON, FM-30, FM-25, FM-20, and FM-15, respectively, and then fed to hybrid snakehead with initial body weight of 6.49 ± 0.03 g for 60 days. The control group showed the best growth with a weight gain rate (WGR) of 417.0% and a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 0.84, but the WGR in FM-25, FM-20, and FM-15 groups was decreased by 26.25%, 40.60%, and 42.23% and FCR was increased by 0.24, 0.45, and 0.45, respectively, when compared to those in the CON group ( P &lt; 0.05 ). The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter and crude protein, the protein efficiency and retention, the serum total cholesterol content, and the intestinal muscle thickness in FM-20 and FM-15 groups and the villus height in all FSM groups were significantly lower than those in the CON group ( P &lt; 0.05 ). Intestinal microbiota analysis indicated that the main microorganisms included Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. At the genus level, Plesiomonas was the dominant genus with the highest relative abundance in the FM-20 group. In summary, in a diet containing 350 g/kg FM, FSM can successfully replace 50 g/kg dietary FM without negative effects on growth performance, nutrient utilization, serum biochemical indices, and intestinal health of hybrid snakehead juvenile.

Effects of Replacing Fishmeal by Raw or Lactobacillus acidophilus-Fermented Soybean Meal on Growth, Intestinal Digestive and Immune-Related Enzyme Activities, Morphology, and Microbiota in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

This study was performed to investigate the fermentation efficiency of Lactobacillus acidophilus and compare the effects of dietary soybean meal (SM) or L. acidophilus-fermented SM (LASM) on turbot. Two hundred and seventy juvenile turbots ( 13.50 ± 0.13 g ) were randomly divided into three treatments fed with a fishmeal-based diet (CNT) and two experimental diets with 45% fishmeal protein replaced by SM or LASM for 8 weeks. The results showed that fermentation significantly improved the essential amino acid profile, increased the lactic acid content, and reduced the antinutritional factor level in SM. Inferior growth of fish was observed in the SM group after the feeding trial, while the LASM group exhibited comparable performance to the CNT group. Activities of intestinal digestive enzymes (trypsin and diastase) and immune-related enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and lysozyme) decreased significantly in the SM group, while no significant reduction was found in the LASM group compared to the CNT group. Dietary LASM alleviated SM-induced intestinal pathological disruption with higher villus and normal lamina propria width. Dietary LASM positively regulated the intestinal microbiota, making the overall profile more coherent with that in the CNT group. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the altered intestinal microbiota was closely linked to the digestive enzyme activities. Collectively, this study indicated that L. acidophilus fermentation significantly improved the nutritional quality of SM and relieved SM-induced adverse effects on turbot, in terms of growth, intestinal digestive and immune-related enzyme activities, morphology, and microbiota.

Insects as alternative feed for ruminants: comparison of protein evaluation methods

BackgroundThe high dependence of intensive ruminant production on soybean meal and the environmental impact of this crop encourage the search for alternative protein-rich feeds. The use of insects seems promising, but the extent of their ruminal protein degradation is largely unknown. This parameter has major influence not only on N utilization efficiency but also on the environmental burden of ruminant farming. In addition, although assessing ruminal N degradation represents a key first step to examine the potential of new feeds, it is a challenging task due to the lack of a reference method. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of 4 insects (Tenebrio molitor, Zophobas morio, Alphitobius diaperinus and Acheta domesticus) as alternative protein sources for ruminants, using 3 methodologies: 1) a regression technique based on the in vitro relationship between gas production and ammonia-N concentration; 2) a conventional in vitro technique of batch cultures of ruminal microorganisms, based on filtering the incubation residue through sintered glass crucibles; and 3) the in situ nylon bag technique. The in vitro intestinal digestibility of the non-degraded protein in the rumen was also determined. Soybean meal was used as a reference feedstuff.ResultsComparison of evaluation methods (regression, in vitro and in situ) did not allow to reliably select a single value of ruminal N degradation for the studied substrates, but all techniques seem to establish a similar ranking, with good correlations between methods, particularly between regression and in situ results. Regardless of the methodology, nitrogen from the 4 insects (with contents ranging from 81 to 112 g/kg of dry matter) did not show high ruminal degradation (41–76%), this value being always lower than that of soybean meal. Furthermore, the in vitro intestinal digestibility of non-degraded N was relatively high in all feeds (≥ 64%).ConclusionOverall, these results support the potential of the 4 studied insects as alternative feedstuffs for ruminants. Among them, T. molitor showed the lowest and greatest values of ruminal N degradation and intestinal digestibility, respectively, which would place it as probably the best option to replace dietary soybean meal and increase the sustainability of ruminant feeding.

Effects of Yeast Species and Processing on Intestinal Health and Transcriptomic Profiles of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Soybean Meal-Based Diets in Seawater.

The objective of the current study was to examine the effects of yeasts on intestinal health and transcriptomic profiles from the distal intestine and spleen tissue of Atlantic salmon fed SBM-based diets in seawater. Cyberlindnera jadinii (CJ) and Wickerhamomyces anomalus (WA) yeasts were heat-inactivated with spray-drying (ICJ and IWA) or autolyzed at 50 °C for 16 h (ACJ and AWA), followed by spray-drying. Six diets were formulated, one based on fishmeal (FM), a challenging diet with 30% soybean meal (SBM) and four other diets containing 30% SBM and 10% of each of the four yeast fractions (i.e., ICJ, ACJ, IWA and AWA). The inclusion of CJ yeasts reduced the loss of enterocyte supranuclear vacuolization and reduced the population of CD8α labeled cells present in the lamina propria of fish fed the SBM diet. The CJ yeasts controlled the inflammatory responses of fish fed SBM through up-regulation of pathways related to wound healing and taurine metabolism. The WA yeasts dampened the inflammatory profile of fish fed SBM through down-regulation of pathways related to toll-like receptor signaling, C-lectin receptor, cytokine receptor and signal transduction. This study suggests that the yeast species, Cyberlindnera jadinii and Wickerhamomyces anomalus are novel high-quality protein sources with health-beneficial effects in terms of reducing inflammation associated with feeding plant-based diets to Atlantic salmon.

Assessing the Environmental Footprint of Distiller-Dried Grains with Soluble Diet as a Substitute for Standard Corn–Soybean for Swine Production in the United States of America

The swine diet formulation in the United States of America (U.S.A.) is entering a new era of decision making to promote low-carbon pork production systems. As a part of the decision-making process, the precision nutrition approaches to customize diet and alternative feeding options that are economically viable and environmentally sustainable are given priority. Hence, the objective of this study is to identify an alternative diet over a standard corn–soybean meal diet. The byproducts from the supply chain of human food and biofuels, i.e., distiller-dried grain with solubles (DDGS), are chosen as an alternative option to formulate a swine diet. First, two alternative byproduct diets with low and high DDGS inclusion (10.1% and 28.8%, respectively) were formulated using the least-cost technique. Second, a life cycle inventory was created, followed by data collection from the key sources, including DATA SMART-2017, USDA, RIA-GREET 2018, and the relevant literature. Third, in SimaPro 8.5.2.0 (PRé Sustainability: LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands), the ReCiPe 2016, the midpoint method by economic allocation was used to investigate the environmental footprint of the formulated diets to inform sustainability decisions of swine-farm managers. The considered functional unit is the ‘lb diet’, and the system boundary is the farm gate that considers only the feed production stage. The observed results include global warming potential, land use, water consumption, fossil resources scarcity, and terrestrial ecotoxicity. The comparative results of a 28.8% DDGS diet over the standard corn–soybean meal diet for the displacement ratio of 0.69 show an approximate global warming potential saving of 0.04 kg CO2 eq. per lb DDGS feed at the feed production stage. Moreover, the DDGS displacement ratio of 0.69 does not significantly impact water consumption and fossil resources; however, it can reduce land use by 26% and terrestrial ecotoxicity by 8% compared to the standard diet. Overall, the quantified environmental footprint results of the byproduct DDGS diets indicate that the footprints of DDGS diets were lower than the standard diet.

A Multidisciplinary Approach Evaluating Soybean Meal-Induced Enteritis in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

This study evaluated a diverse range of markers of feeding stress to obtain a more precise assessment of the welfare of rainbow trout in relation to inadequate husbandry conditions. A feeding stress model based on dietary soybean meal was employed to identify suitable minimally invasive “classical” stress markers, together with molecular signatures. In a 56-day feeding experiment, rainbow trout were fed diets containing different levels of soybean meal. The impact of these different soybean meal diets on rainbow trout was assessed by water quality analyses, clinical health observations, classic growth and performance parameters, gut histopathology, blood-parameter measurements and multigene-expression profiling in RNA from whole blood. Soybean meal-induced enteritis was manifested phenotypically by an inflammatory reaction in the posterior section of the intestine and by diarrhoea in some trout. These inflammatory changes were associated with decreased supranuclear vacuolation. The haematocrit values and the levels of plasma cortisol and circulating lymphocytes in the blood were increased in trout that had consumed high amounts of SBM. Notably, the increased haematocrit depended significantly on the bodyweight of the individual trout. The transcript levels of certain genes (e.g., MAP3K1, LYG, NOD1, STAT1 and HSP90AB) emerged as potentially useful indicators in the blood of rainbow trout providing valuable information about inadequate nutrition. The expression-profiling findings provide a basis for improved, minimally invasive monitoring of feeding regimens in trout farming and may stimulate the development of practical detection devices for innovative aquaculture operations.

Replacement of dietary fish meal by soybean meal on growth performance, immunity, anti-oxidative capacity and mTOR pathways in juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance, immunity, anti-oxidative capacity and mTOR pathway in juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Five isonitrogenous (about 29% of crude protein) and isolipidic (about 4% of crude lipid) experimental diets with graded levels of fish meal replaced by SBM (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, respectively) were fed to abalone (initial body weight: 21.87 ± 0.07 g, initial shell length: 53.18 ± 0.18 mm) for 16 weeks. These experimental diets were named as SBM0, SBM25, SBM50, SBM75 and SBM100, respectively. The results showed that: 1) There was no significant difference in survival of abalone among all the treatments. The highest weight gain rate was found in the SBM50 group, and the group did not significantly differ from those in the SBM75 and SBM100 groups. 2) Replacement of fish meal by SBM linearly and quadratically increased the crude lipid content in muscle of abalone, which reached its highest level in the SBM50 group. 3) Trypsin activity in the digestive gland of abalone fed SBM25 diet was significantly higher than that of other groups. 4) The highest total anti-oxidative capacity and superoxidase activity in digestive gland were found in the SBM50 group. 5) The highest mRNA levels of pi3k and eif-4e, and the lowest level of 4e-bp in muscle were found in the SBM50 group. There was no significant difference in the mRNA level of mtor in the muscle among all the groups. 6). The lowest expression level of nf-κb and the highest expression level of mytimacin 6 in digestive gland of abalone were observed fed SBM50 diet. A significant quadratic trend was found in the mRNA levels of il-16 with increasing levels of dietary SBM. Meanwhile, the mRNA level of β-defensin was linearly decreased after total replacement of fish meal by SBM. Take the growth, antioxidation, immune and mTOR pathway into account, 50% replacement of dietary fish meal by SBM was recommended for abalone.

Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal and Valine:Lysine and Tryptophan:Lysine Ratios on Finishing Pig Performance

A total of 621 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 138.0 ± 5.5 lb) were used in a 65-d growth trial to determine the effect of increasing soybean meal (SBM) and Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios on finishing pig performance. Experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based and fed in 3 phases. The 6 dietary treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with main effects of SBM level (low, medium, high) and Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios (standard and high). The additional amino acids (AA) provided by increasing levels of SBM in diets with standard AA ratios were expected to result in a higher ADG by balancing out the high leucine from corn. Conversely, ADG was expected to stay the same as SBM increased when the Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios in the feed were increased. Pens of pigs were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. There were approximately 8 or 9 pigs per pen and 12 replicate pens per treatment. No evidence (P > 0.05) of SBM × AA ratio interactions or treatment differences were observed for any response criteria for phases 1 and 2 of the study. In phase 3, a marginally significant (P = 0.084) SBM × AA ratio interaction was observed for ADG. The medium level of SBM with standard Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios resulted in greater (quadratic, P = 0.003) ADG compared to other SBM levels. No differences in ADG were observed with increasing SBM when Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios were increased (P = 0.501). Additionally, F/G improved (quadratic, P = 0.007) at the medium level of SBM in phase 3. In spite of the improvement observed in phase 3, there were no significant differences (P > 0.10) observed in overall ADG or ADFI. A marginally significant (P = 0.052) SBM × AA ratio interaction was observed for overall F/G. Increasing SBM in diets with greater Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios resulted in poorer (P = 0.049) F/G. There was no difference (P = 0.435) in F/G observed with increasing SBM in feeds with standard Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios. In conclusion, in early finishing there were no responses to increasing SBM; however, in the late finishing period when diets included 0, 4, or 8% SBM, pigs fed 4% SBM diets with standard BCAA ratios had improved ADG and F/G. Throughout the study, increasing Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios had little effect on pig performance.

Encapsulated nitrate replacing soybean meal in diets with and without monensin on in vitro ruminal fermentation

This study assessed the association between encapsulated nitrate product (ENP) and monensin (MON) to mitigate enteric methane (CH4) in vitro and possible effects on ruminal degradability, enteric fermentation characteristics, and microbial populations. Six treatments were used in randomized complete design in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with two levels of MON (0 and 2.08 mg/mL of buffered rumen fluid) and three levels of ENP (0, 1.5 and 3.0%). The substrate consisted of 50% Tifton-85 hay and 50% concentrate mixture (ground corn and soybean meal). ENP replaced soybean meal to achieve isonitrogenous diets (15% CP). No ENP×MON interaction was observed for any measured variable (P > 0.05) except for the relative abundance of F. succinogenes (P = 0.02) that linearly increased in diets with MON when ENP was added. The ENP addition decreased CH4 production (P < 0.01) without affecting (P > 0.05) truly degraded organic matter nor the relative abundance of methanogens. Hydrogen production was reduced with MON (P = 0.04) and linearly decreased with ENP inclusion (P = 0.02). We concluded that use of nitrate is a viable strategy for CH4 reduction, however, no additive effect of ENP and MON was observed for mitigating CH4 production.

Efficacy of enhanced Escherichia coli phytase on growth performance, bone quality, nutrient digestibility, and metabolism in nursery pigs fed corn-soybean meal diet low in calcium and digestible phosphorous.

Efficacy of Escherichia coli phytase (ASP) was evaluated in nursery pigs fed low Ca and digestible P corn and soybean meal diet. Piglets were weaned on day 21, fed a common commercial starter diet for 7 d, and assigned to pens (4 pigs/pen: 2 ♀ and 2 ♂) based on day 7 BW. Positive control (PC) and negative (NC) diets were formulated with similar energy and nutrients with exception of total Ca, total P, and digestible P concentrations being 79%, 67%, and 55% that of PC diet, respectively. Two other diets were formulated by adding ASP in NC at 500 and 1,000 FTU/kg. All diets had 0.2% TiO2 indigestible marker. The diets were allocated to pens to give 6 replicates per diet and fed for 42 d. Feed intake and body weight were monitored at 14-d intervals. On day 42, 1 pig/pen was bled and euthanized to access blood and tissue samples. Analyzed total Ca and P in NC diet was 71% and 69% of concentration in PC diet. Recovery of phytase in pelleted diets was 66.2% and 73.5% for NC+500 FTU/kg and NC+1,000 FTU/kg diets, respectively. Between days 15 and 42, pigs fed NC diet grew slower and ate less feed than pigs fed the other diets. Overall (days 0–42), phytase in NC increased (P ≤ 0.05) ADG linearly and quadratically. On day 42, pigs fed PC, NC+500 FTU/kg, and NC+1,000 FTU/kg were +6.1, +5.9, and +7.1 kg heavier (P < 0.05) than pigs fed NC, respectively. Pigs fed PC and NC plus phytase exhibited higher (P = 0.003) G:F relative to NC pigs between days 15 and 28. Pigs fed NC diet had lower (P < 0.001) plasma P concentration, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P, and metacarpal and metatarsal bone attributes than pigs fed any other diets. Supplementation of phytase in NC linearly increased (P < 0.05) plasma P concentration, ATTD of Ca and P, and bone attributes. Specifically, phytase increased (P ≤ 0.025) dry weight, length, and ash weight in metacarpals and metatarsals. In conclusion, low total Ca and digestible P diet depressed growth and P utilization in piglets. Supplemental phytase improved performance in pigs fed NC linked to enhanced nutrients uptake and metabolism commensurate to pigs fed adequate total Ca and digestible P from inorganic source.

Effect of Enzymes Supplementation to Low Energy and Protein Corn Soybean Meal Diets on Broiler Performance and Quality of Carcass and Meat

Effect of Enzymes Supplementation to Low Energy and Protein Corn Soybean Meal Diets on Broiler Performance and Quality of Carcass and Meat

Dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid ameliorates growth impairment and intestinal dysfunction in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) fed a high soybean meal diet.

Over-substitution of fishmeal with soybean meal (SBM) commonly induces inferior growth and intestinal dysfunction in fish. This study aims to evaluate whether dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could ameliorate the adverse effects in turbot fed a high-SBM diet (HSD). Two hundred and seventy turbots were randomly divided into three treatment groups including turbots fed on a control diet (CNT, containing 60% fishmeal), an HSD (with 45% fishmeal protein replaced by SBM), and an HSD supplemented with GABA (160 mg kg-1) for 53 days. The growth and feed utilization parameters were calculated and the intestinal antioxidant status, inflammation, apoptosis, and microbiota were evaluated using assay kits, histological analysis, qRT-PCR, high throughput sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. The results showed that GABA ameliorated HSD-induced growth impairment and enhanced feed intake of turbot. GABA ameliorated HSD-induced intestinal oxidative stress and apoptosis by restoring the MDA content, CAT and T-AOC activities, and apoptosis-related gene (Bcl-2, Bax, Bid, and Caspase-3) expressions to similar levels to those in the CNT group. GABA also alleviated HSD-induced intestinal inflammation through down-regulating the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB p65 and up-regulating the expression of TGF-β1. Furthermore, GABA reversed HSD-induced microbiota dysbiosis through regulating the overall bacterial richness and dominative bacterial population. Spearman's correlation analysis indicated that the altered microbiota was closely associated with growth and intestinal function. Collectively, GABA could ameliorate HSD-induced intestinal dysfunction via relieving oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and microbiota dysbiosis, and these findings would contribute to a better understanding of the function of GABA in the fish intestine.

NEW ENZYME PREPARATIONS AND RESULTS OF THEIR USE IN PIG RAISING

The article summarizes the results of research on the use of new enzyme preparations with pectolytic action for pigs feeding, i.e. multienzymatic compositions MEC-1–MEC-5 and Matseraza. Studies have shown that Matseraza and multienzymatic compositions have a high digestion activity of the food constituent portions in vitro. They also significantly increase the activity of the mucous membrane of the 12-rectum enzymes, i.e. protease, dipeptidases, amylase, lipase and do not affect the activity of alkaline and acid phosphatases. The use of biologically active feed supplements for young pigs feeding improves digestibility of most diets nutrients and causes the better absorption of feed nitrogen by the body. The positive effect of feed additives on metabolic processes, their ability to stimulate the structure development of some organs of the digestive and endocrine systems have been proved. It causes animals growth by intensifying the functions of individual organs and systems due to morphofunctional changes. It is a confirmation of one of the working hypotheses on accelerating animals ontogenesis by paratypic factors. It was proved that feeding of preparations as a part of barley, wheat, corn and soybean meal diet of pregnant sows had a positive effect on reproductive properties, increased the growth of piglets, fattening and slaughtering qualities of young animals, digestibility of nutrients and absorption of nitrogen. It is recommended to enrich the cereal diets of pigs with enzyme preparations MEC-1 - MEC-5 in the amount of 0.75 kg per ton of grain and Matseraza in the amount of 0.4-0.5 kg per ton. The results of research have been introduced at pork farms of the Vinnytsia region. Specified conditions have been developed and approved for the tested feed additives.