Source Of Explanation Research Articles

Coherence Establishment as a Source of Explanation in Linguistic Theory

The primary goal of coherence theory is to provide an explanation for the coherence properties of discourse: what properties distinguish a discourse from a mere collection of utterances, and what drives comprehenders to draw inferences in service of establishing coherence. However, the importance of coherence theory goes well beyond that; it also plays a crucial role in theories of a variety of discourse-dependent linguistic phenomena. This article surveys some ways in which coherence theory has been leveraged in this way, appealing to both Relational analyses and Question-Under-Discussion models. Theories of coherence establishment should therefore have a place in the linguist's toolbox as a source of explanation in linguistic theory.

Sovereignty vs Globalization: Indispensable Discourse due to Relationship

Over the decades, scholarly discourses on sovereignty and globalization have been produced following various theories and numerous debates about the strength and weakness of the sovereign nation-state and globalization. In this paper, the various theories on the discourse of sovereignty and globalization are traced and placed into four categories as: contending paradigm, globalization paradigm, transformation paradigm and complementary paradigm. Both concepts, sovereignty and globalization, are explored by adopting the methodological framework, sources of explanation. The argument is that there is an intricate relationship between these concepts. To determine the relationship between sovereignty and globalization, three world systems were examined and it revealed that, globalization is born of the sovereign nation-state and that globalization can only be assert in the current sovereign world system and not the ones preceding it. The overall conclusion is that globalization emerged as a result of sovereignty and since the discourse of sovereignty and globalization is about the same space and its inhabitants, they are bound to be discursively set against each other if the discourse focusses solely on the phenomena seen as globalization. The forces of globalization and sovereignty need to be further researched into to be able to tell where they are leading us.

FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI TINGGINYA PENYAKIT ISPA PADA BALITA DI PUSKESMAS DELENG POKHKISEN KABUPATEN ACEH TENGGARA

<p><em>Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the most infectious diseases and causes of death in children in developing countries. This type of research is an analytical survey method with cross sectional approach with the aim to find out the factors that influence the high ARI in infants with the study population as many as 218 mothers of toddlers and samples taken by random sampling are 69 people. The results showed that knowledge had sig-p 0.016 <0.05, sig-p attitude 0.610> 0.05, exclusive breastfeeding sig-p 0.004 <0.05, ventilation sig-p 0.040 <0.05 and dwelling density of sig -p 0.014 <0.05. The conclusion is the influence of knowledge, exclusive breastfeeding, ventilation and density of occupancy of the high ARI in toddlers, while the attitude has no influence on the high ARI in toddlers. It is hoped that this research can be used as a source of explanations and input for the Deleng Pokhkisen Health Center to improve information provision to mothers and the community in the form of counseling or health promotion.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords : Influencing Factors, High ARI Disease</em></strong>

The Ambivalent Image of Social Enterprises – Human Values as a Source of Explanation

One characterizing feature of social entrepreneurship is the existence of two opposing missions – a social and a commercial mission. While the requirement to integrate these missions has produced m...

Fluoropyrimidine-associated toxicities in colorectal cancer patients: the epigenetic point of view

Background: Fluoropyrimidines (FPs) have been used for a long time as first-line treatment for colorectal cancer and continue to represent the backbone of combination chemotherapy in both the adjuvant and metastatic disease settings. In a consistent percentage of patients (10-40%) FPs induce severe to life-threatening toxicity. On this basis, markers of tolerance to treatment need to be found. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) pharmacogenetic screening is a useful tool to identify individuals at high risk of FPs severe toxicity. However, constitutional DPYD mutations only partially explain polymorphic DPD activity and toxic response. Recent advances in research have suggested that epigenetic mechanisms may provide a new source of explanations in the context of drugassociated toxicities. Objective and Methods: A systematic literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases was performed in order to review the current state of knowledge about epigenetic aspects related to fluoropyrimidine- associated toxicities. Results: Various genes and pathways involved in FPs metabolism and mechanism of action have been shown to be regulated by promoter methylation and specific miRNA expression at the transcriptional level, responsible for an intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance. Also, preclinical evidences are accumulating that epigenetic drugs may increase cell chemosensitivity. Conclusion: Associations between epigenetic patterns and effects of FPs have been outlined and some critical issues on the translation to clinical practice discussed. Keywords: Colorectal cancer, 5-fluorouracil, fluoropyrimidine, toxicity, epigenetics, miRNA, dihydropyridine dehydrogenase, chemosensitivity.

20th Century quest for new art and interdisciplinary approach

AbstractArt; when setting up the combined connection of feelings and thoughts, it is a very effective helper of learning and development. It developes one's source of explanation better, form of expression and other disciplines. That is why, in modern eductaion systems science and art should be nested together. Collaboration of different disciplines in art education started to gain importance towards the end of the 20th century. Because both fields are aimed for service development and discovery of the new, when feelings are educated, mental abilities, thoughts and intelligence have been seen to be developed. In this study, the key actions of the art education in the 20th century education has been briefly noted and towards the end of the 20th century with the importance gained from different disciplines with art the new created discipline based art education and approach to interdisciplinary art has been investigated.
 Keywords: art, education, interdisciplinary art, mental abilities, learning, development.

Processing political misinformation: comprehending the Trump phenomenon.

This study investigated the cognitive processing of true and false political information. Specifically, it examined the impact of source credibility on the assessment of veracity when information comes from a polarizing source (Experiment 1), and effectiveness of explanations when they come from one's own political party or an opposition party (Experiment 2). These experiments were conducted prior to the 2016 Presidential election. Participants rated their belief in factual and incorrect statements that President Trump made on the campaign trail; facts were subsequently affirmed and misinformation retracted. Participants then re-rated their belief immediately or after a delay. Experiment 1 found that (i) if information was attributed to Trump, Republican supporters of Trump believed it more than if it was presented without attribution, whereas the opposite was true for Democrats and (ii) although Trump supporters reduced their belief in misinformation items following a correction, they did not change their voting preferences. Experiment 2 revealed that the explanation's source had relatively little impact, and belief updating was more influenced by perceived credibility of the individual initially purporting the information. These findings suggest that people use political figures as a heuristic to guide evaluation of what is true or false, yet do not necessarily insist on veracity as a prerequisite for supporting political candidates.

Split-Ticket Voting in an STV System: Choice in a Non-Strategic Context

This article explores the sources of weak party-voting patterns in Irish elections, conceptualising this as split-ticket voting. Ireland provides a context where election results show split-ticket voting is common, but the strategic interpretations of such behaviour that have been very prominent elsewhere are not generally applicable. We employ data from the Irish national election studies to explore the behaviour of individuals embedded in a variety of contexts. The results demonstrate the prevalence of split-ticket voting, and they support the validity of non-strategic explanations. One source of explanation for the patterns we find lies in differences between individuals: partisanship and the extent to which voters are attracted to candidates rather than parties are important. A second source is contextual: the factors connected with the complexity of the choice facing voters have a powerful influence on split-ticket voting.

Phone call elasticity of city travel in Ahmedabad

The new era of Information and Communication Technologies ICT enables people to communicate and interact with each other in different manner, changing the way they conduct their lives. This change has significant implications on their physical travels. The relationship between ICTs and travel is complex and sometimes indirect. This paper aims to better understand this complex relationship by empirically analyzing the substitution versus additive effects of phone calls on physical distance traveled by individuals. This is done by analyzing the phone call elasticity of physical travel. The analysis also studies the relevance of social ties in Ahmedabad, India, as a source of explanation of social activity, thus travel, undertaken by individuals. Social Network Analysis (SNA) allows capturing social determinants that affect travel in a way socio-demographics do not capture. The phone call elasticities show a variation among different people which can be connected to the type of trips that are substituted. The substituted trips are related to the social networks of individuals. Decision makers can use this tool to designing their travel and ICT policies in a novel way.

Is There Space forBetterPlanning in a Neoliberal World? Implications for Planning Practice and Theory

Planning’s normative aspirations are open to criticism for their idealism and impracticality in the face of economic forces. The question underlying this article therefore is how far space—conceptual and practical—exists for better planning? The argument uses empirical evidence drawn from an unremarkable planning case not as a source of explanation but to probe how events (and hence planning) might have been different and therefore could be different in the future. What choices were overlooked? What questions might have been asked? What alternative outcomes were possible?

Studying the Origins of Social Entrepreneurship: Compassion and the Role of Embedded Agency

Academy of Management ReviewVol. 38, No. 3 DialogueStudying the Origins of Social Entrepreneurship: Compassion and the Role of Embedded AgencyMatthew G. Grimes, Jeffery S. McMullen, Timothy J. Vogus and Toyah L. MillerMatthew G. GrimesUniversity of Alberta, Jeffery S. McMullenIndiana University, Timothy J. VogusVanderbilt University and Toyah L. MillerIndiana UniversityPublished Online:6 Mar 2013https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2012.0429AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsDownload CitationsAdd to favoritesTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail View articleREFERENCESArend R. J. 2013. A heart-mind-opportunity nexus: Distinguishing social entrepreneurship for entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Review, 38: 313–315.Link , Google ScholarBattilana J. 2006. Agency and institutions: The enabling role of individuals' social position. Organization, 13: 653–676. Google ScholarDacin M. T., Dacin P. A., Tracey P. 2011. 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Entrepreneurial action and the role of uncertainty in the theory of the entrepreneur. Academy of Management Review, 31: 132–152.Link , Google ScholarMiller T. L., Grimes M. G., McMullen J. S., Vogus T. 2012. Venturing for others with heart and head: How compassion encourages social entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review, 37: 616–640.Link , Google ScholarMitchell R. K., Busenitz L. W., Bird B., Gaglio M. C., McMullen J. S., Morse E. A., Smith J. B. 2007. The central question in entrepreneurial cognition research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31: 1–27. Google ScholarPeredo A. M., McLean M. 2006. Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business, 41(1): 56–65. Google ScholarSeo M., Creed W. 2002. Institutional contradictions, praxis, and institutional change: A dialectical perspective. Academy of Management Review, 27: 222–247.Link , Google ScholarShaw E., Carter S. 2007. Social entrepreneurship: Theoretical antecedents and empirical analysis of entrepreneurial processes and outcomes. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14: 418–434. Google ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByEntrepreneurship for the Public Good: A Review, Critique, and Path Forward for Social and Environmental Entrepreneurship ResearchSiddharth Vedula, Claudia Doblinger, Desirée Pacheco, Jeffrey G. York, Sophie Bacq, Michael V. Russo and Thomas J. Dean26 January 2022 | Academy of Management Annals, Vol. 16, No. 1Energizing through Visuals: How Social Entrepreneurs Use Emotion-Symbolic Work for Social ChangeDavid Barberá-Tomás, Itziar Castelló, Frank G. A. de Bakker and Charlene Zietsma19 December 2019 | Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 62, No. 6Why We Care about Certified B Corporations: From Valuing Growth to Certifying Values PracticesJoel Gehman, Matthew G. Grimes and Ke Cao26 March 2019 | Academy of Management Discoveries, Vol. 5, No. 1Hidden Badge of Honor: How Contextual Distinctiveness Affects Category Promotion among Certified B CorporationsJoel Gehman and Matthew Grimes23 February 2018 | Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 60, No. 6An Identity-Based Approach to Social EnterpriseTyler Wry and Jeffrey G. York8 September 2015 | Academy of Management Review, Vol. 42, No. 3An Embedded Agency Approach to Entrepreneurship Public Policy: Managerial Position and Politics in New Venture Location DecisionsJeffery S. McMullen, Matthew S. Wood and Alexander S. Kier27 July 2016 | Academy of Management Perspectives, Vol. 30, No. 3Converging Winds: Logic Hybridization in the Colorado Wind Energy FieldJeffrey G. York, Timothy J. Hargrave and Desirée F. Pacheco8 June 2015 | Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 59, No. 2 Vol. 38, No. 3 Permissions Metrics Downloaded 75 times in the past 12 months History Published online 6 March 2013 Published in print 1 July 2013 Information© Academy of Management ReviewWe thank Roy Suddaby for his editorial feedback.PDF download

The emergence of distinctive features (review)

Reviewed by: The emergence of distinctive features Abigail C. Cohn The emergence of distinctive features. By Jeff Mielke . (Oxford studies in typology and linguistic theory.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Pp. xviii, 280. ISBN 9780199233373. $39.95. A fundamental question in phonology is the role of distinctive features in characterizing phonological patterns of the world's languages in terms of their inventories, phonotactics, and alternations. One view widely held since the 1960s is that distinctive features, characterized in terms of the phonetic capabilities of humans, are universal, and that their universality is explained by their being innate: The total set of features is identical with the set of phonetic properties that can in principle be controlled in speech; they represent the phonetic capabilities of man, and we would assume, are therefore the same for all languages. (Chomsky & Halle 1968:294-95) The significant linguistic universals are those that must be assumed to be available to the child learning a language as an a priori, innate endowment. (Chomsky & Halle 1968:4) Under this view, so-called NATURAL CLASSES—widely attested crosslinguistic patterns characterized in terms of shared phonetic properties—are accounted for by the conjunction of small sets of innate distinctive features. In The emergence of distinctive features, Jeff Mielke challenges this view in a both provocative and compelling way. Based on a database of phonological alternations culled from an extensive set of descriptive grammars, he argues that an innate distinctive feature theory is not adequate and duplicates other independently needed explanations. He argues that an emergent feature theory, where 'features are abstract categories based on generalizations that emerge from phonological patterns' (9), offers a better account of natural and unnatural classes. Overall, the book serves as a challenge to the widely held view of distinctive features as innate. It sets an agenda for testing the viability of phonologically active features as emergent, which at this stage is more a programmatic alternative rather than a full-fledged theory, and calls upon all of us to rethink the nature of phonological primitives. This work (a revised version of the author's 2004 dissertation) consists of eight chapters (192 pages), three appendices, and an extensive set of references, as well as general, language, and feature indices (82 pages); together they make the book user-friendly and accessible. Well written and carefully edited (with almost no typos!), this book is available in both hardback and paperback, thus increasing the accessibility of this significant and timely work. It is complemented by an online searchable database of phonological alternations that M constructed for the study (available at http://aix1.uottawa.ca/~jmielke/pbase/index.html). The organization of the book blends discussion of the central issues and themes with the empirical foundation of the study. Chs. 1 and 2 frame the issues surrounding distinctive feature theory, asking whether an innate or emergent theory is more adequate. Ch. 5 amplifies on what an emergent theory would look like, and Ch. 8 proposes a general model for the emergence of linguistic structure. Ch. 3 provides the methodology for the database survey, while Chs. 4, 6, and 7 present results from the study. The book and accompanying database will be of interest to students and scholars of phonology, as well as those interested in broader themes about the nature of linguistic knowledge and sources of explanation in linguistics. The main argument of the book is as follows: The purpose of this book is to argue that there are many sound patterns that innate features cannot account for, that there is no direct evidence for innate features, and that observations about sound patterns are better accounted for by emergent feature theory, a theory of how the development of sound patterns leads to the recurrence of particular groups of sounds, or natural classes. (2) To address the multiple uses of the term 'natural class', M introduces PHONOLOGICALLY ACTIVE CLASSES—classes of sounds that are observed to pattern together phonologically. Thus, Mreframes the central question: What is or are the most appropriate explanations for the phonologically active [End Page 647] classes across the world's languages? A further terminological distinction that would also be useful is between UNIVERSAL and INNATE, which Mat...

The Familial Context of Adolescent Language Brokering Within Immigrant Chinese Families in Canada

Language brokering, whereby children of immigrants provide informal translation and interpretation for others, is considered commonplace. However, the research evidence remains inconsistent concerning how language brokering relates to the psychological health of child language brokers and their relationships with their parents. Furthermore, few studies have examined the familial context as an explanation source. This study evaluated the moderating effects of adolescents' support of family obligation values and their perceptions of parental psychological control on relationships between language brokering frequency and both adolescent psychological health and parent-child relationship quality. Adolescents from 182 immigrant Chinese families residing in Canada (average age 15 years, 52% females) reported the frequency with which they translated or interpreted various materials for their parents. More frequent language brokering was associated with poorer psychological health for adolescents who held strong family obligation values or who perceived parents as highly psychologically controlling. More frequent language brokering was also associated with more parent-child conflict. Contrary to some past findings, language brokering frequency was not significantly positively associated with self-esteem or with parent-child congruence (i.e., levels of understanding and satisfaction with parent-child relationships). The findings are discussed in relation to their support for theories of parent-child role reversals or independent-interdependent scripts in language brokering.

The Residential Mobility Pattern in the Istanbul Metropolitan Area

This paper investigates intra-urban residential moves according to housing areas with varying densities in Istanbul. First, the reasons for actual moves are explored, initially with regard to the age and education characteristics of the households. Further consideration is given to the type of previous dwelling, duration of residence in the previous dwelling and the distance from the origin to destination areas. The results related to age are consistent with previous studies; older households are less mobile. However, duration of time in the residence reflects a different pattern from previous studies; in Istanbul, it appears not to reduce residential mobility. Second, planned mobility is analyzed according to household structure such as age, education, tenure and income. The analysis is expanded by adding dwelling characteristics and ‘roomstress’—a measure of the space needed by the household. Further, neighbourhood characteristics are added to elaborate their impact on the probability of the residential mobility. Results reflect that renters are more mobile than owners. While high accessibility decreases the odds of residential mobility, neighbourhood traffic problems positively increase the odds of future mobility. However, ‘roomstress' appears not to provide a significant source of explanation in any of the models.

L1 acquisition across Portuguese dialects: Modular and interdisciplinary interfaces as sources of explanation

This study investigates the child (L1) acquisition of properties at the interfaces of morpho-syntax, syntax-semantics and syntax-pragmatics, by focusing on inflected infinitives in European Portuguese (EP). Three child groups were tested, 6–7-year-olds, 9–10-year-olds and 11–12-year-olds, as well as an adult control group. The data demonstrate that children as young as 6 have knowledge of the morpho-syntactic properties of inflected infinitives, although they seem at first glance to show partially insufficient knowledge of their syntax–semantic interface properties (i.e. non-obligatory control properties), differently from children aged 9 and older, who show clearer evidence of knowledge of both types of properties. However, in general, both morpho-syntactic and syntax–semantics interface properties are also accessible to 6–7-year-old children, although these children give preference to a range of interpretations partially different from the adults; in certain cases, they may not appeal to certain pragmatic inferences that permit additional interpretations to adults and older children. Crucially, our data demonstrate that EP children master the two types of properties of inflected infinitives years before Brazilian Portuguese children do ( Pires and Rothman, 2009a,b), reasons for and implications of which we discuss in detail.

Linguistic levelling in Spanish: The analogical strong preterites

AbstractCertain Peninsular Spanish varieties have two third-person plural forms in the simple past indicative of verbs with ‘strong’ (stem-stressed) preterites. While this phenomenon is documented in large-scale linguistic atlas surveys, its current geographic distribution and diachronic origins remain under-studied. This paper sets out to: 1) establish the geographic distribution of these variants; the differing methodologies and epochs of the data sources make them particularly interesting to compare, showing that these analogical strong preterites have suffered a drastic decline over the last century; 2) use historical corpus data to show that the vernacular variant is by no means a recent phenomenon; 3) examine external history as a source of explanation in linguistic reconstruction, showing that this process of analogical levelling took place after the reconquest and resettlement of these regions. These findings support the hypothesis of a feature which spread over the centuries by linguistic diffusion.

Social Entrepreneurship as Dynamic Innovation (Innovations Case Discussion: Freeplay Energy and Freeplay Foundation)

ing and dynamic case of social innovation and entrepreneurship. We have observed the Freeplay business model grow and change over the past five years, since we began teaching this case study in courses on entrepreneurial strategies for social impact at IESE Business School in 2003. The case is an important one for several reasons. As a complex illustration of social innovation in practice, it helps us to understand the ways in which business and social goals can be both simultaneous and complementary. It generates insights for education and for the next generation of managers and entrepreneurs to adopt out-of-the-box thinking and to make the “social” in social entrepreneurship obsolete as entrepreneurship naturally comes to involve “social” opportunities. As a relatively new field of research, social entrepreneurship offers scholars a “source of explanation, prediction and delight”; a unique opportunity to rethink assumptions and concepts from different fields of management and social science research. Theorists working on social entrepreneurship will find that the Freeplay case helps us to identify key features of the phenomenon, each of them providing stimulating spaces for researchers, not only to contribute to emerging theory but also to enlighten and challenge our existing paradigms.

Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight

Social entrepreneurship, as a practice and a field for scholarly investigation, provides a unique opportunity to challenge, question, and rethink concepts and assumptions from different fields of management and business research. This article puts forward a view of social entrepreneurship as a process that catalyzes social change and addresses important social needs in a way that is not dominated by direct financial benefits for the entrepreneurs. Social entrepreneurship is seen as differing from other forms of entrepreneurship in the relatively higher priority given to promoting social value and development versus capturing economic value. To stimulate future research the authors introduce the concept of embeddedness as a nexus between theoretical perspectives for the study of social entrepreneurship.

Social Entrepreneurship Reserach: a Source of Explanation, Prediction and Delight

Social entrepreneurship, as a practice and a field for scholarly investigation, provides a unique opportunity to challenge, question, and rethink concepts and assumptions from different fields of management and business research. This paper puts forward a view of social entrepreneurship as a process that catalyzes social change and/or addresses important social needs in a way that is not dominated by direct financial benefits for the entrepreneurs. Social entrepreneurship is seen as differing from other forms of entrepreneurship in the relatively higher priority given to promoting social value and development versus capturing economic value. To stimulate future research the authors introduce the concept of embeddedness as a nexus between theoretical perspectives for the study of social entrepreneurship. Different research methodologies and their implications are discussed.

Desempenho das empresas brasileiras: efeitos ano, ramo de negócios e firma individual

O desempenho varia. Esta simples afirmação esconde muito da complexidade da estratégia. Já que o desempenho varia entre empresas individuais, os pesquisadores podem explorar os fatores que diferenciam estas empresas entre si e explicar por que algumas firmas consistentemente apresentam melhor desempenho do que outras. Já que o desempenho varia entre diferentes ramos de negócios, os pesquisadores podem explorar as características estruturais destes ramos como uma das causas de variação. Já que o desempenho varia com o tempo, os pesquisadores podem explorar elementos dinâmicos do ambiente e internos que determinam as decisões estratégicas. Na realidade, a medição e análise do desempenho torna-se muito complicada quando todas estas fontes de variação agem de forma simultânea e integrada. A discussão teórica por trás desta questão é a importância relativa da abordagem derivada da organização industrial versus a visão baseada em recursos. Este trabalho analisa a variância do desempenho de um conjunto de empresas brasileiras no período 1998-2001. Os resultados demonstram que os efeitos firma são ainda dominantes, com os efeitos ano e ramo de negócios apresentando-se menores configurando uma situação similar ao encontrado no ambiente norte americano.