Source Of Bioactive Compounds Research Articles

Antioxidant, antibacterial, and α-glucosidase inhibition potential of three Allium species (Amaryllidaceae) from Iran

Introduction: Wild species of the genus Allium have high potential for use as medicine due to their essential secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity. This study explored the antioxidant, antibacterial, and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of three Allium species: Allium tripedale, Allium hooshidaryae, and Allium stipitatum. Methods: The antioxidant potentials of the plant methanol extracts were evaluated using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging test. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and α-glucosidase inhibition were also evaluated. Antibacterial assessments were done employing disk diffusion and microdilution methods to determine inhibition zone and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), respectively against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results: Allium hooshidaryae displayed high TPC (70.24 ± 0.0039 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract), while A. tripedale had the highest TFC (87 ± 0.013 mg Quercetin equivalent/g extract). A. hooshidaryae showed superior antioxidant capacity (DPPH IC50: 724.4 ± 0.31 µg/mL; FRAP: 36.87 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract) and stronger α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 2.59 mg/mL vs. 4.33 mg/mL for A. tripedale and 6.41 mg/mL for A. stipitatum). Qualitative tests confirmed phenolic, flavonoid, and glycoside compounds in all three species. A. stipitatum uniquely contained saponin and tannin. A. hooshidaryae and A. stipitatum inhibited the bacterial strains effectively, especially at the higher concentration (400 µg/mL). A. stipitatum showed inhibition against all strains, particularly against S. aureus (MIC: 12.5 µg/mL). Conclusion: This study highlights the antidiabetic and antibacterial potential of three Allium species, emphasizing their values as rich sources of bioactive compounds.

Unveiling the potential of germinated black bean extracts: Targeting topoisomerase IIα through in silico and in vitro approaches

This study investigates the potential of germinated black bean extracts (GBBE) to modulate the activity of topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα), a key enzyme involved in DNA replication and repair, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Germination significantly elevated the polyphenolic content of black beans, thereby enhancing their antioxidant properties. Molecular docking studies demonstrated a strong interaction between GBBE and the active site of topo IIα, suggesting a possible mechanism for its inhibitory action. In vitro experiments revealed a significant inhibitory effect of GBBE on topo IIα ATPase activity, which was further confirmed by the decatenation assay, with bean extracts germinated for three days showing the highest effect. The study underscores the significance of GBBE as a promising natural source of bioactive compounds with the capacity to inhibit topo IIα activity, offering a potential novel therapeutic strategy against TNBC. Warranting further investigation to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects.

Maximizing polyphenol yield: ultrasound-assisted extraction and antimicrobial potential of mango peel

This study investigated the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) techniques used to enhance the polyphenols and antioxidants of mango peel extract (MPE). Additionally, it explored the bacteriostatic activity of MPE against various microorganisms. The UAE method was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) at different times, temperatures, and ratios, with optimal conditions found to be 35 minutes, 45 °C, and a 1:35 ratio. The optimized yield results for total polyphenol content (TPC) were 17.33 ± 1.57 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content (TFC) was 12.14 ± 0.29 mg QE/g, and radical scavenging activity (RSA) was 72.11 ± 2.19%. These response models were extremely significant with p-values less than 0.05. MPE showed selective effectiveness against Bacillus cereus, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The results highlight the potential of mango peel as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds, contributing to waste reduction in the food industry and the development of natural antimicrobial agents. This study contributes to further research on the application of MPE in processed foods.

A comparative analysis on impact of drying methods on antioxidants, antidiabetes and antiobesity activities in green algae Caulerpa lentillifera: In vitro study

Marine algae, particularly Caulerpa lentillifera (C. lentillifera), have gained attention as potent sources of bioactive compounds with diverse health benefits. Despite its promising bioactivity, the influence of drying methods on its health-promoting properties remains underexplored. This study investigates the impact of different drying methods on the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiobesity activities of C. lentillifera. Fresh samples (GACL-FS) and those dried using air-fryer (GACL-AFD) and microwave (GACL-MD) methods were evaluated for carrageenan content, protein composition, and bioactive potentials. GACL-MD preserved the highest levels of protein, while fresh samples retained the highest carrageenan content. Antioxidant assays revealed superior performance in GACL-MD samples, showing significant DPPH and ABTS inhibition compared to Trolox standards. Similarly, antidiabetic assays demonstrated comparable α-glucosidase inhibition across all drying methods, suggesting robust retention of antidiabetic properties. Antiobesity activity, evaluated through lipase inhibition assays, highlighted GACL-MD's efficacy at lower concentrations, akin to Orlistat, while fresh and air-fryer dried samples showed varied results. In conclusion, C. lentillifera exhibits substantial potential as a functional food ingredient, with the drying method significantly influencing its bioactive profile. Microwave drying emerged as optimal for preserving antioxidant and antiobesity activities, emphasizing the need for tailored drying strategies to enhance nutritional benefits. Future research should focus on optimizing processing techniques and elucidating underlying mechanisms to fully harness C. lentillifera's health-promoting properties in functional food development and public health interventions.

Volvariella volvacea (paddy straw mushroom): A mushroom with exceptional medicinal and nutritional properties

Volvariella volvacea, commonly referred to as paddy straw mushroom, is renowned for its remarkable medicinal and nutritional properties. This mushroom, part of the family Pluteaceae, thrives in tropical and subtropical regions and is highly esteemed for its distinctive flavor and substantial health benefits. The fruiting body of V. volvacea is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including antioxidant enzymes, terpenes, polypeptides, sugars, phenolics, and flavonoids. These compounds exhibit an extensive range of therapeutic activities such as anti-tumor, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-malarial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects. Nutritionally, V. volvacea is an excellent source of carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, ascorbic acid, and essential minerals. It also boasts a comprehensive profile of amino acids, including valine, arginine, glutamine, serine, aspartic acid, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, asparagine, lysine, cystine, proline, glycine, tryptophan, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and histidine. This review emphasizes the significant medicinal and nutritional potential of V. volvacea, advocating its inclusion as a functional food to enhance human health and well-being. By highlighting its diverse bioactive compounds and therapeutic benefits, this review aims to foster greater recognition and utilization of paddy straw mushroom in both dietary and medicinal applications.

Comparative Evaluation of the Phytochemical Composition of Fruits of Ten Haskap Berry (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica Sevast.) Cultivars Grown in Poland

The aim of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative fruit profiles of ten cultivars (cvs.) of haskap berry (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica Sevast.) to determine their antioxidant activity (ABTS test, CUPRAC test, ability to capture superoxide (O2˙−) and hydroxyl radicals (OH˙)), cytotoxic activity (against cancer cell lines breast, MCF-7; colon, HT-29; and melanoma, SK-Mel-28) and physicochemical properties. Most of the selected cultivars had not previously been analyzed for these properties. A total of 19 polyphenolic compounds were identified in the fruits of the tested genotypes, with a quantitative range of 2166.3–3597.0 µg/g. The polyphenol profile was dominated by anthocyanins (90.0–92.4%), and the remaining classes occurred in the following order: phenolic acids > flavonols > flavan-3-ols. The highest concentrations of these polyphenol groups were found in the cultivars ‘Honeybee’, ‘Sinij Uties’ and ‘Usłada’. The fruits of these cultivars were also characterized by the highest antioxidant activity (546.6–683.5 µg/mL for O2˙− and 541.2–652.1 µg/mL for OH˙) and cytotoxic activity (103.6–649.2 µg/mL). The data obtained indicate that the fruits of the new haskap cultivars are a good source of bioactive compounds with possible health-promoting properties.

Bioactive Compounds Investigation and Antioxidant Activities in Extracts and Fractions of Tamarindus Indica (Aradib) From Sudan

Tamarindus indica is commonly used interest in Sudan for edible plant and medicinal use. This study aimed to determine bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities in extracts and fractions of Tamarindus indica pulp grown in Sudan. The powdered plant was extracted with ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone using an ultrasonic technique. The residue of the ethanol extract was fractionated using successive solvents. The extracts and fractions were determined for their phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins contents, and analyzed bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer, and also evaluate their antioxidant activities using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl, reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging methods. The results show that the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total tannins levels were significantly higher in the ethyl acetate fraction than in other extracts and fractions. GC-MS analyses of extracts and fractions showed a variety of bioactive compounds such as Hexadecanoic acid, Stigmasterol, Maltol, Sitosterol, Vitamin E, Allose, Tartaric acid, and Vaccenic acid. All the extracts and fractions exhibited good antioxidant activities. The extracts and fractions of Tamarindus indica pulp are sources of natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds, which are beneficial effects on human health and the possibility of application in the pharmaceutical industry.

Fungi as biotechnological allies: Exploring contributions of edible and medicinal mushrooms.

Edible and medicinal mushrooms possess excellent nutritional properties due to their incredible versatility in growing on different substrates and producing extracellular enzymes with a wide range of specificity. These features make them excellent candidates for various biotechnological applications. In this context, biotechnological applications using edible and medicinal mushrooms can focus on the bioprocessing of agro-industrial wastes, an economical and environmentally friendly strategy. This review, based on recent original research and scientific reviews, highlights the versatility and potential of mushrooms in terms of sustainability and efficiency. We emphasized the biotechnological applications of edible and medicinal mushrooms and their enzymes including food production with high nutraceutical value by enhancing the quality and flavor of food industry products. Other biotechnological applications addressed in this review were cosmeceutical and biomedical development using mushroom extracts with bioactive compounds; wood pulp pretreatment processes in the pulp and paper industry; bioethanol production; and bioremediation for decontaminating soils and polluted effluents. These applications explain how edible and medicinal mushrooms have gained significance in biotechnology over the years, opening new avenues for innovation. The current tendency to study edible and medicinal mushrooms has gained the attention of researchers because these are still less known organisms becoming an attractive and natural source of novel bioactive compounds that could be integrated into a circular model production.

Nutrients and Antioxidants from Petit Verdot Grape Pomace Powder

T he study aimed to characterize pomace powder from the Petit Verdot grape of Mexican winemaking. The powder pomace (dry basis from pomace) was analyzed and contained 6.65% moisture, 9.17% fat, 9.54% protein, 51.41% dietary fiber, 6.10% soluble fiber, 45.3% insoluble fiber, and 4.62% ash. Also, the powder pomace contained various minerals, including calcium, copper, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium, and potassium. The phenolic compounds found were hydrated quercetin, a cinnamic acid derivative, and a p-coumaric acid derivative. The limited diversity of phenolics in grape pomace powder is counterbalanced by its elevated dietary fiber and nutritional content, positioning it as a viable ingredient for food processing. The freeze-dried grape pomace powder contained a load of 4 log CFU/g, and the MacConkey culture medium detected no possible pathogenic microorganisms. These findings suggest that grape pomace powder could be a promising addition to the food industry, offering a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds.

From small‐scale studies to an encompassing view: Inhibiting inflammation and clinically relevant enzymes with various extracts of Primula vulgaris using in vitro and in silico techniques

AbstractThe genus Primula holds great importance as a source of traditional remedies in various folk medicine systems. In the present study, we investigated the chemical composition and biological properties of different extracts (ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethanol/water, and water) of aerial parts and rhizomes of Primula vulgaris. To determine the chemical profile, the extracts were analyzed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐HRMS) technique and flavonoids were a major group in this profile. The antioxidant capacity was demonstrated by in vitro chemical tests and in general the ethanol/water extract was found to be the most potent. Enzyme inhibition was studied against various enzymes and ethanol and ethanol/water extracts were more active than others. To assess the anti‐inflammatory potential of the extracts at the molecular level, human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vitro experiments showed that the levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB), receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE), activator protein‐1 (AP‐1), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), interleukin 17 (IL‐17) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha were significantly reduced after treatment with the tested extracts. In addition, the extracts showed an inhibitory effect on the enzymes collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase, which are involved in the inflammatory process and destabilization of the extracellular matrix (ECM). P. vulgaris has been observed to modulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) synthesis by decreasing the concentration of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) during LPS‐induced inflammation. This study also examined the molecular binding and dynamic behavior of various enzymes and proteins associated with skin and infections using ligands derived from the tested extracts. Simulations with AutoDock Vina V1.1.2 and GROMACS 2023.1 showed that isoquercetin in particular showed superior performance in interactions with hyaluronidase. These findings are important for the development of potential therapeutic strategies for skin health and infection control. In summary, P. vulgaris can be considered as an important source of natural bioactive compounds for the development of effective health‐promoting applications in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics

Impact of oil type and savory plant on nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation, milk yield, and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows

Fat supplements are well known for their multiple beneficial effects on ruminant health, reproduction and productivity, and as a source for certain bioactive compounds in ruminant products. On the other hand, numerous phytochemicals have demonstrated the potential to improve rumen fermentation through modifying the volatile fatty acid (VFA) pattern to favour those with greater energy efficiency, boosting microbial protein synthesis, and decreasing methane emission and ruminal ammonia concentration. Savory is an aromatic plant rich in various phytochemicals (mainly carvacrol and flavonoids) that can alter ruminal metabolism of dietary fatty acids, potentially increasing the production of some bioactive compounds such as conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs). This study aimed to investigate combined effects of oil type (fish oil (FO) versus soybean oil (SO)) and the inclusion of savory (Satureja khuzistanica) plant (SP) in the diet on total tract digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cattle. Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with four diets and four 21-d periods. During each experimental period consisted of 14 days of adaptation and a 7-day sampling period, cows were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments: the diet supplemented with 2% (DM basis) fish oil (FOD) or soybean oil (SOD), the FOD or SOD plus 370 g DM/d/head SP (FODs, SODs, respectively). The experimental diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with the fat sources as the first and SP as the second factor. The FO-supplemented diets had lower dry matter intake (DMI) and higher total tract digestibility than SO-supplemented diets (P < 0.05), and including SP in the diet improved total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE), and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) (P < 0.05) without negatively affecting DMI. Rumen pH was lower with SO than with FO diets (P < 0.01) and increased with SP inclusion in the diet (P < 0.05). Total protozoa count and ruminal ammonia concentration decreased, and the branched-chain VFA (BCVFA) proportion increased with SP inclusion in the diet (P < 0.05). Milk production, as well as the concentration and yield of milk components (except lactose concentration) were higher with SO than with FO diets (P < 0.05), but these variables remained unaffected by SP. The milk concentrations of both non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were lower with SO compared to FO diets, and these variables were reduced by SP (P < 0.01). The proportions of both mono- and polyunsaturated FA (MUFA and PUFA, respectively) in milk were higher with FO than with SO diets (P < 0.01), and their proportions increased by SP at the expense of saturated FA (SFA) (P < 0.01). Including SP in the diet increased the proportions of all the milk n-3 FA (C18:3c, C20:5, and C22:6) by 21%, 40%, and 97%, respectively, and those of conjugated linoleic acids (C18:2 (c9,t11-CLA) and C18:2 (t10,c12-CLA)) by 23% and 62%, respectively. There was no interaction between oil type and SP for the assessed variables. Fish oil, despite reducing milk production and milk components, was more effective than soybean oil in enriching milk with healthy FA. These findings also show promise for SP as a feed additive with the potential to improve total tract digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk FA composition.

Seagrass Meadows: Prospective Candidates for Bioactive Molecules.

Seagrass meadows consist of angiosperms that thrive fully submerged in marine environments and form distinct ecosystems. They provide essential support for many organisms, acting as nursery grounds for species of economic importance. Beyond their ecological roles, seagrasses and their associated microbiomes are rich sources of bioactive compounds with the potential to address numerous human healthcare challenges. Seagrasses produce bioactive molecules responding to physical, chemical, and biological environmental changes. These activities can treat microbe-borne diseases, skin diseases, diabetes, muscle pain, helminthic diseases, and wounds. Seagrasses also offer potential secondary metabolites that can be used for societal benefits. Despite numerous results on their presence and bioactive derivatives, only a few studies have explored the functional and therapeutic properties of secondary metabolites from seagrass. With the increasing spread of epidemics and pandemics worldwide, the demand for alternative drug sources and drug discovery has become an indispensable area of research. Seagrasses present a reliable natural source, making this an opportune moment for further exploration of their pharmacological activities with minimal side effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemical, phytochemical, and biomedical applications of seagrasses globally over the last two decades, highlighting the prospective areas of future research for identifying biomedical applications.

The impact of fenugreek, black cumin, and garlic on dough rheology, bread quality, antimicrobial activity, and microstructural analysis using a scanning electron microscope

Fenugreek, black cumin, and garlic are herbs that are rich sources of antimicrobial and nutritional bioactive compounds. This study investigated the influence of herbs on the rheological characteristics of dough and the quality parameters of bread. The antimicrobial activity of the herbs was determined against the pathogens at 50 and 100 mg/mL concentrations. Maximum zone inhibition was measured for fenugreek against Salmonella typhimurium (16.5 mm) at 100 mg/mL concentration. Dough development time and departure time increased with the increase in concentration of the herbs. Farinograph quality number (FQN), mixing tolerance index, and stability varied significantly with the treatments such as physio-chemical, structural, textural, and sensory parameters at herbs con-centration 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%, respectively. Ash, fiber, fat, protein content, firmness, and total phenolic content were increased with treatments. However, a decrease in moisture content and total plate count was observed due to the addition of herbs. The microstructure revealed that the addition of fenugreek significantly improves the bread structure. The sensory profile of bread was not affected with the addition of herbs at a concentration of 0.50%.

Diversity and Activity of Bacteria Cultured from a Cup-The Sponge Calyx nicaeensis.

Marine sponges are well-known for hosting rich microbial communities. Sponges are the most prolific source of marine bioactive compounds, which are frequently synthesized by their associated microbiota. Calyx nicaeensis is an endemic Mediterranean sponge with scarce information regarding its (bioactive) secondary metabolites. East Mediterranean specimens of mesophotic C. nicaeensis have never been studied. Moreover, no research has inspected its associated bacteria. Thus, we studied the sponge's bacterial diversity and examined bacterial interspecific interactions in search of a promising antibacterial candidate. Such novel antimicrobial agents are needed since extensive antibiotic use leads to bacterial drug resistance. Bacteria cultivation yielded 90 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). A competition assay enabled the testing of interspecific interactions between the cultured OTUs. The highest-ranked antagonistic bacterium, identified as Paenisporosarcina indica (previously never found in marine or cold habitats), was mass cultured, extracted, and separated using size exclusion and reversed-phase chromatographic methods, guided by antibacterial activity. A pure compound was isolated and identified as 3-oxy-anteiso-C15-fatty acid-lichenysin. Five additional active compounds await final cleaning; however, they are lichenysins and surfactins. These are the first antibacterial compounds identified from either the C. nicaeensis sponge or P. indica bacterium. It also revealed that the genus Bacillus is not an exclusive producer of lichenysin and surfactin.

Differential Biochemical Content and Free Radical Scavenging Potency of Three Solvent Extracts of Porodaedalea pini

Porodaedalea pini, a non-edible mushroom, is a notable source of bioactive compounds with traditional medicinal uses. Solvent selection is crucial in research and development of natural products. This study examined how solvent polarity affects the biochemical composition and antioxidant properties of P. pini. Crude extracts were prepared from whole mushrooms using chloroform, methanol, and ethyl acetate through cold extraction. Total carbohydrate, flavonoid, and phenolic contents were measured, and free-radical scavenging activities against DPPH and superoxide anion were assessed by employing standard protocols. Methanolic extracts yielded significantly more than ethyl acetate (p&lt;0.05) and chloroform (p&lt;0.001) extracts, showing higher levels of carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, and phenolics (p&lt;0.001). All extracts displayed notable free-radical scavenging activity, with methanol being the most potent, followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform. Thus, solvent polarity greatly affects the biochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of P. pini extracts, highlighting the importance of solvent choice in optimising their bioactive potential.

LC-HRMS Analysis of Abelmoschus Manihot Medik from Palu of Central Sulawesi

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik is one of the traditional medicinal plants from Palu City, Central of Sulawesi with the Malvaceae plant family and commonly is a traditional medicinal plants recognized fot its therapeutic potential, particularly in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing applications. This research aims to identify and characterize the chemical compounds present in Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik plant from Palu City, Central of Sulawesi using liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). This research was collected fresh plant, designed using ethanol extraction from Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik and analyzed using mass spectroscopy (LC-HRMS) with Processing Software – MZMine Ver. 3.9.0. The results of this study provide new insights into the chemical composition of Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik and confirm its potential as a source of bioactive compounds that could be futher explored for pharmaceutical development, namely that it contains the main compound Quercetin with a mass of 303.04, Gossypetin; Myricetin with a mass of 319.04, Quercetin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside with a mass of 449.10 Isoquercetin; Hyperoside; Hyperin; Hirsutrin with a mass of 465.10, Gossypol with a mass of 519.20 and rutin with a mass of 291.08.

Nutrient Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L) Peel

The present study was conducted to assess the nutri-chemical composition and antioxidant potential of rambutan fruit (Nephelium lappaceum L) peel. Red rambutan fruit peel was used in fresh as well as dried form for the study. The nutri-chemical profiling revealed, fresh peel had 24g/100g of carbohydrate, 2.5g/100g of protein, 0.17g/100 g of fat and 0.89g/100g starch. However, dried peel had 55.45g/100g carbohydrate, 5.25g/100 protein, 10.2g/100g fat and 1.00g/100g starch. Crude fiber content of the fresh and dried peel was 0.77g/100g and 0.068g/100g respectively. Moreover, the fresh peel had higher moisture (73%) content than dried peel (4.2%). Vitamin C being heat liable, was found higher in fresh peel (9.31mg/100g). Sodium and potassium levels was found higher in dried peel powder as 1.55mg/100g and 9.4mg/100g respectively. Phytochemical composition of rambutan peel revealed that total polyphenol was higher in dried peel (580mg/100g) when compared to fresh (310 mg/100 g), meanwhile saponin, tannin and terpenoid was found higher in fresh peel as 47mg/100g, 390mg/100g and 5.101mg/100g respectively. Flavonoid content was dominant in dried peel (20.51mg/100g) than that of fresh peel (9.6mg/100 g). The radical-scavenging activity was expressed as IC50, which reported dried peel (43.79μg/100 mL) had strong antioxidant potential than fresh peel (184.39μg/100mL). However, it is concluded that rambutan peel is a potent source of nutrients, bioactive compounds and antioxidants which in turn has immense therapeutic benefits. Furthermore, valorisation of agri-food wastes and by- products can enhance food security and promote sustainable development.

Cryptophytes as potential source of natural antimicrobials for food preservation.

Cryptophytes are a promising source of bioactive compounds that have not been fully explored. This research investigated the antimicrobial activity of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and exopolysaccharides (EPS) extracted from several cryptophytes against a range of harmful foodborne bacteria and fungi. To measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value, the broth microdilution method was used. In the antibacterial evaluation of TPC, the MIC ranged between 31.25 and 500 μg/mL, while for the antifungal activity test, it varied from 31.25 to 125 μg/mL. In the antibacterial activity test of EPS, the MIC values ranged from 125 to 1,000 μg/mL, whereas in the antifungal susceptibility test, it ranged between 62.5 and 1,000 μg/mL. The most resistant pathogen against TPC was Escherichia coli, while Campylobacter jejuni was the most susceptible. In the case of EPS, the most resistant pathogen was Salmonella Typhimurium, while Aspergillus versicolor exhibited the highest susceptibility. Overall, in terms of antimicrobial activity, TPC was more effective than EPS. Finally, the tolerance level (TL) for TPC and EPS was ≤4 in all tested samples, indicating their bactericidal/fungicidal mechanism of action. In conclusion, TPC and EPS isolated from cryptophytes demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial properties and ability to fully eradicate pathogens, and could be considered as natural preservatives in the food industry.

Morphological, cytogenetic, and phytochemical estimation of Lychnis flos-cuculi L. cell cultures: can cell biomass be a source of bioactive compounds?

The ragged robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi L.) from the Caryophyllaceae family contains flavonoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, and ecdysteroids, making it potential for biological and medicinal application. Plant cell culture technologies could be beneficial for obtaining low-cost biomass sources with valuable phytochemicals sustainably. The current study reports the induction and proliferation of ragged robin cell culture and evaluation of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) impact on the secondary metabolites profile using UPLC-HRMS/MS. Callus was initiated from different explants on the Murashige and Skoog medium with various combinations and concentrations of PGRs. It was found that prolonged proliferation on MS medium enriched with a combination of 1.0 mg l− 1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 mg l− 1 N6-furfuryl adenine (Kinetin) yields the maximum biomass with 504.05% growth index. The results of flow cytometric analysis suggested no genetic alteration between differentiated and dedifferentiated cultures. Furthermore, the UPLC-HRMS/MS result distinguished 101 significant signals that were manually identified as ecdysteroids (16 metabolites), flavonoids (11 metabolites), phenolic acids (10 metabolites), triterpene saponins and sapogenins (53 metabolites), and some primary metabolites. Our study demonstrates that the cell culture of L. flos-cuculi displays significant differences in its phytochemical makeup to plants cultivated in vitro. Moreover, the type of growth regulators used for callus cultures was identified to cause substantial shifts in the identified metabolites.Graphical

The Preparation and Characterization of an Alginate–Chitosan-Active Bilayer Film Incorporated with Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) Residue Extract

The agricultural production of asparagus generates a significant number of residues rich in bioactive compounds, most of which are wasted. In this study, active edible films with antioxidant and antibacterial properties for food packaging were developed using ethanolic extracts obtained from asparagus residues. These ethanolic extracts of asparagus residue (AspE) were incorporated (1 y 4 wt%) into sodium alginate (SA) solutions for the preparation of alginate–chitosan (SA/CS) bilayer films using the casting method, and they were characterized by optical, structural, mechanical, and thermal properties. In addition, the total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity were determined. The results showed that the SA/CS film with 1% AspE had better optical, structural, mechanical, and thermal properties due to its color, flexibility, and homogeneity. Both films incorporated with AspE exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial activity, with higher activity in the film with 4% AspE. However, this film showed shrinkage and surface irregularities that make its application in food packaging difficult, so the formulation with 1% AspE was considered better for this type of application. This study shows that asparagus residues can be a valuable source of bioactive compounds for the food industry, indicating the potential for the valorization of this agri-food waste.