Soviet Pioneer Research Articles

Пионерский отряд «Каравелла» как контрпроект человека в условиях постконфликтной ситуации 1970‒1980-х годов

The end of the Second World War had a profound impact on the societies involved, shaping their post-conflict situations. It is crucial to distinguish between two key concepts: the “post-war situation”, denoting the period following the cessation of hostilities and transition to peace, and the “post-conflict situation”, defined by how the parties involved in the conflict experience, understand, and respond to its progression and resolution. During this period, youth organizations worldwide embarked on projects aimed at preparing individuals for the new era after the war. However, by the early 1960s, society began to move away from immediate post-war expe-riences and focus on commemoration, constructing individual and collective memories. Children's organizations in many countries shifted from project-based approaches to operational ones, updating existing models for shap-ing successive generations. This shift ushered in a phase of “mass production” of individuals tailored to society's specific needs. Simultaneously, a new post-conflict situation emerged globally, marked by internal conflicts in the Warsaw Pact countries (for example, Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968), as well as in Western nations (such as the late 1960s student movements). Against this backdrop, alternative approaches to human de-velopment gained traction. These counter-projects offered different perspectives on the education of the younger generation, challenging mainstream practices. One notable example of this was the Soviet pioneer group “Caravella”, distinguished by its passion, clear vision for the future, and the resources for implementing its social engineering project. This article reconstructs the social engineering project implemented within the “Caravella” group, examining its characteristics as a counter-project opposing the mainstream pioneer movement.

Hot Wind, Cold Sun: Kuhn, Vygotsky, Halliday and Metaphors in Science and Science Education.

How and why do crises happen in the history of science? What can they tell us about how crises happen in child psychological development and child behavior? And-as a bonus question-can crises in child development tell us anything about crises in science history? We compare and contrast two superficially similar answers. Then we look at three models for the formation of general, abstract concepts in children developed in integrative psychological and behavioral science by the Soviet pioneer L.S. Vygotsky. Using later, but similarly integrative, linguistic work by M.A.K. Halliday on generality, abstraction and metaphor in child language, we consider a real test case. An outstanding anomaly in solar physics is that the solar wind is actually far hotter than the surface of the sun itself, and a recent paper argues that the energy comes from the damping of waves in the plasma. We analyze the language of a ten-year-old Chinese boy trying to make sense of this phenomenon, and we find that lexicogrammatical metaphors play a very important role in posing the problem to the child, but a process of limiting and deflating metaphors is key to his understanding. This process of limitation and deflation, which corresponds to a crisis, shows us that the analogy between concept development in children in science and the same process in children is no mere metaphor.

Peculiarities of the transformation of children’s Christmas holidays into New Year Tree holiday on the pages of the pioneer periodical press in the fi rst third of the twentieth century

The article presents an analysis of articles of the newspaper «Pionerskaya Pravda» and the magazine «Pioneer» of the second half of the 1920s – 1930s, which reflected the state of the problem of the anti-religious campaign influence on the conduct of Christian holidays, in particular, Christmas celebrations. It is established that in the early years of Soviet power, the attitude towards Christmas holidays and their attributes was quite neutral, however, by the end of the 1920s it had changed to extremely negative. Against the background of the nationwide struggle against religion, active propaganda was carried out to eradicate Christmas holidays and ban their celebration. At the same time, the Soviet pioneers were actively involved in the destruction of churches, in conducting explanatory work among the population, including their relatives and friends, about the harm and anti-scientific nature of religion. However, by the mid-1930s, the USSR returned to celebrating children’s winter holidays, in which Christmas was transformed into New Year Tree holiday. The pedagogical basis of it was the reliance on the development of the creative abilities of the child, which allows us to consider the holiday of the New Year tree as one of the important legacies of the Soviet school for the modern school.

On the formation of the image of a Soviet pioneer (by the materials of the magazine „Pioneer” in the second half of the 1920s)

The article presents an analysis of the content of articles that were published in the magazine „Pioneer” in the second half of the 1920s. This magazine was chosen for the analysis as one of the most popular children’s periodicals published during the research period. Based on the study of an array of publications, the main features of the image of the Soviet pioneer were identified, which included respect for work, a diligent and responsible attitude to learning, care for one’s health and the health of others, etc. The main problems and proposed ways of solving them that the pioneers of the 1920s faced are considered, such as the pioneer’s irrational time planning, his or her workload in social work, lack of understanding with parents, aggravated by the atheistic orientation of the work of the pioneer organization, and others, which will be useful for modern pedagogical science.

Stroitel'stvo i pusk Bereznikovskogo himicheskogo kombinata

The complex process of origin and formation of the largest chemical plant in the USSR in the territory of the Western Urals, the first and unparalleled enterprise in the Soviet industry, is considered. The difficulties in the construction of a new complex production, the role of foreign firms and specialists in the construction of complex chemical industry facilities, the hard work of Soviet pioneer builders and the importance of the created powerful infrastructure for the official formation in 1932 of the young socialist city of Berezniki, now the second largest and socio-economic potential city of the Perm region after the regional center of Perm, are shown.

СОВЕТСКИЕ ИКОНЫ КАК ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ПРОЕКТ

The article is about the project of research into Soviet icons, which began at the Russian State University for the Humanities in 2021 at the Center for Visual Studies of the Middle Ages and Modern Period of the Faculty of Cultural Studies. The Soviet icon is a religious artifact created by village craftsmen (image painters) of the Soviet times – an icon, various in execution techniques, set in a wooden case (kiot). For the decoration of such icons both the traditional (for 19th – early 20th century) materials used – foil, paper, wax, paraffin etc. – as well as specific things that were available in the era of scarcity, poverty of the Soviet village, persecution of the Church and the inability to create religious artifacts in a manufactory way, for the market. Craftsmen used the fabric from Soviet Pioneers ties and wedding dresses, Soviet newspapers, foil from tea bags, prints on which were made with the hunting shotgun cartridges, etc. As a result, the complex bricolages appeared. Often they had icons and materials of the 19 – early 20th century inside, covered with a layer of heterogeneous materials of the Soviet era. The article deals with the specifics of that phenomenon, explains the term “Soviet icon” introduced by the authors of the project, and describes the prospects of the project in the coming years.

Death and the Plague in The Story of Wanderings

ABSTRACT Little known beyond the Russian speaking world, The Story of Wanderings is a dark fantasy film produced in the late period of the Soviet cinema. The film was classified as a children’s film by the director, film critics, and the state. Produced by Mosfilm, the third oldest and the most influential film studio in Soviet Russia, it is a rare example of Soviet children’s horror, featuring several death scenes and a personified plague. Death’s presence in The Story of Wanderings stands in contrast to idealised Soviet pioneers self-sacrificing themselves for the good of others, by presenting a world of flawed characters stymied by the ambient ever-presence of death. In post-Soviet Russian-speaking territories, the film is understood critically as a masterfully constructed ‘adult’ horror disguised as a state-sponsored family film. This article examines the way Alexander Mitta’s film serves a ‘dual audience’ in the context of a socialist ‘cultural industry’ that lacked an established horror genre. It also highlights how the contradictions of late Socialism are revealed in the specific power dynamics between the adult and child characters of the film.

От самоконтроля к реформированию системы

Researchers often question or contradict the reflection of author’s subjectivity in ego-documents produced as a part of the institutional workflow and stored in state archives. It is generally believed that the documents of an official nature are but a public mask that hides the subject. Based on a corpus of pedagogical diaries (stored in RGASPI) that were used as tool of control and professional growth of camp leaders in Soviet pioneer camps “Artek” and “Orlionok”, this article suggests an approach to disclose the individuality of the writer in such biased ego-documents. The author attempts to reconstruct the system of recommendations and requirements for keeping diaries, interpreting comments and assessments of the daily camp leader’s analysis by the camp methodologists, and then reveals to what extent diarists obeyed the instructions or bypassed and used them for critical purposes, thus violating the subordination and gaining the agency.

Struggle of Soviet Pioneers with Hooligans on the Materials of “Pionerskaya Pravda” in 1950s — 1960s

The text of the article presentы the images with which the newspaper «Pionerskaya Pravda» carried out educational influence. The result of the analysis was a list of condemned social phenomena that were positioned as negative in the texts, requiring an appropriate response from teenagers. Based on the construction of traditional practices of outdoors games, the main cultural scheme can be modeled, where the positive image is similar to the driver, who “searches” and “chases”, “catches up”, and the negative — “hides”, “runs away, dodges”. In the analyzed materials, we can see such cultural practices of educational influence as reformatting the adolescent adventure, in addition, the ideological intransigence to children's pranks draws attention.

The Image of Late Soviet Pioneer Camp in Russian Mass Culture Works of the 2010s

During the first two decades of the 21st century, an increasing interest of Russian policymakers towards the Soviet past can be recorded, which is reflected in the modern Russian mass culture (movies, literature, music) providing more and more often a fruitful approach to reappraise the role of pioneer camps in the Soviet Union to its people. Based on an example of two significant mass culture products of the 2010s with different languages ‒ Aleksandr Karpilovskiy’s movie “Private Word of a Pioneer 2“ (2015) (rus. “Chastnoe pionerskoe. Ura kanikuly!!!”) and the novel “Food Block“ (2018) (rus. “Pishcheblok”) by Aleksey Ivanov, this article for the first time illustrates the image of two late Soviet pioneer camps “Youth” (1979) and “The Stormy Petrel” (1980) and gives analysis of their features with the help of descriptive-functional and comparative research methods. As a result, the semantics shows that one pioneer camp is a safe place for everyone and another one poses risks and it is more dangerous to be within the camp than outside. While in the “Youth” camp, the teaching staff devotes much attention to health promotion and cultural development of young pioneers, the main purpose of “The Stormy Petrel” is the ideological education. In both cases, we see educational formalism in the work of educators. Children and teenagers of the late Soviet era are seemingly burdened with playing young Leninists. The protagonist in the movie puts his personal goals far above the public interests in his personal hierarchy. By contrast, the protagonist of the novel is seeking for a true community in the pioneer camp and causes rejection and misunderstanding by others. In both late Soviet camps, the value of pioneer attributes (ties and badges) is noticeably decreased. In “Stormy Petrel”, their meaning is even audaciously perverted. Unreserved nostalgia for childhood, dominating in two works, does not prevent their creators to a greater (novel) or lesser (movie) extent to make a critical assessment of the late Soviet pioneer camps. Keywords: Soviet pioneer camp, A. Karpilovskiy “Private Word of a Pioneer 2”, A. Ivanov “Food Block”, late Soviet era, nostalgia, criticism

Nation-Empire: Ideology and Rural Youth Mobilization in Japan and Its Colonies by Sayaka Chatani

Reviewed by: Nation-Empire: Ideology and Rural Youth Mobilization in Japan and Its Colonies by Sayaka Chatani Nick Kapur Nation-Empire: Ideology and Rural Youth Mobilization in Japan and Its Colonies. By Sayaka Chatani. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018. xvi + 347 pp. Cloth $55. Nation-Empire is a monumental work of social history that provides a comprehensive overview of the Japanese Empire's attempts to mobilize rural youth in the service of the nation from the earliest years of the twentieth century through the end of World War II. Moving with perfect ease and at will between three major research languages (Japanese, Chinese, and Korean), author Sayaka Chatani excavates a treasure trove of primary-source findings on youth cultures in three distinct regions (Japan, Taiwan, and Korea), supplemented by original oral history interviews conducted in the early twenty-first century with nonagenarian survivors of Japan's wartime mobilization. Chatani opens with a mystery: if colonial subjects of the Japanese Empire were forcibly assimilated against their will (as other scholars have claimed), why [End Page 133] did hundreds of thousands of these same subjects volunteer for service in the Japanese military, seemingly with genuine enthusiasm? The core of Chatani's research is an attempt to resolve this mystery by comparing extremely detailed case studies of three rural villages: Shida village in Miyagi prefecture in northeastern Japan, Beipu village in Xinzhu province in northwestern Taiwan, and Kwangsŏk village in South Ch'ungchŏk province, in what is now South Korea. In all three of these locations, Japanese officials eventually achieved some degree of success in establishing a hierarchical network of quasi-official "village youth associations" (seinendan in Japanese) that proved highly responsive to state-mandated goals. Although Chatani is attentive to local differences, in each case, officials ultimately succeeded by offering young people (particularly young men) a heady mixture of opportunities for personal advancement in local society and a Japanese brand of "agrarian nationalism" that celebrated the "rural youth" as the "pillar" of Japan's imperial expansion, over and against educated urban elites who were portrayed as excessively materialistic and spiritually inferior. In this way, Chatani argues, Japanese officials were able to appeal not only to rural youths' status anxieties and economic interests, but also to their emotions, providing them with a new, positive self-image that allowed them to overcome inferiority complexes and embrace imperialization with acquiescence and even enthusiasm. What makes Chatani's study so innovative and analytically groundbreaking is its truly comparative framework. By placing these three case studies side by side and treating them with equal care, Chatani is able to show how colonial policies that previous scholars have portrayed as brutally assimilationist and entirely coerced occurred at almost exactly the same time, in a very similar manner, as broadly analogous policies enacted in rural areas of the Japanese home islands. In reading Chatani's study, it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish between imperial assimilation projects in the colonial periphery and the "spiritual mobilization" projects carried out on ethnically Japanese subjects close to the metropole. Ultimately, this juxtaposition of overlapping policies at home and overseas helps us understand both how colonial policies were somewhat less coercive than has been portrayed and how home-islands mobilization was far more coercive than has been generally understood—in many ways, a kind of forced "Japanization" of people one would have thought were already "Japanese." As Chatani persuasively concludes, "The social and emotional mechanism of creating ideal Japanese nationals among colonial village youth was, it turns out, not fundamentally different from that in the Japanese countryside" (152). A great strength of Chatani's study is the large number and variety of individual voices she uncovers at the grassroots. Chatani does not merely [End Page 134] synopsize the historical dynamics of these long-forgotten villagers and petty colonial bureaucrats—she shows us what they thought, in their own words. Nation-Empire also does an admirable job of placing Japanese youth culture into a broader transnational context with similar youth movements in other nations, including the Hitler Youth, the Soviet Pioneers, the Boy Scouts, and the YMCA. One area where this study may have fallen a bit short is in substantiating one of...

The dynamics of a small social group: sociometric analysis development of a temporary children’s team

The article is devoted to a sociometric study of the stages of development of a temporary children’s collective. A comparison of their features in the modern children’s health camp and the Soviet pioneer camp is made. The analysis of stages of development among modern teenagers is based on empirical data collected by Marina-Victoria Grudkovskaya at the children’s health camp in the Leningrad region during the winter shift from 28 December 2018 to 10 January 2019. Data on the processes of collective development in the pioneer camp were obtained from the works of Soviet researchers. The purpose of the study: to determine the independent constants of the stages of social dynamics of temporary children’s groups and their variables determined by the historical period of development of society. In this study, a temporary children’s team is understood as a small social group of adolescent children formed by age and existing during the next shift of 12 to 14 days. The theoretical and methodological basis of the work was structuralism and the theory of sociometry by Jacob Moreno. The empirical object of research: adolescent groups of children, the age of teenagers 14-16 years. Method: the sociometric experiment. Data processing and visualization was performed in the SociometryPro environment. The scientific novelty consists in obtaining new relevant data on the social dynamics of temporary groups of modern teenagers. The development of a temporary children’s collective is also considered taking into account the socio-historical period that determines the socio-cultural and socio-economic conditions of personal development of adolescents. Conclusions are made about the features of functioning, the process of acceptance and evaluation of social roles and behavior. In particular, it is established that the temporary children’s collective goes through constant stages that are repeated in all generations of children, regardless of the historical period of development of society and changing socio-economic and socio-cultural conditions of growing up of new generations. According to the authors, in the future, in the process of studying the social dynamics of a temporary children’s collective, it is advisable to develop names and characteristics of stages of its development that are relevant for modern children, children’s subculture and the sociology of childhood.

“Fairy Tale for Pioneers”: Deconstruction of Official Ideology in Memories About Artek 1960s–1980s

This article focuses on the memories of the Soviet pioneer camp Artek among camp leaders and Pioneers who visited this camp in the 1960s–1980s. The study examines the interaction between the ideology discourse of the late Soviet epoch about Artek and personal autobiographical memories. Turning to analysis of narrative structure and the pragmatic context of the memories, the article describes why Artek may be understood as a nonideological and—in some cases—non-Soviet project. Artek as a private realization of the “general” communist utopian project had features that enabled some people to perceive (and remember) it as an “exception” from the usual Soviet everyday life (distance from the center, exoticization of nature, material world) and, as a consequence, the social world.

Navigation Nobel: Soviet pioneer.

Navigation Nobel: Soviet pioneer.

Советский пионерский лагерь: от послевоенного к позднесоветскому (опыт качественного исследования)

Советский пионерский лагерь: от послевоенного к позднесоветскому (опыт качественного исследования)

Советский пионерский лагерь: от послевоенного к позднесоветскому (опыт качественного исследования)

Советский пионерский лагерь: от послевоенного к позднесоветскому (опыт качественного исследования)

Moscow-Rome-Havana: A Film-Theory Road Map

OCTOBER 139, Winter 2012, pp. 97–116. © 2012 October Magazine, Ltd. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. These quotations—from the celebrated Soviet pioneer of avant-garde documentary; the Italian writer and filmmaker most commonly associated with his contributions to Neorealist cinema; and one of the leaders of the Cuban Institute of Film Art and Industry, respectively—come from filmmakers from

La fabrication des héros dans l'U.R.S.S. des années 1920-1930

This article will focus on the "external ingredients" that informed the creation of Soviet heroes in the 1920s and 30s. This will challenge the tendency to see these individuals comprised of a single, Russian-made, feature. Our study will concern the case of Pavlik Morozov - the "pioneer number one". Among the external components within the make-up of this figure we shall consider the impact of Nietzsche whose presence is thanks to the mediation of Maxim Gorki. Gorki was one of the founders of the pioneer organisation within which the worship of the young Pavlik was based. We shall then have a look at the TYPE of the classical hero before moving on to the "children martyrs" of the French Revolution. This will paradoxically take us to assessing the impact of the Scout Movement on Soviet pioneers, at least at the beginning of the 1920s. Depending on who and when assesses them throughout various historical periods, heroes attract or repel. Their conduct and the values they embody signify the very cultural markers to whose creation they contributed.

Analysis of Displaced Solar Sail Orbits with Passive Control

T HEuse of solar radiation pressure wasfirst proposed by a Soviet pioneer of astronautics, Tsiolkovski, and the technology was greatly developed by NASA for a proposed comet Halley rendezvous mission in the 1970s [1,2]. Recently, many space applications of solar sails are proposed because solar sails enable some special missions which would be impossible for any conventional space propulsion. Such missions include displaced solar orbits, geocentric halo orbits, Mercury sun-synchronous polar orbit, artificial Lagrange points, and so on. Leipold and Wagner investigated the Mercury sun-synchronous polar orbit using solar sail propulsion to explore the inner solar system [3]. West investigated the new artificial Lagrange points created by solar sails to provide early warning of solar plasma storms before they reach the Earth [4]. McInnes and Simmons have done much work on the dynamics and control of solar sails on different exotic trajectories [5,6]. The stability of solar sails on displaced solar orbitswith passive control is investigated in [7], and the results show that the sails are stable if the sail pitch angle is fixed with respect to a rotating frame. The passive stability can be realized by designing the configuration of the sail, which is investigated in [8]. Passive control is a good option for the solar sail because its large and complex structure may introduce some difficulties for active control. In this Note, the global stability of the solar sail with passive control is investigated by considering the dynamics in an inertial frame. It is found that the sail is stable with any initial values, and the sail will oscillate in the vicinity of a nominal orbit that is uniquely determined by the angular momentum of the sail. The amplitudes of the oscillations are determined by the initial values of the radius and angular velocity.

Frontiers of space exploration

From the first experimentation with rocket technology in the early 20th century to the Mir space station and the Mars Pathfinder mission of 1997, this one-stop guide to space exploration provides a wealth of information for student researchers. Combining narrative description, analytical essays, a timeline, biographical profiles, and the text of key primary documents, Roger D. Launius, Chief Historian of NASA, provides the latest information and analysis on all aspects of space exploration. Four essays give a historical overview of space exploration and up-to-date examinations of the race to the moon, exploration of the solar system, space stations and space shuttles, and U.S.-Soviet cooperative ventures. Ready reference features include: a timeline of key events; biographical profiles of 24 American and Soviet space pioneers; the text of 20 key primary documents relating to space exploration initiatives; a table of American space flight since 1961; and an annotated bibliography of works on space history. The essays are designed to be understandable and to capture the human drama as well as the scientific accomplishments of space exploration. Biographical profiles include not only astronauts and cosmonauts, but also American and Soviet pioneers in the science of space exploration, NASA leaders, and the Challenger crew. Key documents include presidential speeches and directives on the creation of the space program and the decision to go to the moon, official statements on U.S.-Soviet cooperation in space, the text of the Apollo creW's radio broadcast from space on the first moon landing, recollections of Apollo astronauts who first landed on the moon, policy directives on the decision to build the space shuttle, the radio transcript of the last words from the space shuttle Challenger disaster, and a speech from Robert Zubrin, member of the National Space Society Board of Directors, addressing the promise of space exploration in the 21st century. A selection of photos complements the text.