Southern Chernozem Research Articles

TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS FORMATION OF THE WINTER WHEAT GRAIN QUALITY UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF AGRICULTURE ENVIRONMENTALIZATION OF THE STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Wheat is the leading food grain in the global food balance. Ukraine is among the top 10 world grain producers and therefore the issue of increasing the production of high-quality, environmentally friendly grain is extremely relevant. The aim of the work was to study the influence of the system of agrotechnical measures for the greening of agriculture on the formation of technological indicators of the quality of winter wheat grain, which will make it possible to obtain high-quality environmentally friendly wheat grain in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, as well as reduce the negative pressure on the environment of modern factors of intensification of agriculture. The assessment of the quality of winter wheat grain was carried out according to such technological indicators as the protein content, the quantity and quality of gluten, the falling number, the weight of 1000 grains and bulk density. The experiments were carried out in a grain-rowed short-rotation 5-field crop rotation with alternating crops: peas – winter wheat – corn – sunflower – winter barley. The soil of the experimental plot is southern chernozem, low-humus, medium-thick, difficult loamy in the forest. The conducted studies have shown that the quality of grain changes both from the system of the main soil cultivation in the crop rotation, and from the use of spreaders of by-products of the predecessor, and the influence of these factors manifested itself depending on the weather conditions over the years of research in different ways. The best result with the element of biologization of agriculture was obtained with the use of the biodestructor Cellulad 2 l/ha, which significantly improves the technological indicators of the quality of winter wheat grain. So, on average, over the years of research, the best grain was obtained in the variant with a system of no-till multi-depth tillage against the background of the introduction of the biodegradable Cellulad 2 l/ha with the protein content of 12.6%, the crude gluten content of 23.4%, the gluten quality indicator according to its deformation index is 82.2 conventional units of the VDC device and the falling number of 334.3 s. With the introduction of additional nitrogen N10 per 1 ton of by-products, as an energy material for the efficient decomposition of organic matter by soil microorganisms, an increase in the quality of winter wheat grain is also observed, but the results are inferior to the best option. Carrying out a moisture-saving system of a non-linear mid-depth basic tillage increases the action of a biodestructor in the conditions of the arid Southern Steppe of Ukraine.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF DURUM WHEAT CULTIVATION IN THE ZONE OF THE CHERNOZEM SOUTHERN IN THE LOWER VOLGA REGION

The conducted research allowed us to identify new approaches in the technology of improving the cultivation of durum wheat in the southern chernozem zone, which are aimed not only at increasing the yield and quality characteristics of this crop, but also to show new ways to preserve and increase soil fertility. In experimental surveys, both zoned varieties of spring (Krasnokutka 13 - control, Don elegy) and winter (Aksinite and Agate of the Don) durum wheat were studied. The experimental part was carried out in 2018...2021 on the territory of the farm "Eliseev A.N.", which is located in the chernozem zone of the southern Mikhailovsky district of the Volgograd region. The norms of mineral nutrition for yields of 2.00, 4.00 and 6.00 t/ha were calculated. The long-term experience has shown that biofertilizers (Benefit +, Gumi 20) can compete with mineral nutrition to obtain a given yield of durum wheat. The use of biofertilizer Gumi 20 contributed to a yield of 3.11 t / ha in the Don Elegia variety, and in winter durum wheat Axinite up to 3.73 t / ha. The highest yield level has Axinite), which amounted to 5.96 t/ha (with a planned yield of 6.00 t/ha). On the spring durum wheat variety, the maximum yield was achieved in the Don Elegia variety (5.03 t/ha) on the Gumi 20+N221P87K135 variant.

The treatment of potato tubers with growth stimulants during planting contributes to an early harvest

Relevance. Potatoes occupy a dominant place in the Republic of Ingushetia, along with grain crops and feed production. And the use of growth stimulators makes it possible to regulate the process of growth and development in a more targeted way, as well as to use the potentials of potato varieties more fully.Methods. The studies were carried out in 2018–2020. on the southern chernozems in the conditions of the peasant farm «Khashagulgov A.T.» (Yandare, Republic of Ingushetia). The object of research: potato varieties Juvel anResults. The treatment of tubers with growth stimulants during potato planting contributed to an increase in the number of both stems and tubers. The largest number of stems of the Juvel variety was noted when treated with Biodux growth stimulants and nettle infusion, respectively, 5.2 pcs. and 5.0 pcs. per plant, which is 20% higher than in the control variant. The Ramona variety had the following values: in the control variant, the number of stems was 4.2, the number of tubers was 10.8 pcs., which, respectively, was 1.2 pcs. and 5.5 pcs. less than when using the Biodux growth stimulator, and by 1.0 pcs. and 4.8 pcs. less than when using nettle infusion. The highest value of the average weight of the tops of the Juvel variety was also noted when using Biodux growth stimulants (15.7 t/ha) and nettle infusion — 16.2 t/ha. Such a value of the mass of the tops when using nettle infusion can be explained by the bushiness of the Juvel variety.The treatment of tubers with growth stimulators during potato planting had a beneficial effect on the height, the number of main stems and the aboveground mass of plants, and ultimately on the yield in all variants of the experiment, especially those treated with nettle Infusion and Biodux.

NITROGEN FEEDING OF WINTER PEAS AT THE SPRING VEGETATION RE-COVERY STAGE

In a field experiment from 2020–2023 on the southern chernozems of the Odessa region of Ukraine, we studied the effect of the doses and timing of mineral nitrogen application when growing winter peas on the tuberization process and crop productivity. Mineral nitrogen in doses of 30, 45 and 60 kg/ha in the form of ammonium nitrate was applied in different development phases of winter peas under seedbed cultivation: foliar top dressing with urea solutions during the resumption of spring vegetation, the budding phase and the beginning of grain filling. Winter pea of the Enduro variety was sown annually on October 20, with a row spacing of 15 cm and a rate of 1.2 million germinating seeds per hectare. The previous crop was winter wheat. The conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine for winter sown peas were shown for the first time. The introduction of mineral nitrogen at a rate of 30–60 kg/ha into the soil during sowing inhibited the formation of nodules from the active spring growth phase. The mass of nodules on the roots of pea plants decreased by 30–50% compared to the control variant without nitrogen application. The same norms of mineral nitrogen introduced in early spring during the resumption of vegetation on the leaf in the form of aqueous solutions did not have a negative impact on tuberization. The correlation coefficient between the dose of mineral nitrogen and the number and weight of nodules did not exceed 0.37, indicating a weak relationship between these indicators. The share of influence of mineral nitrogen norms did not exceed 13.7%. With this method of application, the nitrogen content in the vegetative mass of winter peas exceeded the control variant by 18–27%.

Influence of soil tillage minimization on the density of southern chernozem in conditions of the dry steppe of the Southern Urals

Article presents the results of studies on the effect of minimizing the main tillage on the bulk density of southern chernozem in the conditions of the dry steppe of the Southern Urals. Influence of the system of annual shallow tillage (Mini-till) and direct sowing technologies (No-till) on the density of the root layer and the general porosity of the soil during the cultivation of spring wheat was studied. It was revealed that the absence of soil loosening for several years leads to its compaction above the optimal values for most grain crops. The condition for the application of No-till technology has been determined - the formation of a layer of plant mlch, which loosens the top layer of soil to a depth of up to 15 cm and excludes its overcompaction. Absence of the influence of fine tillage on the density of the root layer of the soil was revealed, its role in the fight against weeds and the creation of technological conditions for sowing was confirmed. The compaction limit of the southern chernozem and its equilibrium density in the 15-40 cm horizon were determined.

Efficiency of use of the modern gene pool in the production of cereals and legumes

The authors in the article provided data on the use of different varieties and hybrids of cereals and legumes. The experiments were carried out in the forest steppe of the Novosibirsk Priobya region in 2020–2022. The studies were conducted on the leached chernozem of the Praktik EEF (Educational and Experimental Farm) of the Novosibirsk Region and CJSC Livestock Breeding Farm Irmen of the Ordynsky District Novosibirsk Region. Also, the authors conducted experiments in the steppe zone on the southern chernozem of Nadezhda LLC of the Bagansky district and on grey forest medium loamy soil of the Education and Production Farm (EPF) “Garden of Michurintsev” in Novosibirsk. The research aims to study the efficiency of using the modern gene pool of grain and leguminous crops in different zones of Western Siberia. The authors found that West Siberian selection soybean varieties had higher growth and development rates than the Doka standard for 4-6 days. During studies with F1 hybrids of corn, the authors also note increased indicators of biometric parameters: plant height, green mass, and cob weight - by 20% of the Ross 140 F1 standard. High yield parameters of corn grain on the leached chernozem of the forest-steppe zone (EEF Praktik) of hybrids Ross 199 F1 - 10.2, KS-178 F1 and Krasnodar 194 F1 - 9.79 t/ha were revealed, exceeding the Ross 140 F1 standard by 40– 47%. Corn grains of hybrids F1 Ross 199 - 6.03 t/ha, Krasnodar 194 - 5.67 and KS-178 - 5.52 t/ha differed in yield with an excess of the standard by 54% on the southern chernozem of the steppe zone of Nadezhda LLC The maximum yield of corn grain is in the hybrid F1 Kuban 101 and Katerina - at 9 t/ha on the leached chernozem of CJSC Irmen stud farm. The maximum yield of soybean grain is 3.44 t/ha for SibNIIK-9 and Gorinskaya on leached chernozem, which is higher than the standard for Doka by 67 and 57%. SibNIIK-9, Omskaya 4, and Gorinskaya were distinguished on grey forest medium loamy soil. The variety of the Far Eastern selection Alena and the early ripening varieties of the RRIO collection (All-Russian Research Institute of Oilseeds, named after V. S. Pustovoit, Krasnodar): Barguzin, Lira, Sonata, and Puma, had a developed above-ground mass and low grain productivity. It was statistically determined that the genotype determined the yield of corn grain by 39%, conditions of the year - by 25%, and interaction of factors - by 20%. In experiments with soybean on leached and southern chernozem, the grain yield depended on the genotype by 42%, the conditions of the year - by 27% and the interaction of factors - by 16%, on grey forest medium loamy soil, respectively, 47; 30 and 22%.

Изменение активности каталазы в почвах Крыма при загрязнении мазутом

The change in the activity of catalase in the main soils of the Crimean Peninsula under the contamination with fuel oil was estimated. It has been established that with an increase in the degree of soil contamination with fuel oil, the activity of catalase decreases. A series of resistance of the main soils of the Crimea to fuel oil pollution was built according to the activity of catalase (soils are arranged as their resistance decreases): brown leached red-colored (73) > incompletely developed chernozems (65) = brown calcareous (65) > dark chestnut solonetzic ( 60) ≥ brown forest slightly unsaturated (55) ≥ chernozems of residual carbonate (51) = southern chernozems (51). The established sequence is determined by the degree of structure and biological activity of soils, which affect the oxidative conditions and the rate of destruction of fuel oil in the soil.

Effect of mineral fertilizers, forecrops and soil-climatic conditions on millet productivity in steppe zone of the Southern Urals

The research was carried out on southern chernozems in arid conditions of the Orenburg Urals in 2002-2021. The influence of agrometeorological conditions of the growing season, spring reserves of soil moisture and nutrients, cellulolytic activity of microorganisms, content of organic matter, humus and acidity in the soil after applying mineral fertilizers on increasing productivity of millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) cv. Orenburg 9 were studied. The soil and millet crops were selected as the object of research. The work uses field, thermastatic-weight, ionometric, Machigin, application-weight, Tyurin, dispersion and statistical methods of research. Field experiments were performed in four-field, two-field crop rotations and continuous cropping according to the following scheme: 1) Sowing after durum wheat in the aftereffect of black fallow (control); 2) Sowing after common wheat in the aftereffect of black fallow; 3) Sowing after common wheat in the aftereffect of soil-protective fallow; 4) Sowing after common wheat in the aftereffect of sideral fallow; 5) Sowing after durum wheat; 6) Millet continuous cropping. It was revealed that the studied factors in the experiment increased millet productivity under two-field crop rotation with durum wheat after fertilizers application. Compared to the control, the maximum increase of grain yield was after using ammophos complex fertilizer (N40P40) - by 0.45 tons; feed units - 0.44; energy units - 0.26 and feed protein units - 0.24 t/ha. The best effect on increasing productivity was provided by: July precipitation - 28.05 %, spring reserves of productive moisture in 0-30 cm soil layer -- 25.96 %; in 0-100 cm - 20.86 %, nitrate content - 71.80 %, phosphorus - 38.05 %, potassium - 33.07 %, microbial activity (cellulose decomposition) - 62.32 % (p 0.05) compared to the control. The highest organic matter content (17.6 %) and humus (3.5 %) in soil and neutral acidity (pH = 7.0) create favorable conditions for growing millet after durum wheat. As a result of research on other crops, it was found that these factors do not affect yield increase. Positive results of the influence of factors can be useful in increasing millet productivity.

Transformation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in southern chernozem with prolonged use of mineral fertilizers

In the conditions of a long stationary experiment conducted in the Saratov region on the Southern Chernozem, it was found that for eight rotations of a six-field grain-pair crop rotation (48 years) in the variant without fertilization, carbon losses from the 0-40 cm layer were the highest. Fertilizers N32P16K7 and N38P13K8 per 1 ha of crop rotation area reduced its losses by 29-32%. When applying N54P17K7, an increase in the migration of organic carbon into the underlying layer of 40-100 cm was noted. The total nitrogen content in the control decreased by 8.7% compared to the initial data. The introduction of N15P13K8 and N38P13K8 per 1 ha of crop rotation area contributed to the preservation of nitrogen compounds in the humus layer of the soil. The content of total phosphorus in both non-fertilized and fertilized soil has changed slightly over 48 years of research. Systematic application of fertilizers led to an increase in the fraction of calcium phosphates.

The influence of field crop rotations on the contamination of crops in the conditions of the Kostanay region

The research was carried out in order to study the influence of precursors of agricultural crops cultivated in grain and fruit-bearing crop rotations using No-till system with elements of precision farming on the contamination of crops in the conditions of southern chernozems of Kostanay region. Two types of crop rotations were studied – 4-pole grain-steam (steam – wheat – wheat – wheat) and 4-pole fruit-bearing (peas – wheat-oilseed flax – wheat). On each crop rotation crop, variants with different levels of mineral nutrition were laid-without fertilizers (control) and P15. All records and observations were carried out according to standard methods. A correlation of an average degree was established between the clogging of crops by full shoots in the grain-pair crop rotation and wheat yield (dyx=0.40), as well as between the clogging of crops before harvesting in the fruit-bearing crop rotation and the yield of cultivated crops (dyx=0.49). A decrease in clogging was revealed in the grain-steam crop rotation on the second wheat after steam (12.7-12.9 pcs./m2), in the fruit-bearing crop rotation – on wheat after peas (15.9-38.4 pcs./m2). The use of herbicides in the grain-steam crop rotation on the first wheat after steam made it possible to obtain an increase in yield on the control – 0.18 t/ha and on the P15 variant – 0.20 t/ha. In the fruit-bearing crop rotation, a high increase was noted on the variant of sowing peas – 0.36 t/ha (control) and 0.48 t/ha (P15).

Influence of Parallel Driving Systems and Differentiated Fertilizer Application on the Efficiency of Using Machine and Tractor Units in the Southern Chernozem of North Kazakhstan

The article presents the results of evaluating the effectiveness of the use of modern electronic driving systems for machine-tractor units in the precision farming system and comparative tests of a new cultivator-fertilizer for shallow non-moldboard cultivation and subsoil differentiated application of mineral fertilizers in the fallow field of southern chernozems of the northern region of Kazakhstan. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, near and far abroad, technical means for subsoil application to a depth of more than 14 cm with a differentiated application system for non-moldboard processing are not produced. Therefore, such work has not been carried out, which does not allow evaluating the effectiveness of the use of modern electronic systems for driving aggregates and differentiated application of fertilizers for flat-cutting cultivation on the southern chernozems of the northern region of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the tests is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of modern electronic driving systems for machine-tractor units in the precision farming system.

Формирование структуры влагообмена зоны аэрации орошаемого поля в условиях присутствия капиллярной каймы в толще грунта

Purpose: scientific and technical substantiation of water balance components of an irrigated field in the particular case of the connection of an aquifer and aeration zone through a capillary fringe. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in Pobeda LLC, Bagaevsky district, Elkin farm in 2018 and 2019. When organizing studies, an integrated approach was used: stationary and experimental plots were used. The climatic conditions of the research objects correspond to the semi-arid steppe zone, the soils are southern chernozems. Results. As a result of processing the field experience data, it was determined that for the conditions of an average dry year in the last third of May, the water table occurrence, calculated according to the radiation balance, is at a depth of 1.0 m, the average daily water consumption is 6.5 mm, groundwater feeding – 2.9 mm, and at a depth of 1.5 and 2.0 m – 2.0 and 1.25 mm, respectively. For the conditions of an average year in the phase of the beginning of alfalfa flowering (in the first days of June), the average daily water consumption is 5 mm, and groundwater recharge is 2.2; 1.38 and 0.81 mm at a depth of groundwater level of 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 m respectively. The values of water consumption are obtained from the heat balance equation of the active surface, the dynamics of moisture exchange elements in the aeration zone of an irrigated alfalfa field, a comparative assessment of the evaporation obtained by the following methods is given: radiation balance (accuracy 0.89), N. N. Ivanov (accuracy 0.68) and the modified model of S. I. Kharchenko (accuracy 0.88), with the corresponding mathematical processing (coefficient of variation, dispersion, deviation) by the sum of accumulated effective temperatures compared with the actual data. Conclusions: as a reference method, the method of determining the evapotranspiration of agricultural crops according to the radiation balance should be used; the implementation of the required model according to S. I. Kharchenko makes it possible to increase the accuracy of determining the desired value by 30 % compared to the determination model according to N. N. Ivanov.

О трансформации контуров капельного увлажнения почвы в постполивной период

Purpose: to determine special features of changes in the geometric and moisture parameters of the soil drip moisture contours after irrigation. Materials and methods. The basis for generalizations on the dynamics of moisture contours transformation was the results of field studies conducted on three experimental plots, the top soil of which is represented by medium-thick southern chernozem, characterized by the content of physical clay Wг equal to 45.0; 52.5 and 70.2 % by dry soil weight. Measurements of contour parameters were carried out in 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours after completion of drip irrigation during post-irrigation period. Results and discussion. An analysis of the shape and geometric dimensions of the contours and internal contour isopleths, recorded in post-irrigation periods of different duration, made it possible to determine the qualitative features of their change over time. An increase of the linear, areal and volumetric dimensions of moisture contours over a certain time period, stabilization and their subsequent decrease, up to the complete contour drawdown, has been defined. Of all the variety of factors influencing the process of contour transformation, soil conditions determined by soil granulometry are considered as the main ones. An empirical dependence that describes the functional relationship between the linear parameters of the contours, the content of physical clay in the moistened soil profile, and the duration of the post-irrigation period has been obtained. Conclusions. Based on the field study data, the qualitative-quantitative parameters of transformation of the drip soil moisture contours in the post-irrigation period, typical for southern chernozems of medium-thick light clay, medium and heavy loam, were determined. The predicted parameters of drip soil moisture contours were compared with the known data, allowing to make a conclusion about their acceptability for practical application in the development of drip irrigation regimes for agricultural lands.

Роль и динамика инфильтрации в структуре влагообмена зоны аэрации орошаемого поля

Purpose: scientific and technical substantiation of the water balance components of an irrigated field in the particular case of connecting an aquifer and an aeration zone through a capillary fringe. Materials and methods. The research was carried out at Pobeda LLC, Bagaevsky district, Elkin farmstead, in 2018 and 2019. When organizing the research, an integrated approach was used: stationary and experimental sites were used. The climatic conditions of the research objects correspond to the semi-arid steppe zone, the soils are southern chernozems. Results. As a result of processing data from field experience, it was determined that with infiltration varying from 0.183 to 1.915 mm: the average daily water supply ranged from 0.8 to 7.33 mm/day; relative moisture reserves – from 0.61 to 1.20; average daily air temperature – from 8.0 to 23.0 °C; average daily air humidity deficit – from 2.1 to 12.0 mbar; average daily evaporation – from 1.3 to 7.34 mm/day. The correlation analysis determined that, according to the correlation coefficient, the infiltration value has the greatest correlation – 0.86 and 0.63 with water supply (M + P) and relative moisture reserves (W0), respectively; the smallest – 0.28; 0.38 and 0.37 with temperature (t), air humidity deficit (dφ) and evaporation (Eω), respectively. In turn, the multifactor correlation analysis determined that the formation of the infiltration runoff volume in the system of vertical moisture exchange of an irrigated field has the greatest connection with a paired change in the values of water supply and relative moisture reserves. Conclusions: infiltration of irrigation water and atmospheric precipitation beyond the root layer is determined by the obtained empirical dependence, is observed when the moisture reserves of this layer exceed the moisture reserves corresponding to the minimum moisture capacity and water supply, and has the greatest close relationship according to the coefficient of multiple determination (R²) 81 % (multiple correlation coefficient R = 0.899) with changes in these two factors.

Влияние минеральных удобрений на формирование зерна кукурузы на каштановых почвах Волгоградской области

The article presents materials on the effect of mineral fertilizers on the formation of corn grain when cultivated on chestnut soils in the Volgograd region. When corn is grown for grain, on the southern chernozems of the Volgograd region under irrigation, the limiting factor is the content of nutrients in the soil. This is evidenced by the high responsiveness of corn to the applied mineral fertilizers. Corn differs from most annual cereals in its thick stalk, tall growth and powerful large leaves. In the dynamics of nutrients, under corn crops, the following pattern was observed: the content of nitrates in the soil increased until the corn flowering phase, then it decreased due to their consumption during flowering and filling; the content of easily hydrolysable nitrogen increased in the soil before the isolation of the corn grain. The results of our research showed that corn is a very demanding crop for nitrogen. The daily need for nitrogen in the heading-flowering phase is about 1.6 kg. Half of the amount of nitrogen required was absorbed during the fundamental phase of corn growth and development. There were no distinctive features in the presence of available phosphorus in hybrid crops in the initial stages. The content of potassium in the soil in the post-harvest period in the variants without fertilization decreased by 2 times compared to its content before sowing, while in the variants with the use of specified doses of mineral fertilizers, this decrease was 24% on average for the variants. The purpose of the research was to substantiate the influence of agricultural practices, under conditions of regular irrigation against the background of the calculated background of mineral fertilizers, on the cultivation of domestic corn hybrids.

Палеогеографічні та фізико-хімічні дослідження ґрунту в межах античного полісу Ольвія

The publication presents the results of the palaeosols study within the antic polis of Olvia, which was located within the Dnieper-Bug estuary near the modern village of Parutino (Mykolaiv region). Field palaeogeographic research was conducted here in 2007 (Zh. Matviishyna, O. Parkhomenko) and in 2021 (A. Kushnir). During the archaeological research, several soil profiles were investigated, their macromorphological analysis was made, and soil samples were taken. The micromorphological analysis and soil analysis were carried out for the content of biogenic elements along genetic horizons at the stage of laboratory research. The results of the palaeopedological analysis indicate that full-profile Chestnut soils salinized or Salinized soils were formed on the watersheds, and on the lower terraces in the South Bug River valley – dark Chestnut salinized soils or Southern chernozems salinized. The physical-chemical composition of the soil is demonstrated primarily its alkaline character and relatively homogeneous concentration of individual chemical elements. General palaeopedology research indicates that soil cover could be a favourable factor in urbanization processes in this area in Classical Antiquity.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СРОКОВ ПОСЕВА НА ЗАСОРЁННОСТЬ И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ЧЕЧЕВИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ СЕВЕРНОГО КАЗАХСТАНА

The purpose of the work is to study the timing of sowing lentils in the southern chernozems of Kostanay region when the optimal temperature regime of the soil is reached, their effect on the contamination of crops and crop yield. The research was carried out in 2021-2022 at the experimental field of «Agricultural Experimental Station «Zarechnoye» LLP (Kostanay region, Republic of Kazakhstan). The experiment studied the timing of sowing lentils – May 22 (control), May 25, May 27, May 31. The predecessor is spring wheat. The technology of tillage is No-till. There is a tendency to decrease the level of contamination of lentil crops in the phase of full germination, as the sowing dates are postponed from early to late. Thus, the total number of weeds during sowing on May 30 is reduced by 5 times compared to the control variant (May 22) – 18.5 pcs/ m2. The growing season of lentils in 2021 was 82-84 days, in 2022 – 80-83 days. On average, the highest yield of lentils was obtained when sowing on May 27 – 11.17 c/ha, which is higher than the control by 1.01 c/ha.

МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИЕ МОДЕЛИ ВЫНОСА ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ПИТАНИЯ РАСТЕНИЯМИ КАПУСТЫ БЕЛОКОЧАННОЙ ПОЗДНЕЙ НА КАПЕЛЬНОМ ПОЛИВЕ

The article is devoted to the development of models for the removal of nutrients, namely nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, by the crop of late white cabbage on drip irrigation. The initial data for constructing the models were the results of field experiments conducted at the Scientific and Production Complex "Agrocenter" of the Saratov State Agrarian University on the average loamy southern chernozem typical of the Saratov Right Bank steppe in 2014, 2016 and 2017. with variety Amager 611 and hybrid Kolobok F1 Linear regression dependences of the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in kilograms of active substance per ton of heads of cabbage from the total water consumption and irrigation rate, as well as the yield of the studied crop are presented. In addition, the article gives multiple linear regression dependences of removal nutrients from the irrigation rate and the yield of cabbage, which are developed according to joint data for the Amager 611 variety and the Kolobok F1 hybrid, that is, they can be used for late white cabbage on drip irrigation without regard to its varietal characteristics . All of the above models have a high level of reliability and are the basis for designing systems for applying mineral fertilizers for late white cabbage, as well as for calculating approximate balances of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and assessing the environmental feasibility of applied agricultural technologies i of their impact on the effective fertility of irrigated soils.

Approaches to the development of environmental standards for the content of petroleum hydrocarbons and Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni in soils of Greatest Caucasus

<p>The development of tourism and leisure infrastructure results in a continuous increase of anthropogenic impact on soils of wet and dry subtropics of the Greatest Caucasus. It is very important for the region to preserve the sustainable functions of soils and ecosystems, maintain a comfortable life and recreation environment create environmentally friendly agricultural products. It is conducted studies to determine the limits of resistance of soils in wet and dry sub-tropics to priority pollutants, especially petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni). It was found that the soils of wet and dry subtropics for resistance by Pb, Cr, Cu, and Ni are located as follows: south-ern chernozem > typical sod-carbonate soil ≥ brown typical soil ≥ brown carbonate soil = brown leached soil ≥ leached sod-carbonate soil = yellow soil >acid brown forest soil ≥ acid brown forest podzolized soil. In terms of the degree of resistance to oil pollution, studied soils create certain series: brown carbonate ≥ brown typical = sod-carbonate leached ≥ sod-carbonate typical > southern chernozem ≥ yellow soil ≥ brown leached soil > acid brown forest soil = acid brown forest podzolized soil. Heavy metals by ecotoxicity to the soils of wet and dry subtropics from the following series: Cr> Cu ≥ Ni = Pb. Based on the degradation of ecological functions of soils, we offer regional standards of the maximum permissible content of Pb, Cr, Cu, and Ni for the main soils of wet and dry subtropics.</p>

Influence of polymer modification of complex fertilizer on the efficiency of phosphorus and potassium use by winter wheat on the southern chernozem

In modern conditions of unprecedented challenges, an alternative to the technological degradation of fertilizer application systems can be the development of original forms of long-acting fertilizers. Despite significant progress in the adaptation of progressive systems of agrochemical impacts, the use of traditional forms of mineral fertilizers does not allow using the full potential of the introduced nutrients, since the processes of incomplete denitrification, immobilization and leaching (leaching) of the main macronutrients (NPK), along with the action of urease, lead to unproductive loss of nutrients in the soil. In addition to economic losses, there are negative environmental consequences – eutrophication of water bodies, emission of greenhouse gases. The studies were carried out in 2022 under production conditions in the Kursk district of the Stavropol Territory on the farm of “StavAgroCom” on southern carbonate chernozem. As a modifier of mineral fertilizers, one of the most common synthetic polymers, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), was used. The polymer consumption rate was 3, 5 and 7 kg per 1 ton of fertilizer. Yield growth was positively correlated with the dose of polymer in the fertilizer. The analysis of soil properties was carried out by the method of principal components. The resulting clustering in the coordinates of the first two components (in total they explain 65% of the data variation) shows significant differences in soil properties under different experimental options. To assess the efficiency of the use of nutrients depending on the dose of the polymer, a differential indicator was proposed – the additional efficiency of the use of nutrients (E). It was estimated from the increase in yield relative to the zero dose of the polymer per unit reduction in the concentration of this element in the soil according to the proposed formula. It is shown that the polymer use in fertilizer gives a statistically significant increase in the efficiency of phosphorus and potassium use by winter wheat.