Machine learning-driven water quality index prediction in the Dau Tieng reservoir, southern Vietnam, with interpretability via SHapley additive exPlanations: A vision for water quality management strategies.

BACKGROUND Pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) is increasingly recognized worldwide. In Asia, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae ) has emerged as the predominant pathogen, yet contemporary data from Vietnam remain limited. AIM To determine the microbial spectrum of PLA and compare clinical, computed tomography (CT), management, and outcomes between K. pneumoniae and non-K. pneumoniae cases in Southern Vietnam. METHODS This retrospective cohort included adults with PLA managed at Nhan Dan Gia Dinh Hospital from June 2021 to June 2024. Of 123 cases, 17 were excluded (8 with unspecified Gram-negative bacilli, 9 without CT), leaving 106 patients (83 K. pneumoniae , 23 non-K. pneumoniae ). Data on demographics, comorbidities, presentation, laboratory, imaging, microbiology, treatment, and outcomes were analyzed using standard parametric/nonparametric and χ 2/Fisher tests (two-sided α = 0.05). RESULTS Mean age was 59.2 years, and 67.0% were male. Diabetes was more frequent in K. pneumoniae (55.4% vs 30.4%; P = 0.034). C-reactive protein was higher in K. pneumoniae but not significant (229.9 mg/L vs 185.0 mg/L; P = 0.069). Aspartate aminotransferase was significantly elevated (P = 0.048) and alanine aminotransferase borderline (P = 0.065). On CT, K. pneumoniae abscesses more often had irregular margins (P = 0.038) and heterogeneous architecture (P = 0.003). K. pneumoniae predominated in pus (71.9%) and blood (78.6%) cultures. Source-control and hospital stay were similar. Mortality was 10.4% overall, occurring only in K. pneumoniae (13.3% vs 0%). Older age predicted poorer survival (odds ratio = 0.95; P = 0.029). CONCLUSION In Southern Vietnam, K. pneumoniae predominates in PLA, characterized by distinctive CT features and higher mortality, emphasizing early recognition, pathogen-directed therapy, and timely image-guided drainage.

Effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines against invasive pneumococcal disease in Vietnamese children prior to national introduction: A matched case-control study.

Leptospirosis is a major zoonosis, yet genetic data on Leptospira strains in animal reservoirs in Southern Vietnam are limited. This study aimed to detect and genotype pathogenic Leptospira in synanthropic small mammals. From 2016 to 2020, 856 animals were captured in three regions. Kidneys were screened by qPCR targeting pathogenic Leptospira 16S rRNA, and positive samples were genotyped via secY gene sequencing. The overall prevalence was 7.8%. Rattus norvegicus was the primary host (12.4% infected). Leptospira interrogans predominated (77.6%), followed by L. borgpetersenii (22.4%). Infection risk was significantly associated with the following factors: larger host body size (increased body mass and hindfoot length); capture in Ho Chi Minh City; and the rainy season. The study confirms the stable circulation of highly virulent L. interrogans in urban R. norvegicus populations. The identified risk factors provide a basis for targeted interventions to mitigate human health risks.

Aminoglycosides remain important components of combination therapy for complicated Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in Vietnam; however, gene-level evidence linking aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs) with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and multidrug resistance is limited, particularly in tertiary-care settings in southern Vietnam. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 186 non-duplicate aminoglycoside-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates collected in a tertiary-care hospital in Ho Chi Minh City. Species identity was reconfirmed using ZKIR qPCR. MICs for amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin were determined by broth microdilution according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines, and 14 AME genes were detected using targeted qPCR. Associations between AME genes, aminoglycoside MICs or susceptibility categories, and co-resistance to major antibiotic classes were assessed using non-parametric and exact tests with Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate correction, with emphasis on effect direction and clinically interpretable genotype-phenotype patterns beyond statistical significance alone. AME genes were highly prevalent, with ant(2″)-Ia, aac(6')-Ir, and aac(6')-Ib detected in 97.3%, 91.9%, and 89.8% of isolates, respectively. The presence of aac(6')-Ib and aac(6')-Ih_v was associated with higher aminoglycoside MICs, resistance to amikacin and tobramycin, and broader multidrug resistance, including carbapenem resistance, whereas several other AMEs were linked to lower MICs. These findings indicate that specific AME profiles, particularly aac(6')-Ib and aac(6')-Ih_v, are associated with intensified aminoglycoside resistance in this setting and support the need for gene-informed surveillance to prioritise confirmatory MIC-based Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) to guide local antimicrobial stewardship.

Introduction: Mucinous ovarian tumors are the second most common type of epithelial ovarian tumors. This study aimed to determine the recurrence rates and risk factors for mucinous borderline ovarian tumors (MBOTs) and mucinous ovarian carcinomas (MOCs). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 188 patients at Tu Du Hospital, Vietnam, from May 2019 to March 2023, with follow-ups until August 2024. The recurrence rates were calculated using life tables, while associated factors were analyzed through the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Results: The median time to recurrence was 13 months (range: 9-19 months), with twelve patients experiencing a recurrence. Overall cumulative recurrence rates (both MBOT and MOC) were 2.66% at 12 months, 5.32% at 24 months, and 6.45% at 36, 48, and 60 months. In the MBOT group, the recurrence rate was 5.80% at 60 months, while in the MOC group, it was 7.65% at 60 months. A significant relationship was found between higher recurrence rates and larger tumor size (1 cm increase resulted in a 10% risk reduction, HR = 0.90, p < 0.05), advanced FIGO stages (Stage III compared to Stage I, HR = 16.07, p < 0.05), and capsule rupture (HR = 6.79, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The total recurrence rate of MBOT and MOC after 60 months in Southern Vietnam was 6.45%. It is crucial to adopt follow-up strategies for high-risk patients to ensure early detection and treatment of recurrences. Additional studies with longer follow-up are necessary to identify late recurrences.

Stiphodon multisquamus Wu &amp; Ni, 1986 is a species of goby previously thought to be endemic to Hainan Island, southern China. Recently, it has been recorded from the southern Chinese mainland, southern Japan, and Da Nang, Central Vietnam. Here we report the southernmost record of this species from Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. This is a range extension of over 400 km into southern Vietnam. Updated maps showing the species distribution are also provided.

ABSTRACT Managing household solid waste (HSW) remains a significant challenge for developing countries like Vietnam. As a result, government management organizations require coordinated control and management instruments. Many improvements were included in the Environmental Protection Law 2020 (EPL 2020), most notably the law that divides HSW into three categories, including food waste, and solid waste that may be recycled or reused. Public education and dissemination of legal information are vital. However, a trustworthy instrument that precisely assesses and corresponds with the actual circumstances in Vietnam is necessary to accomplish the objectives and be effective. Currently, Vietnam has, for the first time, included the classification of HSW at the source in its national environmental protection law, and this study identifies barriers to its dissemination, aiding policymakers in developing timely and appropriate strategies. In order to determine the elements influencing the EPL 2020's accessibility regarding the categorization and collection of HSW in the research region, a quantitative method is employed in this study with a sample size of 204 survey respondents. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), widely used in social sciences, is applied here to identify key influencing factors. EFA is well‐known in analyzing primary data using SPSS software version 26. In this study, the EFA results have identified three factors, namely (1) institutions for policy implementation, (2) personal benefit influence, and (3) public concern about the EPL 2020, which affects public access to policies and EPL 2020. The research model on policy accessibility and EPL 2020 is theoretically grounded in the study findings. These findings aim to support governers and policy makers in referring to and thinking through the implementation of suggested laws and procedures.

Abstract Introduction: Perforation peritonitis is a life-threatening emergency associated with high morbidity and mortality. Early risk stratification is vital, particularly in resource-limited settings. The Mannheim peritonitis index (MPI) is a widely used prognostic tool, but its performance in Vietnamese patients remains underexplored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic accuracy of MPI in predicting inhospital mortality among patients undergoing surgery for secondary peritonitis due to hollow viscus perforation. Methods: This prospective observational study included 176 patients treated at a tertiary care center in southern Vietnam from April 2023 to May 2024. Clinical data were collected to calculate MPI scores. Mortality outcomes were analyzed using the receiver-operating characteristic curve and multivariate logistic regression. Results: The mean patient age was 64.9 ± 15.7 years; 70.5% were male. Generalized peritonitis occurred in 96%, and feculent contamination in 5.1%. The most frequent perforation sites were the stomach (43.8%) and duodenum (21%). Overall mortality was 21%. MPI demonstrated excellent predictive performance (area under the curve = 0.944; 95% confidence interval: 0.905–0.988; P &lt; 0.001). An MPI score ≥25 yielded 91.9% sensitivity and 79.9% specificity. Feculent peritonitis (odds ratio [OR] =26.5; P = 0.020) and preoperative organ failure (OR = 51.4; P &lt; 0.001) were independent mortality predictors. Conclusion: MPI is a reliable and efficient tool for early mortality prediction in secondary peritonitis. A threshold score ≥25 effectively identifies high-risk patients and should be integrated into clinical decision-making in emergency surgical settings.

The Mekong River is one of the most fish-species-rich rivers on Earth, yet most of our knowledge on fish diversity and migrations comes from fishery catch data, and fishery-independent, standard effort surveys are needed. Specifically, migratory fish data sets are heavily biased by the influence of fisher gear types and by fisher location, with most major Mekong fisheries, and consequently fishing effort, being in southern Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam. Fish using the Xayaburi Hydroelectric Power Plant (XHPP) fish pass have been monitored since commencing operations in 2019. This programme offers a unique, eventual long-term data set, with standard effort, aimed at migrating fish species, and capable of providing data on the scarcely studied fish migration patterns of northern Laos. Species that migrate from floodplain feeding and spawning habitats to the main channel were dominant in the dry season, but used the fish pass throughout the year. On the other hand, known long-distance migratory species were infrequently collected in the fish pass, but showed very strong affiliations with the flood season from May to July. We demonstrate that fish passage mitigation in tropical southeast Asia can, and should be, designed for use by a multitude of species, including resident species that are not classified as migratory. If changes in connectivity from future downstream barriers (i.e., scheduled hydropower dams) occur, then the monitoring program at XHPP will be able to detect the impact on migratory fish populations. We identify several species whose presence and relative abundance have potential to serve as indicators for future downstream connectivity issues.

Vietnam faces a hyperendemic burden of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but the prevalence of occult HBV infection (OBI) and its underlying molecular mechanisms in healthy populations remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the serological and molecular HBV profile of a healthy Vietnamese adult cohort in Southern Vietnam. We assessed the prevalence of occult HBV infection (OBI) and HBsAg-positivity (serving as a proxy for probable chronic infection). In this cross-sectional study, 397 healthy adults from Southern Vietnam underwent serological screening for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc. All participants were screened for HBV DNA using a high-sensitivity PCR assay (LOD ≥ 5 IU/mL). For all viremic cases, the full Pre-S/S region was sequenced to determine genotype and characterize escape mutations. We uncovered a high prevalence of both HBsAg-positivity (17.6%) and OBI (9.3% HBsAg-negative, HBV DNA-positive). Serological analysis revealed a massive, age-dependent reservoir of past exposure (63.7% anti-HBc) characterized by a high and increasing prevalence of the anti-HBc only profile (31.5%), a key serological marker for OBI. This trend contrasted sharply with a steep age-related decline in protective anti-HBs. The viral landscape was dominated by genotypes B (73.8%) and C (26.2%), with sub-genotypes B4 and C1 being the most prevalent. Critically, individuals with OBI carried a significantly higher burden of S gene escape mutations compared to those with HBsAg-positivity (p < 0.001). Canonical escape variants, including sG145R (21.6%), sK141R/T/E/Q (24.3%), and sT116N/A/I/S (18.9%), were exclusively or highly enriched in the OBI group. A LASSO-logistic model based on this mutational profile successfully predicted occult infection with high accuracy (AUC = 0.83). A substantial hidden reservoir of occult HBV infection exists within the healthy adult population of Vietnam, driven by a high burden of S gene escape mutations. These findings highlight the significant limitations of conventional HBsAg-only screening. They also underscore the need for comprehensive molecular surveillance to address the true scope of HBV viremia, hopefully enabling a reduction in hidden transmission of clinically significant viral variants.

The two recently described species, Acanthosaura cuongi and A. grismeri in southern Vietnam, highlight the potential existence of additional populations or even undescribed species in this region, rather than supporting the previous assumption that Acanthosaura coronata is broadly distributed across southern Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis of COI gene sequences confirmed the monophyly of the A. coronata group, comprising A. coronata, A. cuongi, and A. grismeri. In southern Vietnam, two new populations from Gia Lai Province were assigned to A. cuongi, while one new population from Tay Ninh Province was identified as A. coronata. Within the group, interspecific p-distances ranged from 7.82–8.77% between A. coronata and A. grismeri, to 13.5–14.92% between A. coronata and A. cuongi, and 13.84–15.19% between A. cuongi and A. grismeri. Intraspecific genetic divergences were up to 3.22% in A. cuongi and 2.66% in A. coronata, suggesting potential cryptic diversity and emphasizing the need for further taxonomic assessment using additional molecular data. Based on morphological data from 66 individuals, this study provided a comprehensive redescription of A. coronata species and documented distinct sexual dimorphism. Males exhibit light green to yellow-green dorsal coloration and an orange-red tail likely functioning in sexual signaling, whereas females display dull brown-gray coloration enhancing camouflage. Morphometric analyses revealed female-biased traits, including greater snout–vent length and abdominal width, potentially improving fecundity and egg survival. Conversely, males possess longer heads, limbs, and broader tail bases, which may facilitate greater agility and provide advantages in hunting, territorial defense, and reproductive success. These findings contribute to a better understanding of morphological variation, sexual dimorphism, and taxonomic relationships within the complex A. coronata group.

Vietnam’s Power Development Plan 8 (PDP8) identifies offshore wind power as a key pillar for carbon neutrality and long-term energy security. Realizing this potential requires accurate, high-resolution resource assessments to guide strategic planning and de-risk multi-billion-dollar investments. This study delivers the first scientifically validated, bias-corrected estimate of offshore wind energy potential in the strategic maritime region from Vung Tau to Ca Mau. Using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset (2011–2020), we apply a robust, monthly, component-wise regression method calibrated against long-term in-situ observations from two island stations. Raw, unvalidated ERA5 data are shown to grossly overestimate the resource, with mean annual Wind Power Density (WPD) inflated by more than 1.5–2.0 fold. After correction, data quality improves substantially: the overall Mean Bias Error (MBE) is reduced from 3.91 m/s to 0.38 m/s (by 90%), and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) drops by 75.0% (from 4.35 m/s to 1.09 m/s). The corrected dataset yields a realistic and conservative mean annual WPD at a 100-meter hub height of 90–290 W/m², compared with an unrealistic 140–460 W/m² from the raw data. These results provide a scientifically grounded baseline for Vietnam’s near-shore wind resource, clarify the limitations of using coastal-based observations to represent offshore conditions, and underscore the need for future offshore measurement campaigns to further reduce uncertainties and support the sustainable implementation of PDP8.

Efficient irrigation planning in data-scarce regions remains challenging due to limited access to localized meteorological data, reliance on complex computer-based models, and the technical knowledge required to deploy them at the field scale. Hence, the need for accessible, smartphone-based tools that simplify soil water balance calculations using public data to support practical decision-making in resource-limited contexts. This smartphone-based application estimates Net and Gross Irrigation Requirements using a Soil Water Balance (SWB) framework. The app combines region-specific empirical formulations for Effective Rainfall (Pe) calculation. The application utilizes user-supplied crop and irrigation parameters and meteorological data available in the public domain and operates at multiple temporal scales (daily, 10-day, weekly, and monthly), thereby supporting flexible irrigation schedules. The performance of app was evaluated through simulation-based benchmarking against FAO-CROPWAT 8.0 using harmonized inputs across five representatives agro-climatic region: Central India, Southern Vietnam, Northern Thailand, Western Bangladesh, and Central Sri Lanka. Quantitative comparison showed deviations within ±5% for Effective Rainfall, crop evapotranspiration, Net Irrigation, and Gross Irrigation, and low mean bias values (−2.8% to +3.3%) show the absence of systematic over- or under-estimation compared to CROPWAT model. The application also demonstrated responsiveness to climatic variability. Although the validation is limited to few representative locations and assumed minimal runoff conditions, the results suggest that the proposed method is technically consistent and feasible in practice. This study demonstrates smartphone-based application as a decision support for field-level irrigation planning and water resource management, particularly in data-limited agricultural contexts.

A new species of the Cyrtodactylus intermedius group, C. kiriromensis sp. nov., from Kirirom National Park of Phnom Sruoch in the Cardamom Mountains of Cambodia is delimited based on a mitochondrial (ND2) phylogeny and statistically diagnosed using meristic, morphometric, and color pattern characters. Cyrtodacytylus kiriromensis sp. nov. is the sister species of C. septimontium of southern Vietnam and forms part of a clade with six other site-specific endemic species from the mountains and islands of southeastern Cambodia and southwestern Vietnam. The ongoing discoveries of localized endemic species in the Cardamom Mountains underscores their fragmented nature and the importance of this landscape as a source of speciation as well as its notable contribution to the herpetological diversity of Cambodia. As such, it should be given special consideration as a conservation priority.

Abstract Poverty-targeting tools (PTTs) are widely used to identify households below specific poverty thresholds using supposedly practical indicators. While their accuracy has been extensively studied, their practicability—defined as simplicity and verifiability in real-world contexts—remains underexplored. This study addresses this gap and ensures the practicability of Ethnic Minority Poverty-Targeting tools (EMP tools), originally developed under laboratory conditions, by evaluating these tools’ practicability within Khmer communities in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Quantitatively, we assess tools’ practicability from poverty-targeting enumerators’ perspectives through Likert scales, and apply Factor Analysis and Ordinary Least Squares regressions to identify practicability determinants. Thematic analysis of qualitative data explores how enumerators obtain and verify indicators. Findings show that while EMP tools are generally perceived as practical—with over half of enumerators affirming the straightforwardness and verifiability of most indicators—significant variations exist. Indicators typically considered practical, such as cellphone ownership and job types, receive the lowest scores for verifiability. Conversely, the land ownership indicator, often considered complex, shows higher practicability. Local knowledge, especially from village leaders, plays an important role in verifying high-risk misreporting indicators, while village meetings are ineffective. Enumerator characteristics (ethnicity, gender, age, and experience) significantly determine of tools’ practicability. This study contributes insights into PTT practicability and presents a methodological framework for pre-assessing PTT practicability before deployment. Findings underscore the need to assess indicator applicability across contexts, as conventional assumptions may not always hold. Identified determinants can aid local governments in selecting appropriate enumerators to maximize tool effectiveness in practice.

A new oribatid mite genus, Khaustovella n. gen. (Oribatida, Scheloribatidae), with type species Khaustovella insolita n. sp., is described from the Cat Tien National Park, southern Vietnam, based on females collected from branches of the different trees. The new genus differs from all genera of Oripodoidea in having one pair of adanal porose areas in a posterolateral position to the anal aperture as well as in the striking reduction of the leg chaetome.

This research analyzed 15,689 names from five educational institutions across Northern, Central, and Southern regions during 2023–2024 to study gender-based naming patterns in Vietnam. Grounded in sociolinguistic theory (Anderson, 2007; Reszegi, 2023) and Vietnamese onomastic frameworks (Thompson, 2005; Nguyen, 2010), the study examines how naming practices encode gender identity through sound symbolism (Hough, 2000; Edmondson &amp; Nguyen, 1997) and cultural values rooted in Confucian traditions (Tran, 1999). The methodology employed a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative analysis (chi-square tests, regression analysis using SPSS 28.0 and R 4.2.1) with qualitative interpretation of phonetic, semantic, and structural aspects of Vietnamese names. Names were systematically coded by two independent linguists across semantic categories (strength, wisdom, beauty, nature, etc.) and phonetic features (strong/soft consonants, vowel patterns), achieving high intercoder reliability (Cohen's κ = 0.87 for semantic, 0.92 for phonetic coding). The study found that while gender differentiation remains a basic organizing principle in Vietnamese naming—with men favoring strong consonants (55%) and strength-related semantics (40%), and women preferring soft consonants (58%) and beauty-related meanings (55%)—traditional gender markers Văn and Thị have declined substantially to approximately 18% and 16% respectively, compared to near-universal usage (estimated 80-90%) in mid-20th century Vietnam (Thompson, 2005; Nguyen, 2010), with this decline particularly pronounced among younger generations. Significant regional variations emerge, with Northern Vietnam maintaining stronger traditional naming patterns, Central Vietnam preserving distinctive aesthetic preferences, and Southern Vietnam showing greater international influences and less rigid gender distinctions. Generational comparison demonstrates accelerating change, with preschool children's names showing substantially lower usage of traditional gender markers than university students. The research indicates that education level (β = 0.38, p &lt; 0.001) and urban residence (β = 0.31, p &lt; 0.001) are stronger predictors of naming patterns than gender alone. The results show that Vietnamese naming customs reflect the broader trends in Vietnamese society toward more flexible gender expressions while also preserving cultural traditions and adjusting to modern social changes. Drawing on Jiménez Segura's (2020) framework of naming as gender identity construction, the study contributes to our understanding of how language encodes and transmits gender perceptions across generations in a cultural context that is rapidly modernizing.

This study evaluates the spatial and seasonal variation of surface water quality in the Can Gio estuary, a core area of the Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve in Southern Vietnam, using the VN-WQI water quality index. Fourteen monitoring sites were sampled during the dry and rainy seasons, and major physicochemical, nutritional, heavy metal, and microbiological indicators were analyzed according to national standards. The evaluation results showed that the VN-WQI value ranged from 68 to 83 (from moderate to good) in both the weighted VN-WQI and unweighted VN-WQI (the weighted VN-WQI provides a more sensitive indication of organic and nutrient pollution than the unweighted index). The main polluting parameters contributing to water quality degradation were organic and microbiological indicators, particularly BOD5, COD, ammonium, nitrite, phosphate, total coliforms, and Escherichia coli. The data used in this study were derived from secondary monitoring datasets . In particular, the sample collection points near aquaculture areas and human activities (CG5, CG8, CG9, CG10, CG11, and CG12) have a lower VN-WQI index than the rest of the points. The results of these studies contribute to helping the state management agency in charge of the environmental control pollution as well as monitoring surface water quality to protect the biosphere reserve as well as the mangrove ecosystem.

Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4), remains a severe global threat to banana production. This study aimed to identify and evaluate native fungal and actinomycete isolates from banana-growing regions in southern Vietnam for their potential as biological control agents against Foc TR4. Eighteen isolates were screened, and five antagonistic strains (Trichoderma harzianum D-LD, T. asperelloides G-BT, Penicillium menonorum LA02-2, Streptomyces luteogriseus XK3, and S. mutabilis XK4) were selected for morphological, molecular, enzymatic, and greenhouse evaluations. Both T. harzianum and T. asperelloides exhibited strong in vitro inhibition of Foc TR4 (87.4% and 84.2%, respectively) through the production of cell wall degrading enzymes, notably chitinase and protease. In greenhouse trials, S. mutabilis XK4 demonstrated the highest disease suppression (AUDPC reduction > 80%, wilt incidence 28%) and enhanced plant growth, indicating a dual role in biocontrol and plant growth promotion. Penicillium menonorum LA02-2 showed moderate inhibition (50.9%) and growth-enhancing effects, highlighting its potential as a supplementary component in microbial consortia. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed mycoparasitic interaction between T. asperelloides G-BT and Foc TR4 hyphae, whereas S. luteogriseus XK3 and S. mutabilis XK4 caused severe hyphal damage through antibiosis and enzymatic lysis. This study reports the first isolation of P. menonorum, S. luteogriseus, and S. mutabilis from Vietnamese banana soils and identifies S. mutabilis XK4 as a promising candidate for developing bio-formulations against Foc TR4. These findings highlight the potential of indigenous microbial resources for sustainable Fusarium wilt management in Cavendish banana cultivation.