Source Of Foreign Exchange Research Articles

Technical Efficiency Of Rice Farming Around The Nickel Mining In Konawe Selatan District

South Konawe Regency has vast potential agricultural land, It can support the regional economy by supplying the food needs of the community and being a major player in trade across districts. In addition to providing food, the agricultural sector also serves as a market for goods produced by the industrial sector in rural communities and urban areas, a source of labor for industry, a source of capital for modern economic growth, particularly in its early stages, and a source of foreign exchange. Policy support is needed from the government in developing the agricultural sector considering the importance of synergy between the agricultural and mining sectors to minimize negative impacts in order to achieve economic balance so that it becomes the basis for local governments in taking appropriate policies to support the agricultural sector amidst mining activities. The purpose of this study is to examine lowland rice farming's technical effectiveness and production characteristics in the vicinity of South Konawe Regency's nickel mine. The data collected used primary and secondary data, with a total of 20 farmers as respondents. Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) was utilized to analyze the data. The findings of the study indicate that lowland rice farming is technically efficient when it is conducted near nickel mining and that the production elements that actually affect lowland rice farming include land area, labour force, urea and NPK fertilisers, and insecticides.

Culture-Based Education Innovation for Children's Character Building in the Context of Educational Tourism Destinations

This research aims to explore the innovation of culture-based education as an effort to build children's character in the context of educational tourism destinations. Against the background of the multi-dimensional crisis faced by the nation, learning of culture becomes very strategic to revive patriotism and maintain cultural diversity. This research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through literature studies, Field observation of educational tourism destinations and how the interaction between learners and the environment takes place, and interview with policy makers and community leaders. The research findings highlighted the need for serious efforts in storing, preserving, and resurfacing scattered cultural data, especially related to oral traditions, manuscripts, customs, rites, traditional knowledge, traditional technology, arts, languages, folk games, and traditional sports. The results reflect the need to focus on strengthening governance related to local traditions, as well as efforts to empower communities through cultural tourism as a source of foreign exchange. In addition, the research highlighted the challenges of saving traditional technologies, local languages, traditional arts and folk games that are in danger of fading away. The research conclusion emphasizes the urgency of promoting culture, literature, and preserving historical traces as an integral part of children's character building efforts. Thus, understanding and love for cultural values can be passed on to the younger generation, strengthening awareness of national identity, and preventing the loss of traditional values amid globalization.

Morphological relationship of coffee varieties (Coffea spp.) arabica and robusta in Pondok Gajah Experimental Garden Bener Meriah

Abstract Coffee is one of the plantation commodities with a high economic value among other plantation crops and plays an important role as a source of foreign exchange. Indonesian coffee is classified into two types of coffee, namely arabica coffee and robusta coffee. According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Aceh Province (2019), the area of coffee plantations in Aceh reached 123,749 ha with a production of 68,493 tons. About 85% of the land area is planted with arabica coffee, while the rest is planted with robusta coffee. This study analyzes the morphological relationships of various Arabica and Robusta coffee plant varieties at the Gayo Experimental Garden, Pondok Gajah District, Bener Meriah Regency, Aceh Province. Samples of coffee varieties were selected by purposive sampling method. The morphological characters observed were 25 on stem organs, leaves, flowers, fruits, and beans. Data analysis was conducted using the NTSYS program and presented as a dendrogram. The results showed that eleven coffee varieties were grouped into four groups. The variety that has the furthest kinship is Mocca Yaman, with a coefficient value of 0.58. The varieties with the closest kinship are C 48 and C 49, with a coefficient value of 0.84. These two varieties have similarities in the 19 observed morphological characters.

Pengaruh Perendaman Zat Pengatur Tumbuh Giberelin (GA3) pada Perkecambahan Benih Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica L.) Varietas S795

Coffee is one of the plantation commodities that has an important role in the national economy, especially as a source of foreign exchange because it has high economic value. The productivity of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Indonesia in the 2019/2020 period decreased by 2.7% with a total production of around 95 million sacks. This study aims to determine the effect of gibberellin (GA3) on the germination of the arabica coffee bean variety S795. The experimental design was a completely randomized design factorial consisting of two factors with four replications for each treatment. The first factor was the plant growth regulator gibberellin concentration which consisted of 100 ppm (K1), 200 ppm (K2), and 300 ppm (K3). The second factor is the soaking time which consists of 12 hours (P1) and 24 hours (P2). The result showed that the interaction between GA3 concentration and soaking time had no significant effect on all observed parameters (germination percentage, germination rate, seedling height) in the germination of arabica coffee bean variety S795. Based on the table of average interactions between GA3 concentration and soaking time, it can be concluded that the K1P1 treatment with 12 hours of soaking time at a concentration of 100 ppm was the best treatment for the parameters of germination percentage, seedling height, and root length. The K2P1 treatment with 12 hours of immersion time at a concentration of 200 ppm was the best treatment for the germination rate parameter, namely 36.34 days.

Mitigation of gayo arabica coffee supply chain risk using the house of risk method in Aceh Tengah

Aceh Tengah District is the largest Gayo Arabica Coffee production area in Aceh Province. Therefore, coffee has an important role in the economy of the people of Aceh Tengah, both as a source of income for coffee farmers, a source of foreign exchange and as a provider of employment through processing, marketing and trading activities. However, Gayo Arabica Coffee farmers are often faced with many obstacles and risks in run their business. The aim of this research is to analyze the risks with the highest impact on the Gayo Arabica Coffee supply chain and formulate mitigation to reduce the risk impact on it by using the House of Risk (HOR) method. Based on the research results, 42 risk events and 37 risk agents were obtained and 7 dominant risk agents were obtained which could be prevented with 9 mitigation strategies. The risk with the highest impact on the Gayo Arabica Coffee supply chain in Aceh Tengah District is assessed based on the highest to lowest Aggregate Risk Potential (ARP) value using the 67:20 Pareto Diagram. Mitigation strategies for Gayo Arabica Coffee supply chain risks in Aceh Tengah District are assessed based on the Effectiveness to Difficulty (ETD) value from highest to lowest.

Pengeringan Kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) Menggunakan Rumah Pengering Hybrid Tipe Rak

Coffee is one of the mainstay plantation commodities in Indonesia. In 2015 Indonesia had a coffee plantation area of 1,254,382 hectares, with a production of 379,005 tons. Coffee is one of the mainstay commodities in Indonesia's plantation sector. The role of coffee commodities for the Indonesian economy is quite important, both as a source of income for coffee farmers, a source of foreign exchange, a producer of industrial raw materials, and a provider of employment through processing, marketing, and trade activities (exports and imports). The Robusta coffee drying process will result in the dried product experiencing changes in color, texture, and aroma. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics and drying process of Robusta coffee using a rack-type hybrid drying house with three treatments, namely, drying with a drying house using solar energy, drying with a drying house using solar energy and gas energy (hybrid) and conventional drying. The length of time to dry 10 kg of Robusta coffee to approximately 11.5% moisture content is for drying with a drying house using solar energy takes 96 hours or 12 days, for drying with a drying house using solar energy and gas (hybrid) takes 80 hours (10 days) and for drying using tampah (conventional) takes 104 hours (13 days). Keywords: Dryer, Hybrid, Robusta Coffee.

TOURISM VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN INCREASING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF TOURISTS IN RICE TOURISM IN BAJANG VILLAGE, PAKONG DISTRICT, PAMEKASAN DISTRICT

The tourism industry is one of the country's sources of foreign exchange and its development isexpected to encourage national economic growth. This research aims to determine the potential forrice field tourism and strategies for developing tourist villages in increasing tourist attraction for ricefield tourism in Bajang Village, Pakong District, Pamekasan Regency. The research method usesqualitative descriptive analysis and sampling using the Purposive Sampling method because theresearch informants were determined deliberately. The data analysis method uses the SWOTanalysis method to determine the strategy for developing rice field tourism. The results of thisresearch indicate that the appropriate strategy for developing Rice Field Tourism is the SO Strategy,namely adding contemporary facilities by combining agricultural concepts such as buildingagrotourism facilities, agricultural themed cafes or restaurants and agricultural-based recreationfacilities, creating agricultural-based events, publishing on social media.

Distribution Nature of Foreign Exchange (FOREX) Rates in Nepal

The economy of Nepal is based on the inflow of remittances sent by the Nepalese who have gone abroad for foreign employment. The trend started after the start of the Maoist insurgency and has been going on due to a lack of employment opportunities within the nation. Other than remittance, tourism and a certain amount of foreign aid have been the sources of foreign exchange earnings for Nepal. These sources of FOREX have been able to maintain the balance of payments in Nepal. One unique feature of FOREX rates in Nepal is that the Nepalese rupee (NPR) is pegged with the Indian rupee (INR), the currency of the neighboring nation, India. The central bank of Nepal, Nepal Rastra Bank, publishes FOREX rates for 21 different countries on a daily basis, though exchange rates for 16 currencies have been publishing buying and selling rates for the past decade. Hence, the paper analyzed the distribution nature of 16 countries FOREX buying and selling rates and found that INR FOREX rates have no randomness as they are pegged. The most concerned currencies, like USD, SAR, QAR, and AED, were fitted with beta distribution capabilities to reflect the future trend of the exchange rate. At the same time, the GBP buying rate, JPY, and KRW buying and selling rates were best-fitted in general extreme value (GEV), reflecting the risky nature of currencies. The exchange rate distribution seems to be a concern to the exporter and importer, as the nature of the distribution could help to categorize the level of FOREX risk with a specific currency.

Physiological characteristics of IRR 400 series rubber clones (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) under drought stress

Background Drought stress is one of the main causes of plant death. Strategies for plants survival are morphological adaptations, specific signaling pathways, and tolerance mechanisms. Rubber plantations have many uses, such as foreign exchange sources, job sources, forest revitalization, and a source of alternative wood for building materials and furniture. The rubber plant’s response to drought stress is a complex biological process. A tolerant rubber clone in a dry area is the right approach. The present study aimed to identify drought tolerant traits in order to select or identify drought-tolerant clones at juvenile stage. Methods The first factor examined for this work was clones (IRR 425, IRR 428, IRR 429, IRR 434, IRR 440, RRIC 100, and BPM 24) and the second factor was water content (30%, 60%, and 90%). The study was arranged on a factorial randomized block design and repeated three times. Characteristics observed were total sugar (µM), proline (mg/L), chlorophyll a, b, total (µg/mL), hydrogen peroxidase (µmol/g), ascorbate peroxidase (unit/mg), superoxide dismutase (unit/mg), and peroxide dismutase (unit/mg). Results The tolerance ability of the IRR 400 series rubber clones to drought stress was determined by observing the characteristics of sugar total and proline. The concentration of total sugar and proline were higher when the plant was treated with a lower water content. The selected clones tolerant to drought stress are RR 425 and IR 434 with high total sugar content and proline. Other characteristics, namely chlorophyll a, b, and total, as well as hydrogen peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, super oxide dismutase, peroxide dismutase, cannot be used as selection characteristics for this study. Conclusions This drought study of IRR 400 clones with varying water content percentages illustrated that the total sugar and proline characteristics could be used to distinguish tolerance levels from other observed characteristics.

Physiological characteristics of IRR 400 series rubber clones (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) under drought stress

Background: Drought stress is one of the main causes of plant death. Strategies for plants survival are morphological adaptations, specific signaling pathways, and tolerance mechanisms. Rubber plantations have many uses, such as foreign exchange sources, job sources, forest revitalization, and a source of alternative wood for building materials and furniture. The rubber plant’s response to drought stress is a complex biological process. A tolerant rubber clone in a dry area is the right approach. The present study aimed to determine the mechanism of drought-tolerant clones, based on physiological characteristics, to obtain character selection and drought-tolerant clones early. Methods: The first factor examined for this work was clones (IRR 425, IRR 428, IRR 429, IRR 434, IRR 440, RRIC 100, and BPM 24) and the second factor was water content (30%, 60%, and 90%). The study was arranged on a factorial randomized block design and repeated three times. Characteristics observed were total sugar (µM), proline (mg/L), chlorophyll a, b, total (µg/mL), hydrogen peroxidase (µmol/g), ascorbate peroxidase (unit/mg), superoxide dismutase (unit/mg), and peroxide dismutase (unit/mg). Results: The tolerance ability of the IRR 400 series rubber clones to drought stress was determined by observing the characteristics of sugar total and proline. The concentration of total sugar and proline were higher when the plant was treated with a lower water content. The selected clones tolerant to drought stress are RR 425 and IR 434 with high total sugar content and proline. Other characteristics, namely chlorophyll a, b, and total, as well as hydrogen peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, super oxide dismutase, peroxide dismutase, cannot be used as selection characteristics for this study. Conclusions: This drought study of IRR 400 clones with varying water content percentages illustrated that the total sugar and proline characteristics could be used to distinguish tolerance levels from other observed characteristics.

Pyruvate supplementation in cotton under water restriction varying the phenological phases

Cotton is one of the largest agricultural commodities that generate various sources of foreign exchange and employment worldwide. However, water deficiency is an environmental factor that limits the production of this crop, especially in semi-arid regions. We evaluated pyruvate supplementation to mitigate the effects of water stress on colored cotton. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. We studied two forms of pyruvate supplementation (SP1- via seed and foliar and SP2- only via foliar); three conditions of irrigation management of the plants: water restriction in the vegetative phase (VE), flowering (FL), and vegetative and flowering (VE/FL); and additional treatment (total irrigation throughout the crop cycle and without pyruvate supplementation). The experimental design included a randomized block in a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme. The factors resulted in seven treatments with three replications, with a total of 21 experimental units. Gas exchange, enzyme activity, and production of components were evaluated. Water restriction in the vegetative phase does not cause losses in BRS Jade cotton when supplemented with pyruvate. However, in the flowering and vegetative phases plus flowering, it reduces gas exchange and production components and increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes in relation to plants under full irrigation. Supplementation with pyruvate via seed plus foliar (SP1) was better for BRS Jade cotton grown under water restriction.

Physiological characteristics of IRR 400 series rubber clones (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) under drought stress

Background: Drought stress is one of the main causes of plant death. Strategies for plant survival include triggering of specific signaling pathways and tolerance mechanisms. Rubber plantations have many uses, including in forest revitalization and as foreign exchange sources, job sources, and as an alternative source for building materials and furniture. The rubber plant’s response to drought stress is a complex biological process. Planting tolerant rubber clone in drought prone areas would be more appropriate. The present study is aimed to identify drought tolerant traits in order to select drought-tolerant clones at juvenile stage itself. Methods: The first factor examined for this research was the clones (IRR 425, IRR 428, IRR 429, IRR 434, IRR 440, RRIC 100, and BPM 24), with water content (30%, 60%, and 90%) as the second factor studied. The study was arranged on a factorial randomized block design and repeated three times. Characteristics observed included total sugar (µM), proline (mg/L), chlorophyll a, b, total (µg/mL), hydrogen peroxidase (µmol/g), ascorbate peroxidase (unit/mg), superoxide dismutase (unit/mg), and peroxide dismutase (unit/mg). Results: The tolerance ability of the IRR 400 series rubber clones to drought stress was determined by observing the concentrations of total sugar and proline, which were higher when the plant was treated with a lower water content. The selected clones tolerant to drought stress were RR 425 and IR 434 with high total sugar and proline. Other characteristics, namely chlorophyll a, b, and total, as well as hydrogen peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxide dismutase, cannot be used as selection characteristics for this study. Conclusions: This drought study of IRR 400 clones with varying water content percentages illustrated that the total sugar and proline characteristics could be used to distinguish tolerance levels.

Dampak Kemiringan Lahan terhadap Kadar Hara dan Produksi Kelapa Sawit

Palm oil is one of Indonesia's sources of foreign exchange, derived from government, private, and smallholder plantations. However, palm oil production from smallholder plantations is relatively poor due to low-quality seeds, non-standard technical culture, low soil fertility, and a lack of attention to the topography and slope of the ground during planting. Therefore, this research aims to characterize the growth and production of oil palm based on soil and plant nutrient content on various land slopes. The research was conducted on an oil palm plantation in Baru Village, Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia. Oil palm plants have been in production for seven years. The methods used in this research are survey methods, observation, and laboratory analysis. The research design used a non-factorial randomized block design. The research factor is the land slope, with three treatment levels consisting of flat land (0–8%), land slope 8–18%, and land slope 18–28%. The parameters observed in this research include land topographic characteristics, physical and chemical properties of soil, plant nutrient content, and agronomic characteristics of oil palm plants. The observation results showed that trunk circumference, number of fruit bunches per tree, and weight of bunches per tree gave better results on a slope of 8–18%. This is due to soil conservation measures in the form of rather deep depressions around the plant plates. However, the P and K nutrient levels of oil palm plants in this research area are included in the deficiency category. As a result, this research can help make decisions about fertilizer management and land usage in oil palm plantation areas with sloping topography.

Detection of Palm Fruit Maturity Using Convolutional Neural Network Method

Palm oil has an important role as a source of foreign exchange in the economy in Indonesia. Oil palm is one of the vegetable oil-producing plants that has the highest economic value compared to other crops such as soybeans, olives, coconuts or sunflowers. Palm oil quality is also influenced by water content, dirt content, free fatty acid content and the level of maturity of the palm fruit. Maturity of palm fruit is a very important factor in determining the quality of crude oil produced by palm fruit. In determining the maturity of oil palm, sorting is necessary to get quality palm fruit with the appropriate level of maturity. The use of image processing technology (ImageProcessing) can facilitate the process of analyzing objects. Meanwhile, the implementation of deep learning using the Convolutional Neural Network method can help identify the maturity level of oil palm fruit with a high level of accuracy. The results showed a very good effectiveness with an accuracy reaching 99% and a precision level reaching 99.8%.

PROBLEMS OF MODERNIZATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT GLOBAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

In the article the problems of modernization of the structure of the national economy in modern conditions and ways of their solution are considered. The aim was to find the ways how to improve the process of modernization of the structure of the national economy, taking into account the world economic situation. The object of the article is the process of technological modernization of the structure of the national economy of Azerbaijan. The subject of the study are theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of creation of components for technological modernization of the national economy of the country. To this end, the issues of improving the modernization of the structure of the national economy, taking into account the global economic situation and the expansion of the activities of sectors of the economy, which are characterized by the creation of competitive added value, have been studied more optimally. It is important to improve the structure of the national economy in a more optimal and efficient way, to identify methods of solving problems related to modernization and to ensure their adaptability to the system of mechanisms of the national economy. In this connection, it is necessary to define the goals, objectives and tasks in the most optimal way. To this end, based on objective realities, the analysis of economic development processes took into account the reconstruction of the processing sector, the formation of production capacities, an increase in the economic activity of regions, the development of industrial infrastructure, a significant reduction and acceleration of the country's dependence on oil. In general, the article focuses on the inclusion of modernization of economic development as a priority. The article gives recommendations on the considered problems, makes suggestions and forms scientific and practical views, gives the author's position on the problems of modernization of the structure of the national economy: the efficient use of the potential of the oil and gas industry, which is the main leading sector of the national economy, should be ensured, first of all, to ensure the intensive development of the non-oil sector. Results. The competitiveness of the country's economy should be increased year by year, the business environment should be improved, the development of business and entrepreneurship in the "public-private-societal" triangle, the national economic development model should be designed in the context of global economic challenges. Strategic development and action programs should be adopted to ensure that the level is interesting and effective. Modernized competitive economic activities should be actively integrated into the structure of the country's economy, the network of manufacturing enterprises should be expanded, export potential should be increased by organizing import-substituting activities, and sources of foreign exchange should be diversified. In general, it is important to comprehensively and systematically implement key measures to strengthen the competitiveness of the national economy and its resilience to global economic threats in order to ensure the sustainability of its sources of growth.

PRODUKTIVITAS TANAMAN SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) BERUMUR TUA BERDASARKAN KEPADATAN POPULASI DI PTPN XIV UNIT PKS LUWU

Oil palm is Indonesia's mainstay plantation commodity as a source of income for farmers and plantation companies and a source of foreign exchange. Oil palm is a plant with the highest productivity of vegetable oil with a production age beyond 30 years. To evaluate the productivity of old plants of oil palm, a comparative study was carried out based on the number of different populations per unit area of ​​land. The calculation of oil palm plant production in the form of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) was carried out in old plant population areas with different population numbers per hectare due to population reduction after the productive age of the plants had passed. The calculation results show that the productivity of old oil palm plants (34 and 35 years) is influenced by the number of populations per hectare. Oil palms aged 35 years with higher productivity per unit area were 115 and 118 trees per hectare, but the areas with 100 and 115 populations of oil palms per hectare produced a higher weight of FFB per bunch. For oil palm plantations aged 34 years, populations with higher productivity were 100 and 118 trees per hectare, but a higher average weight of FFB per bunch was found in the areas with 85 and 100 populations per hectare.

Environment-based Learning Media with Green Biochemistry Approach

Southeast Sulawesi is one of the provinces that has the largest mining area in Indonesia. One of the main mining commodities is nickel, which has the largest natural resource potential of around 97.3 billion tons of nickel minerals. Mining has an important role in the development of a region because it produces industrial raw materials, a source of foreign exchange, employment and increases local revenue. On the other hand, mining can cause various threats or adverse impacts in the form of environmental damage and pollution. One of the areas experiencing adverse impacts from mining is Baliara Village, Bombana Regency. This study aims to determine the formulation of efforts to overcome and prevent seawater pollution by nickel waste using the green biochemistry approach. This research was conducted in April 2022 in Baliara Village, Bombana Regency using observation, interview and literature study approaches. The results showed that there are approaches that can be used to control or reduce nickel waste, namely using the flotation-filtration method, silica-modified tofu solid waste, utilization of mangrove vegetation as nickel heavy metal phytoremediation and the establishment of corporate social responsibility (CRS) by mining companies in controlling or monitoring environmental pollution. This approach is considered very effective in controlling pollution in the aquatic environment in Baliara Village, Bombana Regency, so that it can serve as scientific input and information for relevant parties in taking actions and policies in controlling pollution in the area

Potensi Tradisi Grebeg Dalam Meningkatkan Kunjungan Wisatawan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta

Tourism is a sector in Indonesia that plays a role in the economy by increasing people's incomes, increasing and leveling employment opportunities, and serving as a source of foreign exchange. However, as a tourist destination, Yogyakarta is experiencing lagging problems in increasing tourist visits. The Grebeg tradition is part of the culture in Yogyakarta as a community celebration to commemorate an event. This research aims to examine the potential of the Grebeg tradition in Yogyakarta to increase tourism in Indonesia. Based on the results of this research, the Grebeg tradition can become part of potential tourism in Yogyakarta and a means of entertainment for local tourists to create knowledge of cultural heritage and love for the Indonesian nation.

Physiological characteristics of IRR 400 series rubber clones (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) on drought stress

Background: Drought stress is one of the main causes of plant death. Strategies for plants survival are morphological adaptations, specific signaling pathways, and tolerance mechanisms. Rubber plantations have many uses, such as foreign exchange sources, job sources, forest revitalization, and a source of alternative wood for building materials and furniture. The rubber plant’s response to drought stress is a complex biological process. A tolerant rubber clone in a dry area is the right approach. The present study aimed to determine the mechanism of drought-tolerant clones, based on physiological characteristics, to obtain character selection and drought-tolerant clones early. Methods: The first factor examined for this work was clones (IRR 425, IRR 428, IRR 429, IRR 434, IRR 440, RRIC 100, and BPM 24) and the second factor was water content (30%, 60%, and 90%). The study was arranged on a factorial randomized block design and repeated three times. Characteristics observed were total sugar (µM), proline (mg/L), chlorophyll a, b, total (µg/mL), hydrogen peroxidase (µmol/g), ascorbate peroxidase (unit/mg), superoxide dismutase (unit/mg), and peroxide dismutase (unit/mg). Results: The tolerance ability of the IRR 400 series rubber clones to drought stress was determined by observing the characteristics of sugar total and proline. The concentration of total sugar and proline were higher when the plant was treated with a lower water content. The selected clones tolerant to drought stress are RR 425 and IR 434 with high total sugar content and proline. Other characteristics, namely chlorophyll a, b, and total, as well as hydrogen peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, super oxide dismutase, peroxide dismutase, cannot be used as selection characteristics for this study. Conclusions: This drought study of IRR 400 clones with varying water content percentages illustrated that the total sugar and proline characteristics could be used to distinguish tolerance levels from other observed characteristics.

Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Growth and Haematological Parameters in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Juveniles

Fishes are most abundant aquatic vertebrates; they are being consumed by humans as protein supplements and as well serve as raw materials in drugs industries and source of foreign exchange. Juveniles Clarias gariepinus were sourced from ABU Institute of Agriculture Mando, Zaria Kaduna State and acclimatized for two weeks and fed 4mm Bluecrown feed containing 45% crude protein diet at 3% body weight twice daily at 12hours interval. Feed was formulated with garlic extract in to five groups; A (0.0g/kg), B (0.5g/kg), C (1.0g/kg), D (2.0g/kg) and E (5.0g/kg) diet. Fishes were grouped into five (triplicates) and feed different diets. Fish fed with 0.5g/kg garlic mixture supplemented diet increases significantly in growth when compared with the control groups and those other groups fed with 1.0 g/kg, 2.0 g/kg and 5.0 g/kg Garlic supplement. Similarly, among dietary groups, food conversion ratio (FCR) improved significantly (p < 0.05) in fish fed with 1.0 g/kg and 0.5 g/kg Garlic supplemented diet when compared with those fed with D (2.0 g/kg), D (5.0 g/kg) and control (0.0 g/kg). Percentage weight gain, mean weight and survival rate decreases as garlic supplements in the diets increases. Differences observed in packed cell volume (PCV) and White blood cell (WBC) were significantly high in 0.5g/kg garlic supplemented groups (PCV 33% and WBC 23.1 x103µL-1) when compared with the control group (PCV 27% and WBC 19.1 x103µL-1) and other groups with higher garlic supplements. Overall, fish fed with 0.5 g/kg garlic mixture extracts had improved haematological indices when compared with those fed with higher concentrations and control group. The study concluded that, 0.5g/kg level of garlic could effectively improve the growth performance, healthier and survival rate of Clarias gariepinus. This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary effects of garlic on growth and haematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus.