South Delhi Research Articles

Prescription cost analysis and economic impact of drug treatment in patients with chronic illness, attending the medicine out-patient department in a tertiary care hospital at South Delhi

ObjectivesThe prevalence of chronic diseases is rising globally along with the consumption of nutraceuticals. It is documented that 80% of the deaths due to chronic illnesses occur in low and middle-income countries, including India. In addition, chronic diseases not only affect the patients but also their family income. Besides Southeast Asia is also the fastest-growing market for nutraceuticals with less stringent cost regulation. Hence, this research primarily focuses on the financial impact of the drug treatment for chronic illness, extensively comparing the therapeutic and non-therapeutic drug (nutraceutical) costs.MethodsThis was a retrospective, cross-sectional study with a sample size of 7877 prescriptions of medicine outpatient clinic, extracted from the hospital information system after 5 level screening for their inclusion in the study. The cost of drugs prescribed to the patient for chronic illness was calculated per month and its impact on the monthly family income was evaluated. The data analysis was stratified into the cost of therapeutic drug treatment and non-therapeutic drug treatment which was correlated with various chronic diseases and demographic parameters.ResultsA total of 465 patients were enrolled after screening and a high prescription rate of 88% for non-therapeutic treatment was reported. The total average monthly cost of chronic illness treatment was INR 1879 (22.42 USD), with therapeutic drug treatment of INR 1319 (15.74 USD) and non-therapeutic drug treatment of INR 560 (6.68 USD). Comprising 36% of patients, males spent higher amount on therapeutic drug treatment (INR 1780 or USD 21.26), while women spent higher on non-therapeutic drug treatment (INR 593 or USD 7.08). A catastrophic 11% of patients from ‘lower’ socioeconomic spent ≥ 10% of family income on non-therapeutic treatment.ConclusionOur study highlights the financial strain that chronic illnesses impose on families, emphasizing the need for policymakers to improve access to specialized care and cost capping of nutraceuticals.

Dynamic Route Planning for Urban Green Mobility: Development of a Web Application Offering Sustainable Route Options to Commuters

Rising travel distances and worsening urban air quality underscore the need for improved route choices to reduce energy consumption and exposure. Whereas traditional route-planning systems focus mainly on distance and time, this study develops a methodology that provides users with wider choices in route selection. The paper presents a web-based tool designed to assist commuters in selecting eco-friendly routes. This tool combines a React.js frontend for intuitive user input with a Go back end that processes real-time data to rank and deliver route suggestions based on air pollution and energy consumption, in addition to distance and time. Real-time application programming interfaces from Mapbox are used for traffic conditions, and the World Air Quality Index is used for air-quality metrics, which are integrated into the GraphHopper multimodal routing engine. As a result, the tool offers five route choices: the shortest route, the fastest route, the route with the least exposure to air pollution (LEAP), the route with the least energy-consumption route (LECR), and a suggested route that considers all four parameters. Applied to Delhi, the tool demonstrates that the LEAP route can reduce exposure by up to 53%, although it may lead to a 42% increase in travel time in Central Delhi. This study is the first to showcase the LECR in India, demonstrating that selecting this route can save up to 28% of energy in South Delhi. Daily variability analysis conducted at different hours revealed that peak-hour times correlate with increased exposure and energy consumption. Although these results are initial and could be further enhanced with better data, the preliminary results are encouraging.

High-K, I-type Tonian post-collisional magmatism in the South Delhi Terrane, NW India: Petrogenetic and tectonic implications

High-K, I-type Tonian post-collisional magmatism in the South Delhi Terrane, NW India: Petrogenetic and tectonic implications

A Comparative Analysis Between Unified Payment Interface and Cards Payments (Credit Cards) with Respect to South Delhi Region

With the launch of Unified Payment Interface by the National Payment Corporation of India in the Indian financial sector, it has proved to be a successful initiative to create a comfortable environment for the Indian customers. UPI has developed a space for the people where they do not have to depend exclusively on a single mode of transaction; they have the privilege to select from multiple applications which can cater to their requirements. Earlier there were other payment modes which to a certain extent has brought comfort to people’s lives in terms of doing daily transaction such as credit cards/ debit cards. Before the evolution of the multiple payment modes in the Indian market and complete digitization of the Indian economy, banking sector has launched card payment as a medium of doing daily payments and brought an ease into the lives of the Indian people. Under this paper, the researcher will be doing a thorough comparative analysis between the Unified Payment Interface and the card mode of payments (Credit Cards) & this research will be conducted under the descriptive research methodology with closed ended well- structured questionnaires designed in 5- point Likert scale. The acquired results will accentuate the advantages and disadvantages between both the payment styles in terms of 3 objectives such as: Security, Comfort and, Accessibility.

Exploring the Impact of Teaching French as an Enrichment Program to Primary School Students of Municipal Corporation of Delhi for Academic Session 2023-24

Students of the Primary schools run by Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) lack resources to avail enrichment programs like learning foreign languages and cultures as they come from economically weaker part of the community. This lack motivated to design Josuman French Enrichment Program for MCD school students to teach French language in the mother tongue of the students following recent NEP 2020 regulations. The impact of the program was analyzed after teaching it in 80 schools of three MCD zones, East, South and Central Delhi for the complete academic year of 2023-24 to the interested students of 4th and 5th classes. The feedback from the school heads and class teachers was collected to analyze change in the affective attributes of the French program students. The weekly observational data and class exam results were collected from the French program teachers to analyze change in cognitive attributes of their students. The results of the study proved that students learnt to speak and write in French. There has been increase in the interest level and enthusiasm in learners. The impact of the French program has been so positive that more MCD schools have requested to include this enrichment program for their students.

Significance of c . 1 Ga granites from the South Delhi Fold Belt, NW India: implications for palaeogeographical reconstructions of Rodinia

In northwestern India, the South Delhi Fold Belt (SDFB) is a NE–SW-trending Proterozoic fold belt. The Phulad Shear Zone (PSZ), characterized by mylonites, marks its western margin, formed around c . 820 Ma in a ductile transpressional regime with a top-to-the-NNW reverse movement. Reports of isolated c . 1 Ga granites within the SDFB correlate in time with the Rodinia supercontinent assembly. These pink, foliated, equigranular granites, named Foliated pink granite, occur in a 6–12 km wide, 200 km long linear belt. Detailed investigations reveal synchronous deformation in both granites and PSZ mylonites. Geochemically, these granites are ferroan, calc-alkalic and dominantly metaluminous. Tectonic discrimination diagrams confirm A-type within-plate granite characteristics, indicating emplacement in an extensional regime. U–Pb zircon dating of the granites yields a magmatic concordia age of 970.7 ± 2.9 Ma, overprinted by a metamorphic age of 826.3 ± 6.9 Ma. This study documents similar magmatic and post-magmatic features across all c . 1 Ga granites. Field, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data suggest that Foliated pink granites originated from lower crustal melting during crustal thinning at c . 970 Ma, followed by thrusting and deformation at 820–810 Ma, coinciding with PSZ formation. Our study concludes that NW India lacks any geological evidence of Rodinia assembly, which is crucial for accurately reconstructing Rodinia's palaeogeography and understanding the role of India within Rodinia.

Utilizing Dark Data Analytics to Analyze Demographic Influences on Face Wash Buying Patterns in South Delhi

This research explores the relationship between consumer demographics and purchasing patterns in South Delhi's face wash segment, utilizing advanced Dark Data analytics to uncover hidden insights. The study highlights how technological advancements, rising educational levels, and economic growth have increased consumer focus on beauty, hygiene, and product quality.

Prevalence of depression and anxiety among school going adolescents of Delhi: A cross-sectional study.

According to UNICEF, among adolescents' mental disorders, depression and anxiety account for 42.9% of cases. As per the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) (2015-2016) of India; the Prevalence of Depressive Episodes and Recurrent Depressive Disorder and Phobic anxiety disorder among adolescents is 2.6% and 1.3%, respectively. The well-being and development of adolescents are directly related to the quality of their environment and early experiences of life. To understand the current mental health of adolescents the present study was initiated. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 679 students aged 10-19 years at selected schools in South Delhi, India. Initially after the written informed consent procedure, a self-reported questionnaire was administered to collect data on socio-demographic variables and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression were used to examine associations between variables under examination with anxiety and depression. In the present survey, the mean age of study participants was 13.43 years, 386 (56.85%) participants were male. The overall prevalence of depression and anxiety among adolescents was found to be 25.92% and 13.70% respectively. The prevalence of depression was significantly higher among students who do not have sleep satisfaction (35.9% vs. 23.0%, P = 0.001) and among those who experience anxiety (58.1% vs. 20.8%, P = 0.000) than others. Similarly, the prevalence of anxiety was found significantly higher with increasing age (χ2, P = 0.001), increasing education levels (χ2, P = 0.001), sleep quality (χ2, P = 0.009), sleep satisfaction (χ2, P = 0.000), relationship status (χ2, P = 0.032) and depression status (30.7% vs. 7.8%, P = 0.000). Based on Multivariate analyses, higher education level (AOR: 1.53, 95%CI: 1.06-2.20) and anxiety (AOR: 4.88, 95%CI: 3.07-7.76) were associated with depression. Anxiety was associated with increasing age (16-19 years) (AOR: 3.35, 95%CI: 1.59-7.06) and depression (AOR: 5.18, 95%CI: 3.26-8.25). The present study suggests that the prevalence of depression and anxiety among school-going adolescents is 25.92% and 13.70%, respectively. The most common associated risk factors are increasing education level, sleep satisfaction, and anxiety and depression. The information may contribute to the development of preventive and control strategies for mental health conditions among adolescents for their welfare and well-being.

A Community-based Assessment of Exposure to Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship (TAPS) among Adults Residing in an Urbanized Village in Delhi, India.

A comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) is known to significantly reduce tobacco consumption and has been incorporated into the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control since 2003. Though Indian legislation also comprehensively bans TAPS, existing literature indicates poor and non-uniform implementation across the country. This study aims to assess the exposure to TAPS among adults residing in an urbanised village in South Delhi. It was a community-based cross-sectional house-to-house survey conducted in Aliganj, Delhi, between Apr 21 and Jun 21. 490 residents aged ≥ 15 years were included in the study. The interview was conducted using the Global Adult Tobacco Survey questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the channels of communication where exposure to messaging encouraged thoughts of quitting. Out of 490 study participants, 93(18.9%) were exposed to TAPS for smoked tobacco products, 88(17.9%) for smokeless tobacco products, and 74(15.1%) for both smoked and smokeless tobacco on various platforms. Exposure to TAPS for smokeless tobacco was more likely at stores where the products are sold (aOR = 2.19;95% C.I.-1.19-3.98), on television (aOR = 4.12;95% C.I.-1.49-11.39), billboards (aOR = 3.48;95% C.I.-1.18-10.29), and posters (aOR = 3.04;95% C.I.-1.22-7.60). Among smokers, 77.1%, and smokeless tobacco users, 75.4% had to quit thoughts triggered by packet warnings. Education and employment were found to be significantly associated. Almost one-fifth of the participants were exposed to TAPS through various channels. Our findings indicate that implementing the TAPS ban remains partial in our study area, especially regarding smokeless tobacco products, compared to state and national level estimates. Focusing on mass media anti-tobacco campaigns for both smoked and smokeless products, through television, newspapers, and magazines, in addition to comprehensive TAPS ban enforcement, can contribute effectively to reducing tobacco consumption in our study population.

A quality improvement initiative to improve growth monitoring of children attending immunization clinic in an urban primary health centre in Delhi

BackgroundImmunization clinics present an opportunity for passive screening for malnutrition among young children through plotting of growth charts. Passive screening for malnutrition can enable timely interventions and improve morbidity and mortality of under-five children. Therefore, we aimed to increase the plotting of growth charts (weight-for-age) to 90%, among under-five children attending immunization clinics in an Urban Health Centre (UHC) in south Delhi over three months.MethodologyA Quality Improvement (QI) initiative was undertaken in the immunization clinic of an urban primary health centre in southern Delhi, from January to March 2024. A multi-faceted QI team was formed. The baseline coverage of weight-for-age growth chart plotting in the immunization clinic was 31%. The process flow was mapped, and critical gaps identified by root cause analysis (Fish Bone technique). Change ideas were discussed and prioritized using a prioritization matrix to implement these through sequential PDSA cycles. The main change ideas implemented were training of health workers, allotting regular supervisors for the session, and appending a stamp for quick identification of underweight children. Run chart was used to assess the changes over time. We considered the outcome achieved if the plotting coverage was more than 90% sustained for at least six consecutive immunization sessions.ResultsMultiple change ideas were implemented over a period of three months. The coverage of growth chart plotting increased to more than 90%. Lack of motivation among stakeholders was a challenge for some change ideas. Monitoring of immunization sessions for plotting of growth chart was continued post the implementation of all change ideas to assess sustainability which showed positive results. Post-implementation of the change ideas, a meeting was held with the members of the QI team to get feedback on this activity.ConclusionThere is potential for improving growth monitoring at immunization clinics, which can be beneficial in strengthening passive screening for malnutrition in primary care settings.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

Contribution of Travelers to Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in South West Delhi, India: Cross-Sectional Survey.

India is committed to malaria elimination by the year 2030. According to the classification of malaria endemicity, the National Capital Territory of Delhi falls under category 1, with an annual parasite incidence of <1, and was targeted for elimination by 2022. Among others, population movement across states is one of the key challenges for malaria control, as it can result in imported malaria, thus introducing local transmission in an area nearing elimination. This descriptive study attempts to assess the contribution of such imported Plasmodium vivax cases to the malaria burden in South West Delhi (SWD). A cross-sectional study was carried out at the fever clinic of the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research in SWD from January 2017 to December 2019. Demographic and travel history data were recorded for all P vivax confirmed malaria cases diagnosed at the fever clinic. Vector and fever surveys along with reactive case detection were conducted in SWD and Bulandshahr district of Uttar Pradesh, 1 of the 6 geographical sources for a high number of imported malaria cases. A total of 355 P vivax malaria cases were reported during the study period. The proportion of imported cases was 63% (n=222). Of these, 96% (n=213) of cases were from Uttar Pradesh. The distribution of malaria cases revealed that imported cases were significantly associated with travel during the transmission season compared with that in the nontransmission season. Entomological and fever surveys and reactive case detection carried out in areas visited by imported P vivax malaria cases showed the presence of adults and larvae of Anopheles species and P vivax parasitemia. Population movement is a key challenge for malaria elimination. Although additional P vivax infections and vector mosquitoes were detected at places visited by the imported malaria cases, the inability to detect the parasite in mosquitoes and the possibility of relapses associated with P vivax limit the significance of malaria associated with the travel. However, there remains a need to address migration malaria to prevent the introduction and re-establishment of malaria in areas with very low or 0 indigenous cases.

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) regarding dengue among residents of South Delhi, India

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) regarding dengue among residents of South Delhi, India

Identification of Multipurpose Greenway Networks for Ecological Resilience Using Geospatial Technology: Case Study of South Delhi District in India

Identification of Multipurpose Greenway Networks for Ecological Resilience Using Geospatial Technology: Case Study of South Delhi District in India

Geochemical study of Ambaji − Sendra granitoids and mafic dykes from the South Delhi fold belt, NW Indian shield: Implications for magma generation, emplacement and geodynamic evolution

Geochemical study of Ambaji − Sendra granitoids and mafic dykes from the South Delhi fold belt, NW Indian shield: Implications for magma generation, emplacement and geodynamic evolution

The Impact of Urban Architecture on the Lifestyle and Health of the People of Mehrauli, South Delhi

This research investigates the intricate relationship between urban design and its influence on human health and lifestyle, focusing on the specific case of Mehrauli, South Delhi. The study aims to understand how urban development can affect public health and explore the principles of New Urbanism that could mitigate these risks. Through a mixed-method approach, the study analyzes the impact of various architectural factors, such as building design, green spaces, and infrastructure, on the physical and mental health of residents. The research delves into specific health concerns, including non-communicable diseases, mental health issues, and the overall quality of life in the urban environment. By examining existing literature and conducting surveys among residents, the study identifies key areas where urban architecture can be improved to promote healthier lifestyles and enhance the overall well-being of the community. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and architects to create more sustainable and health-promoting urban environments.

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea in adult Population in an Urban Area of Delhi, India: A Community-Based Epidemiological Study

Abstract Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the risk of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and its association with cardiovascular and socio-demographic factors in the adult population of South Delhi, India. Materials and Methods: Employing a community-based cross-sectional design, authors randomly selected 700 participants aged 30–69 years. The STOP-BANG questionnaire served as our screening tool for OSA risk assessment. Results: The findings revealed that 17.4% of participants exhibited intermediate risk, whereas 3.4% were at high risk for OSA. Notably, certain subgroups demonstrated elevated risk: the elderly, males and individuals with hypertension, diabetics and those who were overweight or obese. Conclusion: OSA is alarmingly prevalent in India, necessitating early identification and intervention. The STOP-BANG questionnaire emerges as a valuable tool for identifying undiagnosed cases, potentially improving health outcomes for affected individuals.

Strategies for Land Economic Development in South Delhi District

This research paper examines the land economic development strategies in South Delhi, focusing on their impact on the socio-economic and spatial dynamics of the region. South Delhi, a diverse and economically vibrant district within the National Capital Region of India, presents a unique case study to explore how tailored land use policies and economic planning can foster sustainable growth. Using a mixed-method approach, this study integrates qualitative analysis of policy documents, stakeholder interviews, and quantitative assessment of economic indicators to analyze land use changes, economic transformations, and policy effectiveness from 2011 to 2021. The analysis spans both macro and micro levels, investigating transformations in key areas like Mehrauli, Lado Sarai, and Aya Nagar. Findings highlight significant shifts in land use from agricultural to residential and commercial purposes, driven by rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and policy reforms. While certain strategies have effectively promoted economic growth, challenges such as environmental degradation, congestion, uneven policy enforcement, and socio- economic disparities persist. The study underscores the need for sustainable land use planning, improved infrastructure, stakeholder collaboration, and adaptive governance frameworks to balance economic growth with social equity and environmental sustainability The research offers comprehensive insights and practical recommendations for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders to optimize land economic development strategies in South Delhi, with implications for similar urban contexts globally. The study advocates for a holistic approach that integrates sustainable development, community engagement, and resilient policy frameworks to create livable and prosperous urban environments. Index Terms— Land Economic Development Strategies,South Delhi, Socio-Economic Dynamics ,Spatial Dynamics, Land Use Policies ,Economic Planning ,Sustainable Growth ,Mixed-Method Approach, Policy Documents, Stakeholder Interviews, Economic Indicators, Land Use Changes, Urbanization, Infrastructure Development ,Policy Reforms Environmental Degradation, Socio- Economic Disparities ,Sustainable Land Use Planning, Stakeholder Collaboration, Adaptive Governance, Urban Environments.

Pulsating orogenesis and Neoproterozoic crustal architecture in the western part of Aravalli-Delhi Mobile belt, India: new evidence from structural, metamorphic, and U-Pb zircon geochronological data

ABSTRACT Structural, metamorphic, and geochronological study of the Delhi Supergroup rocks near the western margin of the Aravalli-Delhi Mobile Belt (ADMB) elucidate the Neoproterozoic tectonics of the South Delhi Fold Belt (SDFB) and its implication for the evolution of the Greater Indian Landmass (GIL). In this study, we establish three deformational events in the SDFB. While the D1 event produced isoclinal, reclined F1 folds synchronous with prograde amphibolite facies metamorphism (~5 kbar, 650°C), D2 formed outcrop to map-scale upright F2 folds. D3 comprised ‘partitioned transpression’ along two subvertical shear zones. Oblique dextral-reverse movement (D3a) along one shear zone formed an outcrop-scale positive flower structure, while sinistral-reverse movement along the other rotated and steepened the hinges of the F2 folds (D3b). U-Pb zircon dating of post-tectonic (post-D2, but pre-D3) and syntectonic (syn-D3) granite intrusives suggests >844 Ma age for D2 and ca. 820 Ma for D3. An older magmatic event (ca. 990 Ma) is recorded from sheared pink granites (pre- to syn-D1 intrusion). We suggest that the amalgamation of the ADMB and the Marwar Craton was initiated by the Grenville-age (ca. 1000 Ma) subduction-collision, while the younger events (ca. 844 Ma and 820 Ma) mark the final stitching of the ADMB – Marwar Craton along the Phulad-Ranakpur palaeo-suture zone to form the GIL. The distribution of early (ca. 1000–900 Ma) and late (ca. 800–700 Ma) Tonian magmatic and metamorphic ages in the SDFB suggest that the final growth of the GIL took place through multiple stages of oblique collision in a pulsating orogenesis through the Early Neoproterozoic.

Strain Analysis of the Shear Zones of Ambaji Granulite in the South Delhi Terrane of the Aravalli-Delhi Mobile Belt, NW India, and its Implication on the Exhumation of the Mid-lower Crustal Rocks

ABSTRACTKilometer-scale granulite pockets bounded by shear zones occur within low to medium-grade rocks of the Precambrian mobile belts. Emplacement kinematics of such deeper rocks is reflected in the strain pattern of the associated shear zones. We have carried out the strain analysis of the shear zones of the Ambaji granulite in the Neoproterozoic South Delhi Terrane of the Aravalli-Delhi Mobile belt, NW India. The Kui-Chitraseni shear zone is the main strand and the other shear zones imbricates from it. The shear zones record an earlier phase of thrust kinematics in granulite grade that was primarily responsible for exhuming the rocks from the mid-lower crust. Later a strike-slip shearing was superimposed on those shear zones when the retrogression of the granulites took place. Strain and vorticity analysis of strike-slip shear indicates a transpressive strain consisting of pure and simple shear in different proportions, that led to further extrusion of granulite. Strain gradually diminishes towards the termination points of each shear zone and from center to wall. We have modeled the shear zones in the form of a splay which initiated as a leading thrust splay, transformed into a strike-slip transpressional splay, and subsequently as an extensional termination splay. Extensional splay further contributed to tectonic erosion and exhumation of granulite.

Living on the Margins, Working in the Planned: Domestic Workers Traversing to/Between Squatter Settlements and Planned Colonies in South and South-West Delhi

This article explores the lives and labour dynamics of domestic workers in Delhi, focusing on their work in planned colonies and residence in jhuggi jhopri (JJ) clusters, or squatter settlements. Through narratives and in-depth interviews, it explores the complex interplay between these women’s employment and the broader urban landscape. The study investigates the intergenerational journey of domestic workers, tracing their migration from rural areas to urban centres in search of better opportunities. Further, it unpacks the realities of exclusion faced by domestic workers, residing in JJ clusters, which often lack legally secured tenure rights and access to basic amenities. The article examines the systematic flow of labour from JJ clusters to nearby planned colonies, where domestic workers play a crucial role in the functioning of households. Despite contributing significantly to the urban workforce, domestic workers remain in the shadows of planned development, enduring informality and inadequate legal protections. Through an interdisciplinary approach, this research highlights the socio-spatial dynamics that confine domestic workers to their settlements and restrict their mobility options. By understanding the intricate relationships between gendered work and urbanisation, this study aims to contribute to the creation of more inclusive and equitable urban spaces, shelter and employment in Delhi and beyond.