THE subject of this essay is in its detailed aspects of quite minor and local importance, but in that physical, economic and political factors influencing industrial location are here to be seen both in combination and conflict, it is not without some interest at a time when State interference in industrial location is being so much discussed. In the West Riding of Yorkshire the two great industries of wool textile manufacture and coal mining occupy very widespread areas. To the north of the river Calder the textile area overlaps that of coal mining to the extent of at least 10 miles. To the south of that river, on the other hand, there is a very abrupt eastward cessation of the textile industry, along a line which is closely coincident with the present westward limit of the South Yorkshire coalfield. This break in the nature of industrial activity is all the more remarkable because of its further coincidence with a physical line, the CalderDearne waterparting. The line of division is marked on the accompanying sketch-map. It runs southward from the Calder, near Thornhill, and is formed, as far south as Emley village, by the ridge-top of the oldest, westward-facing, sandstonecapped escarpment of the Middle Coal Measures, which flanks the main Pennine axis to the west. So far this geological line acts as a secondary water? parting, but south of Emley the two physical features diverge, the Middle Coal Measures outcrop turning eastwards, while the waterparting continues southward onto the Lower Coal Measures. The ridge, formed where the two features are coincident, rises as high as 500 feet above the subsequent Burton valley to the west. Its scarp-slope is dissected by small obsequent streams which join Fenay Beck. Its dip-slope bears consequent streams which in the north reach the Calder, and in the south flow into the Dearne. The break in the nature of the industrial activity is quite visible as one crosses the physical line. The textile area to the west still bears evidence of former mining of the Lower Coal Measures outcrops, but, since the exhaustion of the thin seams late last century, mining has migrated eastwards to the younger outcrops of the Middle Coal, and the villages of Burton valley are now com? pletely dominated by their textile mills. East of the divide on the contrary, mills are absent, and pit-head winding wheels are the typical industrial features scattered between the much less populous villages. Statistically the industrial break is clearly shown by the 1931 census figures, even though they fail to indicate the daily migration of male miners and female textile workers in opposite directions across the line of division. Emley has 324 miners and 89 textile workers, Flockton 340 and 89, Whitley 174 and 52. Actually these 230 millgirls all travel several miles daily to their work, for the three villages now contain no source of textile employment. To the west of the divide, on the other hand, Lepton has 400 textile workers and 243 miners, Kirkburton 450 and 254, Shelley 200 and 83, Shepley 200