Southern Part Of Sakhalin Island Research Articles

ЛОКАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГРОЗОВОЙ АКТИВНОСТИ НА ЮГЕ ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА РОССИИ

According to the WWLLN data for the period of 2009-2018, regional features of lightning activity in the south of the Russian Far East, including the southern part of Sakhalin Island, are investigated. It is shown that the thunderstorm period here (99.5% of lightning) is from May to September in the northern continental regions, from April/May to October in the southern and southeastern regions, and from May to November in the southern part of the island. It was noted that the lightning activity is characterized by the maxima in July over plains and lowlands and in June over the areas with predominance of mountain terrain. The average decadal density of lightning on the continent increases from east to west, from the lowest values in the coastal regions to the highest ones in the northwest. At the same time, the lightning activity density in the continental part of the southern Far East is on average five times higher than on Sakhalin. The difference in the lightning activity characteristics over the western and eastern slopes of mountain ranges and ridges is noted.

Adventive component flora of the southern part of Sakhalin Island

The article is devoted to the adventive flora of the southern part of Sakhalin Island. Nowadays, 274 species of adventive plants, belonging to 192 genera and 57 families, have been identified here. Five families (Amaranthaceae, Cannabaceae, Commelinaceae, Linaceae, and Malvaceae) are represented by invasive species only. The structure of the leading families and genera is analyzed, the participation of adventive species information of plant communities is indicated. Adventive species are classified into life forms, method of entering and degree of naturalization.

Recreational resources of the coasts of the southern part of Sakhalin Island and the southern part of the Crimean Peninsula (problems and solutions)

The possibilities of recreational-oriented use of the coast are studied on the basis of the trend analysis in the development of the coasts and regional features of the exploitation of the coasts of Sakhalin Island and the Crimean Peninsula. It is shown that the loss of recreational capacity of coastal territories is the result of both man-made and natural components of development. The conclusion is made about the degradation of a significant part of the recreational resources of the coasts. The concept of a model of integrated use and sustainable development of natural mineral resources, hydrogeological and recreational resources is proposed.

Satellite Monitoring of Temperature Conditions near the Mouths of Spawning Rivers in the Southern Part of Sakhalin Island

Ten-day mean sea surface temperature (SST) series have been collected using satellite measurements in 22 coastal regions adjacent to the river mouths of Sakhalin Island from spring to summer (May–July) in 1998–2017. Average long-term dates of the onset of favorable conditions for the release of salmon juveniles from hatcheries (+6–7°C) have been evaluated. Mean square and extreme deviations from these dates have been determined. Synoptic conditions from 2011, under which there were the greatest delays in the release of salmon from the hatcheries, are analyzed.

Storm surges and extreme storms in Sakhalin Island and South Kuril Islands

Storm surges (the significant sea level rises due to a drop in surface atmospheric pressure and an increase in wind velocity during the passage of deep cyclones over the coastal areas) pose a formidable threat to the coastal settlements of Sakhalin and the South Kuril Islands. As a result of flooding of coastal areas, the impact of storm waves on the shores and coastal facilities is sharply increased. The greatest damage caused by surges on 10.11.1990 and 9.11.1995 which affected the most populated southern part of Sakhalin Island. A long-term sea level series were analyzed, recorded at 9 coastal tide gauges located on the coast of Sakhalin Island and South Kuril Islands. Estimates for the maximum heights of the storm surges and tidal level were obtained separately, as well as for the rare recurrence of the total sea level height with the probability of these individual components superposition. The maximum total height of the sea level was obtained for the Kurilsk station, where the highest storm surge was recorded. The minimum values were obtained for southwestern coast of Sakhalin Island (Kholmsk and Nevelsk stations) were tides are small. Seasonal and inter-annual variations of strong waves were analysed from the data of visual observations.

Satellite Monitoring of Temperature Conditions Near the Mouths of Spawning Rivers in the Southern Part of Sakhalin Island

Satellite Monitoring of Temperature Conditions Near the Mouths of Spawning Rivers in the Southern Part of Sakhalin Island

An Annotated List of the Marine and Brackish-Water Ichthyofauna of Aniva Bay (Sea of Okhotsk, Sakhalin Island): 1. Petromyzontidae−Agonidae Families

Based on a critical analysis of literature data for the past 200 years and the results of our own multiyear studies, an annotated list of marine, brackish-water, and anadromous (migratory) fish found in Aniva Bay (southern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, southern part of Sakhalin Island) is given: 274 species (against 164 previously mentioned) in three classes, 22 orders, 67 families, 161 genera. For a number of species, information is provided on collection specimens that confirm their presence within the studied water area. For each species, Latin and English names, taxonomic remarks, information on conservation status, ecology, abundance and commercial importance are given. The first part provides brief information about the history of the study and geographical and climatic-oceanographic characteristics of the bay as well as the first 137 species of the annotated list, represented by 83 genera, 35 families, and 19 orders.

Test mode of operation network of monitoring subsoil radon in the south of Sakhalin

Radon monitoring in the literature is recognized as a promising method for the prediction of earthquakes. In the last decade, the promise of the radon method for predicting subduction earthquakes has been convincingly demonstrated on Kamchatka. The results obtained on the Kamchatka, give reason to hope for the detection of predictive anomalies in the radon field and for weaker, but not less dangerous, small-focus earthquakes on the Sakhalin Island. The southern part of Sakhalin Island is a region of high seismic hazard. On Sakhalin Island, in a test mode, a network of three radon monitoring stations in the subsoil air is launched using the forced convection method to search for earthquake precursors. Based on the literature data, it is assumed that the effectiveness of radon monitoring near the focal zone of small-focus earthquakes on Sakhalin Island will be significantly higher compared to the conditions of the subduction zone in Kamchatka. Data from the network of radon monitoring stations can be used as an additional parameter to substantiate the conclusions on possible scenarios for the evolution of the seismic process in the south of Sakhalin.

Polymorphism of Chloroplast DNA and Phylogeography of Green Alder (Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch s. l.) in Asiatic Russia

This paper studies the phylogeography of Alnus alnobetula s. l. in the Asian part of the Russian range with the use of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences (intergenic spacers trnH-psbA, trnS-trnG, and psaA-trnS). Nine haplotypes were identified as a result of a combination of polymorphism of all sites in 241 plants in 20 populations of A. alnobetula. High interpopulation differentiation (GST = 0.914, NST = 0.928) and a significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST, p < 0.05) were found. Reconstruction of genealogical relationships of green alder haplotypes revealed five highly divergent genetic lineages: one geographically widespread throughout Siberia and the Urals and several allopatric lines in the Far East of Russia, namely, the Chukotka Peninsula and the mouth of the Yana River, Magadan oblast, Primorye and the central part of Sakhalin Island, and the southern part of Sakhalin Island. Our data confirm that in the past the range of this species in the Far East was fragmented in several refugia that were isolated for a long time in various ice-free regions. This could have contributed to a high level of intraspecific polymorphism of green alder as a result of the divergence of endemic haplotypes, with almost non-overlapping distribution. However, the level of their molecular divergence does not correspond to the level of morphological differences.

Physcia alnophila (Vain.) Loht. et al. на Дальнем Востоке России

In this paper we present data on the distribution in the Russian Far East and surrounding areas (Trans-Baikal Territory and Japan) of Physcia alnophila (Vain.) Loht. et al. (Physciaceae), for the first time found in the South of the Russian Far East. Area of distribution of P. alnophila is circumpolar, associated with the boreal zone; the species is limited in their distribution by northern territories, in the south (the Khabarovsk Territory, the Jewish Autonomous Region, Sakhalin region) P. alnophila is rare and not abundant. P. alnophila grows on different broad-leaved and small-leaved tree and of conifer only on Picea. In the study of 18 Japanese (TNS) samples only Physcia aipolia was identified, although the nearest finding of Physcia alnophila was made in the southern part of Sakhalin Island. The northernmost location of the species is on the Chukotka Peninsula in the northeastern part in Willow community, on the bark of deciduous (Alnus and Betula) tree. We give the anatomic-morphological description of the species based on the study of the samples collected (total 34). Anatomical and morphological characteristics of the samples are almost entirely consistent with those given by R. Moberg (1977): ascospores are slightly wider and shorter in extreme values, in average values coincide completely. The average length of the spores in the studied samples of P. alnophila was 20 μm, while the samples of P. aipolia – 24 μm (N = 35). We have also noted that P. alnophila samples from Yakutia apothecia are somewhat larger, up to 2.5 mm in diameter, 0.5–1 mm more than indicated in previous works.

РАСЧЕТ ЧИСЛЕННЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ СЕЙСМИЧЕСКИХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЙ НА РЕЗЕРВУАРЫ ДЛЯ ХРАНЕНИЯ СЖИЖЕННОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ГАЗА В ЮЖНОЙ ЧАСТИ ОСТРОВА САХАЛИН, ЗАЛИВ АНИВА

Currently, topical issue of seismic safety of a object of special type. In Russia, in 2009, put into operation a plant for the production, storage and transportation of liquefied natural gas (LNG text below) located in a seismically hazardous area. The most catastrophic consequences will arise if, as a result of the earthquake, there will be large-scale destruction of the LNG storage tank, located on the territory of the plant. To evaluate the seismic safety of a particular type of facilities, it is first necessary to determine the data describing the quantitative indicators of seismic effects on these facilities. To simulate the seismic action is necessary to set the parameters: the area under consideration - the southern part of Sakhalin Island, near the Aniva Bay, the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk; isothermal tank (hereinafter referred IT) is a double-walled construction of 100 thousand m ^ 3, the height of 37 m and a diameter of 67 m.; natural gas, poured into the IT, is cooled to a temperature of minus 160 ° C. Turning to the liquid state, the volume is reduced by more than 600 times. After cooling, the LNG is stored at a temperature of minus 158 ° C.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Environmental Conditions of The Late Paleolithic and Early Neolithic Sites in Southern Sakhalin

The article presents the results of a palynological study conducted at Late Paleolithic (Olympiya-5 and Ogonki-5) and Early Neolithic (Slavnaya-5) sites located in the southern part of Sakhalin Island. The reconstructed environments оf Late Paleolithic sites in southern Sakhalin included dark coniferous (fir and spruce) forests, indicative of a relatively warm phases of the last stadial coinciding with Daansgard-Oeschger oscillations. The Early Holocene conditions in southern Sakhalin were relatively warm although a virtually complete absence of pollen of deciduous trees suggests that the Boreal period was not the Holocene climatic optimum in that region.

Studies of prevalence rate of furunculosis caused by infection by Aeromonas salmonicida in salmonids of the southern part of Sakhalin Island

Ichthyological studies of spawners of salmonids in the south of Sakhalin Island were studied. Cases of furunculosis disease were revealed. The agent of the disease Aeromonas salmonicida was isolated. Its morphological, physiological-biochemical, and antagonistic properties were studied, and the virulence of the isolated strains was determined. For supporting the species status of the studied strains of A. salmonicida, a molecular-genetic analysis was performed.

Content of some organic and inorganic pollutants in soils of southern part of Sakhalin Island

The article is dedicated to analyzing the content and distribution of oil hydrocarbons, benz(a)pyrene, and heavy metals in the soils of the southern part of Sakhalin Island. The investigations were conducted in 2003–2010. A dynamical increase in the content of ecotoxicants in soils has been shown. The similar character of the accumulation of oil hydrocarbons, benz(a)pyrene, and heavy metals in the soils has been determined and indicates the possibility of the aerial transmission of pollutants from existing nearby sources.

The August 2, 2007, Nevelsk earthquake: Instrumental data analysis

A catalogue of aftershocks of the 2007 Nevelsk earthquake (M w = 6.2) was prepared on the basis of the data from the local network of digital seismic stations established on the southern part of Sakhalin Island. The parameters of the aftershock hypocenters were determined using the method of the seismic wave travel time inversion. The errors in the determination of the coordinates of the seismic events were analyzed. The particularities of the spatiotemporal distribution of the aftershocks in the source zone of the earthquake were established. It was shown that a strong aftershock was a subsource earthquake with its own source zone. This explains the disagreement between the energetic characteristics and the size of the aftershock zone of the Nevelsk earthquake.

Manifestations of the Nevelsk and Gornozavodsk earthquakes of 2006–2007 in the dynamics of gryphon activity of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk gas-water-lithoclastic (Mud) volcano

Mud volcanism is a specific natural phenomenon, which is very interesting for geologists, geophysicists, and people who are fond of nature. It is assumed that mud volcanoes can be indicators of geodynamic processes in the Earth’s interior and serve as forerunners of tectonic earthquakes. In this work, we present the data of field observations of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk mud volcano during the preparation period and realization of strong seismic events in the southern part of Sakhalin Island. A possible interpretation of the distinguished anomalies in the volcano activity is suggested. Mud volcanoes are natural fluid dynamics systems, in which intense transport of energy and matter from the Earth’s interior to the surface occurs. At present there is no unambiguous concept about the existence or absence of a correlation between mud volcano activity and natural seismicity. The character of such a possible correlation is also unknown: it is a precursor of a response? This ignorance is due to a lack of the necessary empirical material that can be obtained during long-term observations.

Structure and peculiarities of the seismic regime in the source zone of the Takoe earthquake on September 1, 2001 (M W 5.2)

The Takoe earthquake (M W 5.2) occurred between two en-echelon segments of the active Aprelovskii fault on September 1, 2001, and was accompanied by an earthquake swarm, which was successfully recorded by a local network of digital seismic stations located on the southern part of Sakhalin Island. Modern methods were applied to relocate the parameters of the sources for the earthquake swarm event and significantly specify their spatial distribution and relations to the structural-geological features of the complex system of interacting faults. New data on the correlation between the source mechanism and the modern geodynamic setting in the southern part of Sakhalin were obtained.

Genetic differentiation of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walbaum in the Asian part of the range

Genetic variation at 19 allozyme (including 11 polymorphic) and 10 microsatellite loci was examined in the population samples of odd- and even-broodline pink salmon from the southern part of Sakhalin Island, Southern Kuril Islands, and the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The estimates of relative interpopulation component of genetic variation over the allozyme loci, per broodline, were on average 0.43% (GST), while over the microsatellite loci it was 0.26% (the theta(ST) coefficient, F-statistics based on the allele frequency variance), and 0.90% (the rho(ST) coefficient, R-statistics based on the allele size variance). The values of interlinear component constituted 2.34, 0.31, and 1.05% of the total variation, respectively. Using the allozyme loci, statistically significant intralinear heterogeneity was demonstrated among the regions, as well as among the populations of Southern Sakhalin Island. Multivariate scaling based on the allozyme data demonstrated regional clustering of the sample groups, representing certain populations during the spawning run or in different years. Most of the microsatellite loci examined were found to be highly polymorphic (mean heterozygosity > 0.880). The estimates of interlinear, interregional, and interpopulation variation over these loci in terms of theta(ST) values were substantially lower than in terms of rho(ST) values. Regional genetic differentiation, mostly expressed at the allozyme loci among the populations from the northern and southern parts of the Sea of Okhotsk (i.e., between the Sakhalin and Kuril populations), was less expressed at the microsatellite loci. The differentiation between these regions observed can be considered as the evidence in favor of a large-scale isolation by distance characterizing Asian pink salmon. It is suggested that in pink salmon, low genetic differentiation at neutral microsatellite loci can be explained by extremely high heterozygosity,of the loci themselves, as well as by the migration gene exchange among the populations (the estimate of the genetic migration coefficient inferred from the "private" allele data constituted 2.6 to 3.4%), specifically, by the ancient migration exchange, which occurred during postglacial colonization and colonization of the range.

サハリン（樺太）島の地質と地形 珪藻化石層序によるサハリン島南部のＭａｒｕｙａｍａ層・Ｋｕｒａｓｉ層の年代と北海道天北地域の新第三系との対比

A diatom biostratigraphic study of the Maruyama Formation in the Makarov and Dolinsk areas of the southern part of Sakhalin Island indicates that its geologic time span ranges from ca. 14 Ma to 3.5 Ma or possibly younger, which is much longer than previous estimates (e.g. 9.5-5.3 Ma by Ingle, 1992). A middle Miocene age of the Kurasi Formation in the Makarov area is also given on the basis of diatoms. These results are presented with correlation to the Neogene sections in the Tenpoku area, northern Hokkaido.The diatom zones of Akiba (1986) and Yanagisawa and Akiba (1998) recognized in the Makarov area include the Denticulopsis simonsenii Subzone of the D. hyalina Zone (NPD4Bb; middle middle Miocene, 14.6/14.5-13.1 Ma) in the Kurasi Formation and the 1st Member of the lower part of the Maruyama Formation, and the D. praedimorpha Zone (NPD5B; upper middle Miocene, 12.9-11.5 Ma) in the 2nd Member of the lower part of the Maruyama Formation. In the middle part of the Maruyama Formation in the Dolinsk area, the type area for the formation, numerous specimens of reworked diatoms were observed. The youngest zone shown by those assemblages is the Thalassiosira oestrupii Subzone of the Neodenticula kamtschatica Zone (NPD7Bb; lower Pliocene, 5.5-3.9/3.5 Ma), thus the middle part of the Maruyama Formation in the Dolinsk area should be of early Pliocene or younger ages. As similar assemblages are known from the Yuchi Formation in the Tenpoku area of northern Hokkaido, which is of Pleistocene age at least in part, the middle part of the Maruyama Formation in the Dolinsk area may be Pleistocene in age, which should be tested by further studies. In addition, our re-evaluation of Sheshukova-Poretzkaya's (1967) data from the Aniva area, south of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, suggests that the formation also contains an interval correlative to the Rouxia californica Zone (NPD7A; upper upper Miocene, 7.6-6.4 Ma).The present study geochronologically constrains other geological data such as paleontology, paleomagnetism, and paleoenvironments from the studied sections and their correlative strata. The considerably long geochronologic interval represented by the Maruyama Formation suggests stratigraphic gaps within the formation, thus a further study of the formation may elucidate the history of relative sea-level changes which have localor global implications.

Recent crustal movements and the Moneron earthquake of 1971

From the results of high-precision levelling conducted in the southern part of Sakhalin Island, the dynamics of the earth's surface have been determined before the Moneron earthquake in 1971, during its numerous aftershocks and in the following periods. Great subsidence, of up to 7–8 cm, preceded the earthquake, then a 3-year period of steady state followed and at the end of this period the earthquake happened. After this event vertical movements show an inherited character related to the very recent geological structures. Horizontal displacements of the triangulation net, 50 km distant from the earthquake epicentre, were also noted; they had a northeast direction and an amplitude of 7 cm.