Southeastern Borderland Research Articles

On several formally similar words used by Poles living in the Lviv region

The article aims at presenting and discussing several similar words with different meanings in Polish dialects, yet commonly known and used by Polish speakers in the South-Eastern Borderlands. Dictionary research and extensive material documentation show that the words hurba, hurma, ujma are well embedded in the vocabulary resources of respondents who use southern Polish in the South-Eastern Borderlands on a daily basis. Centuries of Polish–Ukrainian contacts have influenced a number of linguistic processes. Direct contacts among the bilingual population enabled a gradual, mutual, usually relatively unconscious acquisition of various linguistic features (including dialectal ones), especially when it comes to vocabulary. Keywords: Polish language in the South-Eastern Borderlands – etymology – lexical borrowings.

Perspectives on Kurdish International Relations: ­Cross-border Kurdish agency between Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan

This paper analyses the specific transitional, cross-border, transnational characteristics of the Kurds from different theoretical perspectives, highlighting an application of one of these perspectives through a case study. It first outlines the possible analytical perspectives on the Kurds, emphasising the analytical value of borderland studies. Focusing on the political, economic, social, and governmental processes of the borderlands enlarges the scope of international relations and enables closer cooperation among different social sciences. The paper concludes with an illustrative case study on the importance of the study of borderland by exploring the rapprochement between the Iraqi Kurds and Turkey in the mid-2000s. The main question discussed is how the southeastern borderland of Turkey shaped Ankara’s stance towards the Kurdish question and the country’s political and economic relations with the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Beyond this bottom-up approach, the paper highlights the agency of the Kurds in developing positive relations between Turkey and the KRI.

The Military Aspect of Acculturation of the South-Eastern Frontier: the Service of “Foreigners” in the Russian Empire in the 18th — 19th Centuries

The frontier approach in the study of the acculturation process makes it possible to determine the basic features of the formation and development of the regions of the south-eastern borderland within the framework of the entry of non-Russian peoples into the development system of the imperial outskirts and the empire as a whole. The analysis of the main activities of the organization of military service of such peoples as Tatars, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Kalmyks leads to the fact that the service of “foreigners” in the army of the Russian Empire was a significant component of the acculturation policy and allowed attempts to diplomatically build trusting relations of nomadic peoples with the central government. The government was interested in integrating “foreigners” into the imperial system, legally securing the rights and duties of representatives of peoples as full-fledged subjects, investing in the development of national suburbs, creating upward mobility.

Gwarowe nazwy wyrobów ze świniobicia w języku mieszkańców kilku wsi rejonu mościskiego

The subject of the article is the dialectal names of products prepared after pig slaughter presented against the background of the language spoken by Poles in the south-eastern borderlands. My analyses revolve around the dynamics of change to food names. The aim of the article is to present a selected group of lexemes attributed to one of the subfields of dialectal culinary vocabulary, to draw attention to the meaning of names, their origin and motivation (partly also to the formal shape), as well as to discuss the nomination mechanisms. The research is based on own field materials collected in this area.

(Proto)nazwiska polskich Ormian na podstawie rzymskokatolickich ksiąg metrykalnych z Kresów Południowo-Wschodnich (XVII-XIX wiek)

(PROTO)SURNAMES OF POLISH ARMENIANS BASED ON ROMAN CATHOLIC PARISH REGISTERS FROM SOUTHEASTERN BORDERLANDS (17TH-19TH CENTURIES): SELECTED ISSUESThe article is based on excerpts from Roman Catholic parish registers in Brzeżany, Kołomyja, Obertyn, and Żółkiew, serving as a significant source for anthroponymic studies of Polish Armenians. Criteria for including the collected anthroponyms in the study were defined: besides undisputed cases where the ethnicity of a person was indicated in the entry, other criteria of being Armenian were also taken into account – confessional (notes about the Armenian rite) and anthroponymic (the form of the name or surname used by Armenians). The dictionary includes 69 (proto)surnames covered in 63 entries.

Świadomość językowa mieszkańców Górnego Śląska przesiedlonych z dawnych województw południowo-wschodnich Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej

The paper considers attitudes towards varieties of Polish on the example of people born in the former southeastern provinces of the Second Republic of Poland and forced to emigrate after the Second World War to Upper Silesia. These people are a language community that represents the dual identity of culture and language. Their first identity was formed on the Polish-Ukrainian borderland during the childhood and adolescence period. However, these people are part of the Upper Silesian speech community. They are strongly professionally and privately bound to the region.
 The paper is based on interviews with 33 people conducted at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. All of interviewers had secondary or higher education. The analysis refers to the opinions of respondents about the role of language in their own lives and in the activities of the displaced persons community. This work examines the social evaluation of variants and feelings that the language invokes, in particular, the Polish spoken in the former southeastern borderland compared to the Silesian dialect. It may be concluded that elements of the pre-war dialect of the city of Lviv constituted for these people an indicator of belonging to the community whereas the Silesian dialect was treated with reserve.

TRACES OF UKRAINIAN/RUTHENIAN LANGUAGE INFLUENCES IN HISTORICAL ANTHROPONYMY OF LWÓW/LVIV ARMENIANS (FROM 17TH AND THE 18TH CENTURIES)

The main topic of this article are traces of Ukrainian/Ruthenian language influences in historical anthroponymy of Lwów/Lviv Armenians. The research material was excerpted from parish registers of the Armenian Cathedral of Lwów from 1635 to 1732.
 Lwów/Lviv was one of the most important centres of the Armenian diaspora (with most inhabitants on the Polish South-Eastern Borderlands). The first Armenians appeared in Lwów in the 14th century; from the 16th to the 18th century a new Armenian wave of migrants arrived.
 The first medieval immigrants spoke Kipczak (Armeno-Kipczak), but wrote is using the Armenian alphabet; later, immigrants spoke Armenian (Western Armenian). Armenians were gradually Slavicized (mainly Polonized).
 The analysis of the collected material showed that the antroponymic system of the Armenians residing in Lwów/Lviv contains features Ukrainian (Ruthenian) anthroponymy too. Ukrainian influences were also noted in terms of phonetics and morphology (suffixation).
 The variety of first names in the documents studied covers 17 male names (20 together with the names morphologically derived from the personal name) and 8 female names (10 together with the names morphologically derived from the personal name).
 Ukrainian names of Lwów/Lviv Armenians were predominantly Christian tradition, e.g.: male – Andrij (Андрій); Hryhor(ij) (Григор(ій); Serhij (Сергій); female – Kateryna/Kataryna (Катерина); Sofija (Софія); Warwara (Варвара). Few of them were pre-Christian names: two-part name Bohdan (Богдан) and proprialized appellative Hołub (< голуб "pigeon, dove").The material noted the derivated forms of full names too, e.g.: Nastka (Настка) < Anastasija (А)настасія); Iwaszko (Івашко) < Iwan (Іван).
 Basing on the material there have been distinguished 32 surnames (including rudiments of surnames).
 Among the family names most anthroponyms were anthroponymically underived (62,5%), e.g. Kohut (< когут "rooster, cock"); Krawec (< кравець "tailor"); *Wasyl (< Василь "Basil").
 The share of surnames anthroponymically derived it was 37,5%; surnames of such type were formed with the use of the following formants: -owicz/-ewicz (75%), e.g. Łatynowicz (< латина "Latin"); Stepanowic(z) (< Степан "Stephen/Steven"); -enko, e.g. Z(o)łotenko (< золото "gold", золотий "gold; golden").

Podstawy organizacji Zakładu Naukowego Fundacji Wiktora hr. Baworowskiego w Tarnopolu: lokalizacja – budynek – personel

Count Wiktor Baworowski planned to establish a Research Institute in Tarnopol to serve as an educational institution for the community of the south-eastern borderlands of the Republic of Poland. Therefore, the Executive Council undertook to organise a library and a museum in Tarnopol to aid popular science, self-education and popularisation of Polish culture among local residents. This article analyses the undertaken organisational work. An important stage was the selection of the library building; Baworowski left detailed plans for its construction and equipment. Finally, a decision was made to adapt the rooms of the so-called new castle in Tarnopol. The staff of the facility was also carefully selected: the library was organised by Tadeusz Landenberger, while Leon Popiel became the manager of the library and the museum. The Institute was supervised by the director of the Baworovianum in Lvov - Rudolf Kotula.

Genocide in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 1943–1944

Ukrainian nationalists tried to de-polonize the South-Eastern Borderlands by means of mass genocide and they achieved this goal to a great extent. That, however, puts them on a par with the criminal regimes of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler. The author of this article describes the genocide of Polish inhabitants in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia committed by the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (Orhanizatsiya Ukrayins’kykh Natsionalistiv, OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (Ukrainska Povstanska Armiya, UPA) between 1943 and 1944. These events in European history are not well-known.

Untold Stories of Polish Heroes from World War II

Untold Stories of Polish Heroes from World War II

“‘For Your Freedom and Ours’: Polonia and the Struggle for Polish Independence,” special issue, Rocznik Przemyski 55, no. 3 (23)

“‘For Your Freedom and Ours’: Polonia and the Struggle for Polish Independence,” special issue, <i>Rocznik Przemyski</i> 55, no. 3 (23)

“To Abjure Popish Heresys”: Crafting a Borderlands Gospel during Queen Anne’s War at St. James Parish, South Carolina, 1701–20

Abstract In 1706, local authorities institutionalized the Church of England in South Carolina hoping to bring Carolinian social practice into conformity with that of the metropole. Anglican missionaries worked to install religious instruction as a pillar of community identity in this contested space. Employing the specter of war and popery—and the associated fear of slave rebellion—helped ministers Samuel Thomas and Francis LeJau articulate a borderland-specific conception of race, place, and paternal responsibility in an aggressively expanding colony from 1701 to 1720. Utilizing correspondence surrounding the activities of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG), this article asserts that rather than serving as a link to English society, the Anglican missions of the SPG functioned as an ideological space for creating a distinct regional identity. Thomas and LeJau crafted a community-specific application of Anglican beliefs, working out their conceptions of religious practice concerning the threats presented by Spanish attempts to secure the loyalty of Yamasees Indians and enslaved Africans. Understanding how fear operated in the southeastern borderlands provides a nuanced understanding of how colonialism operated in the southern colonies.

The Outline of the History of Physical Culture in the Province of Ternopil in the Years 1920-1939

The aim of the paper is to present the outline of the history of physical culture in the province of Ternopil in the years 1920-1939. The province of Ternopil was established on 23 December 1920, as one of the very first provinces on the South-Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic. In the interwar period, physical culture flourished in the province of Ternopil. In the twenties and thirties of the 20th century, new social and sports associations and sports clubs were being established. What is more, sports organisations gathering Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish citizens that had been active before the outbreak of WWI became active again. Football was the most popular sports discipline practised alongside boxing, gymnastics, cycling, athletics, archery, water sports, shooting, gliding, table tennis. A contest whose main prize was the State Sports Badge played an important role in propagating physical activity in society.

Sprawa uczczenia ofiar mordów ludności polskiej na Wołyniu i Kresach Południowo-Wschodnich Rzeczypospolitej w latach 1943–1944 w związku z 60. rocznicą tragedii wołyńskiej w debacie parlamentarnej Sejmu IV kadencji

The matter of commemorating the victims of the murders of the Polish population in Volhynia and the South-Eastern Borderlands of the Republic of Poland in the years 1943–1944 in connection with the 60th anniversary of the Volhynia tragedy in the parliamentary debate of the 4th Sejm The parliamentary debate on commemorating murdered Poles on the 60th anniversary of the Volhynian tragedy showed the levels of political conflict in Poland. The parliamentary divisions on the commemoration of the tragic events did not follow the left – right axis. In principle, all political parties wanted to establish good Polish–Ukrainian relations. However, there were strong divisions in the assessment of historical facts which continually caused tension in bilateral Polish-Ukrainian relations.

Uprowadzanie mieszkańców Rzeczypospolitej do niewoli przez Tatarów i Turków w oczach siedemnastowiecznych pamiętnikarzy

In the 17th century, both the Turks and (much more often) the Tatars invaded Poland. According to historians, the Tatars in particular treated the Polish Republic as an area of economic exploitation. Its most severe form was the forced captivity of inhabitants of the south-eastern borderlands. This was documented by diarists and memorialists of Polish seicento, including Jan Florian Drobysz Tuszyński, Mikołaj Jemiołowski, Joachim Jerlicz, Samuel Maskiewicz, Zbigniew Ossoliński, and Kazimierz Sarnecki. They drew attention to the mass character of the Tatar-Turkish thraldom: not only soldiers but also many civilians were kidnapped by the Tatars, who benefited from human trafficking and thus made them captives. The authors of the diaries documented the circumstances of the attacks, including the time and routes taken by the looters. They drew attention to the state of the captives and reconstructed the human martyrdom.

Siberian Bukharans in Russian mission: gathering intelligence in Russia’s south-eastern borderlands, 17th-18th centuries

Siberian Bukharans were one of the most agile group of the native population of Western Siberia and the Urals in the 17th and 18th centuries. This paper analyzes information about the border activities of Bukharans, characterizes their participation in the implementation of Russian foreign policy. The author considers the phenomenon of intelligence and the intermediary and diplomatic role of the Bukharans through the study of various aspects of Russian policy on the southeastern borderlands. The result shows that Bukharans were involved in intelligence activities in several forms. The Russian authorities could interview Bukharans who came to trade; they could include Bukharans in Russian embassies; or they could send them into the steppe as independent agents. The geography of their missions in the 17th and 18th centuries included the Kuchum lands, the Kazakh khanates, the Oirat and Dzungar lands, as well as the Qing Empire. Bukharans participated in the negotiations as interpreters and they were sometimes allowed to participate in diplomatic ceremonies such as gift exchange. The intelligence activities of some Bukharans could go hand in hand with their trade operations. Recruiting Bukharans for intelligence gathering tsks allowed the Siberian and Orenburg authorities to conduct a more effective policy in the steppe borderlands, based on the knowledge of local realities. The Russian authorities used information provided by the Bukharans for purposes such as drawing up maps, informing the voivodes of the borderlands about military dangers, the movement of troops, and diplomatic negotiations.

Epidemics and diseases in reports of the manuscript press on the second half of the 18th century

The advancement of medical knowledge in Europe and Poland of the Enlightenment did not completely eliminate the recurring epidemics of infectious diseases. The plague, which gave way from Western Europe to reappear on Polish soil several times in the second half of the 18th century. The study is devoted to the problem of presenting epidemics and diseases to the public, or rather to the process of informing the public about them, also about other human diseases, such as typhus or smallpox, but also mental ailments in the so-called written newspapers, edited cyclically for specific recipients. It was a characteristic information medium that existed alongside the titles of the printed press. For this reason, apart from the analysis of the dominant narrative of the handwritten press, reference was also made to reports of its printed counterpart during the great plague epidemic of the early 1770s. The newspaper information concerned mainly the specter of the plague threat from the south-eastern borderlands of the country, mainly the areas of Podolia or Volyn, which, however, triggered preventive measures and quarantine even in Warsaw, but also descriptions of local outbreaks of this deadly disease. The first was also mentioned reports on vaccinations. Epizooties, mainly mass cattle sickness, are discussed separately.

Negotiating the Royal Proclamation: Shared Legalities and the Ordering of Authority in the Southeastern Borderlands, 1763–1768

Negotiating the Royal Proclamation: Shared Legalities and the Ordering of Authority in the Southeastern Borderlands, 1763–1768

Kościół, Cerkiew i kwestia ukraińska. Spór na forum polskiego parlamentu w 1938 r.

The subject of this article is the parliamentary discussion of 1938 concerning the religious dispute in the south-eastern borderlands of the Second Polish Republic. The disputes concerned, among other things, the political role of the Greek Catholic Church, which was strongly involved in the Ukrainian national movement. In 1938 a revindication action took place in the Chełm region, as a result of which the Polish authorities liquidated over one hundred Orthodox churches. These actions were the subject of a stormy debate in the Parliament between Polish and Ukrainian MPs. The arguments of the Polish side concerned, above all, the protection of the security of the Polish state threatened by intervention from both the East (USSR) and the West (Germany).

УРБОГЕНЕЗ ПІВДЕННО-СХІДНОГО ПОРУБІЖЖЯ УКРАЇНИ ТА ФОРМУВАННЯ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ НАСЕЛЕННЯ

Дослідження феномена порубіжності становить великий інтерес для вчених різних галузей знань, зокрема, ці питання є важливими і для географів. Особливої актуальності ця тема набуває з посилен- ням геополітичних викликів, які постають перед українською державою. Пошук шляхів суспільної трансформації міст українського порубіжжя є невідкладним через спроби зовнішніх сил, передусім Росії, підтримувати рухи та політиків, які протиставляють регіональну ідентичність ідентичності наці- ональній. Саме південно-східні території виділяються неоднорідністю економічного та соціального розвитку, строкатими ціннісними орієнтирами та динамічними процесами індустріалізації. Основна мета цього дослідження – крізь призму ретроспективного аналізу виявити сукупність факторів, що впливали на формування ідентичності населення промислових міст порубіжжя пів- денного сходу України, зокрема міст Донбасу та Приазов’я. Саме ці міста заслуговують на чималу увагу, адже розташовуються у сучасній зоні поєднання різних типів фронтирів: культурного, полі- тичного, військового. Урбогенезис на території степового порубіжжя, як і розвиток промисловості, значною мірою був зумовлений мілітарними чинниками і відбувався нееволюційним шляхом. У період між 1770 і 1990 роками дослідники виділяють чотири хвилі урбогенезу, коли більшість міських поселень з’я- вилась саме на порубіжжях – у південній та східній частинах сучасної України. Основною метою такого стрімкого розвитку мережі міст була потреба максимального наближення баз військового забезпечення до театру воєнних дій в часи, коли Російська імперія активно розширювала свою вій- ськову присутність у Причорномор’ї та Центральній Європі. Саме Донбас з його покладами вугілля та близькістю до ареалів зосередження руд металів став пріоритетним регіоном для такої ролі. Домінування монофункціональних промислових міст і містечок, які почали своє існування як корпоративні міста і все ще залишаються осередками законсервованої радянськості, патерналізму та ностальгії, значною мірою гальмує економічну та суспільно-політичну трансформацію цілого регіону. Саме через порубіжність та стрімку індустріалізацію сформувалася специфічна ідентич- ність населення міст південно-східних територій України, зокрема Донбасу та Приазов’я, з роз- митими національними рисами та слабкою укоріненістю на території.