Energy Source For Transport Research Articles

Enhancing diesel engine performance and emissions control with reduced Graphene oxide and Non-Edible biodiesel blends

The growing concern about environmental degradation and the depletion of fossil fuel supplies has prompted experts to investigate alternate and sustainable transportation energy sources. In these circumstances, biodiesel made from renewable feedstock has emerged as a viable environmentally friendly alternative to conventional diesel. This study thoroughly examines the performance and emission characteristics of a 4-stroke diesel engine running on biodiesel blends, including reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanomaterial. The non-edible biodiesel from the Jatropha curcas plant is utilized, and it is blended in various ratios with conventional diesel, ethanol, and nanomaterial rGO to improve performance and emissions parameters. Torque increased by up to 17 % in rGO DJE02GO25 at 3500 rpm, while Brake Power decreased by 6.3 % in rGO DJE01GO25 at 2600 rpm. Brake Thermal Efficiency decreased by 12.5 % in rGO Blend 1 at 2600 rpm, and Brake-specific fuel consumption decreased by 16.5 % in rGO DJE02GO25 at 3500 rpm. CO2 emissions decreased up to 19.71 % in rGO Blend 10 at 2600 rpm. HC emissions decreased to 94 % in rGO blend 8 at 3500 rpm. Finally, NOx emissions decreased up to 84.78 % in rGO Blend 1 at 2900 rpm. The current study reveals that after adding rGO nanomaterial in biodiesel, there is a significant decrease in NOx and HC emissions.

An Investigation of factors Influencing electric vehicles charging Needs: Machine learning approach

Decarbonization of the world is greatly contributed to by the recent technological advancements that have fostered the development of electric vehicles (EVs). The EVs relieve transportation dependence on natural fossil fuels as an energy source. More than 50 % of the petroleum products produced worldwide are estimated to be used in the transportation sector, accounting for more than 90 % of all transportation energy sources. Consequently, studies estimate thatthe transportation sector produces about 22 % of global carbon dioxide emissions, posingsignificant environmental issues. Thus,using EVs, particularly on road transport, is expected to reduce environmental pollution. To accelerate EV development and deployment, governments worldwide invest in EV development through various initiatives to make them more affordable. This research aims to investigate the changing needs of EV users to establish factors to be considered in the selection of charging demands using machine learning, usingan extreme gradient boosting model. The model reached high accuracy, with an R2-Score of 0.964 to 1.000 across all predicted needs. The model performance is greatly affected by age, median income, education, and car ownership. High values of people with high income, high education, and age between 35–54 years show a positive contribution to the model’s performance, contrary to those with 65+, low income, and low education attainment. The outcomes of this research document factors that influence EV charging needs; therefore, it provides a basis for decision-makers and all stakeholders to decide where to locate EV charging stations for usability, efficiency, sustainability, and social welfare.

Factors affecting the economy of green hydrogen production pathways for sustainable development and their challenges.

In a hydrogen economy, the primary energy source for industry, transportation, and power production is hydrogen gas. Green hydrogen can be generated and utilized in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner; it seeks to displace fossil fuels. Finding a clean alternative energy source is becoming more crucial due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the major environmental pollution issues they bring when utilized extensively. The paper's objective is to analyze the factors affecting the economy of green hydrogen production pathways for sustainable development to decarbonize the world and the associated challenges faced in terms of technological, social, infrastructure, and people's perceptions while adopting green hydrogen. To achieve this, the research looked at a variety of areas relevant to green hydrogen, such as production techniques, industry applications, benefits for society and the environment, and challenges that need to be overcome before the technology is widely used. The most recent methods of producing hydrogen from fossil fuels, such as steam methane, partial oxidation, autothermal, and plasma reforming, as well as renewable energy sources including biomass and thermochemical reactions and water splitting. Grey hydrogen is now the least expensive type of hydrogen, but, in the future, green hydrogen's levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is expected to be less than $2 per kilogram of hydrogen.

Spray Characterization of Direct Hydrogen Injection as a Green Fuel with Lower Emissions

A viable green energy source for heavy industries and transportation is hydrogen. The internal combustion engine (ICE), when powered by hydrogen, offers an economical and adaptable way to quickly decarbonize the transportation industry. In general, two techniques are used to inject hydrogen into the ICE combustion chamber: port injection and direct injection. The present work examined direct injection technology, highlighting the need to understand and manage hydrogen mixing within an ICE’s combustion chamber. Before combusting hydrogen, it is critical to study its propagation and mixture behavior just immediately before burning. For this purpose, the DI-CHG.2 direct injector model by BorgWarner was used. This injector operated at 35 barG and 20 barG as maximum and minimum upstream pressures, respectively; a 5.8 g/s flow rate; and a maximum tip nozzle temperature of 250 °C. Experiments were performed using a high-pressure and high-temperature visualization vessel available at our facility. The combustion mixture prior to burning (spray) was visually controlled by the single-pass high-speed Schlieren technique. Images were used to study the spray penetration (S) and spray volume (V). Several parameters were considered to perform the experiments, such as the injection pressure (Pinj), chamber temperature (Tch), and the injection energizing time (Tinj). With pressure ratio and injection time being the parameters commonly used in jet characterization, the addition of temperature formed a more comprehensive group of parameters that should generally aid in the characterization of this type of gas jets as well as the understanding of the combined effect of the rate of injection on the overall outcome. It was observed that the increase in injection pressure (Pinj) increased the spray penetration depth and its calculated volume, as well as the amount of mass injected inside the chamber according to the ROI results; furthermore, it was also observed that with a pressure difference of 20 bar (the minimum required for the proper functioning of the injector used), cyclic variability increased. The variation in temperature inside the chamber had less of an impact on the spray shape and its penetration; instead, it determined the velocity at which the spray reached its maximum length. In addition, the injection energizing time had no effect on the spray penetration.

The application of renewable energy in transportation systems in China

The energy consumption level in transportation is projected to continue its current upward trend until the year 2040. Motor gasoline and diesel are the most consumed energy sources in common transportation, followed by jet fuel and natural gas. Regrettably, biofuel and electric energy, which are renewable energy sources, had only a little contribution to overall energy consumption in transportation. This indicates that the use of renewable energy sources in transportation is still in its early stages. The rapid advancement of energy innovation is causing alarm among the general people. In 2020, greenhouse gas emissions from transportation reached a record high. In order to predict the future trajectory of renewable energy, it is crucial to closely monitor the utilization of nonrenewable energy sources in transportation, which is currently at a high level. This study examines the existing energy sources in China and utilizes reliable research papers and data to demonstrate the practicality of several energy advancements in current transportation systems. The study will employ a literature review method to examine the advancements in energy innovation within the domains of internal combustion engines and electric motors in automobiles, waterborne transportation, and aircraft.

The Use of Renewable Energy Sources in Road Construction and Public Transport: A Review

The development and advantages of renewable energy technologies mean that their areas of application are constantly expanding. The development of roads, transport systems, and electromobility also increases the demand for electricity. Roads occupy a certain area that could be used to install wind turbines or photovoltaic systems that could be used to power, among others, electric vehicle charging stations and road technical infrastructure facilities (travel service areas, tunnel lighting, road signs). There are many examples around the world where such solutions have been used. This critical review of existing solutions and the possibilities of their application in new places may contribute to further development and research in this area. Particular attention was paid to the possibility of using renewable energy systems in Poland, which can be successfully transferred to other countries with a similar climate.

Grid Integration for Electric Vehicles: A Realistic Strategy for Environmentally Friendly Mobility and Renewable Power

The promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) as sustainable energy sources for transportation is advocated due to global considerations such as energy consumption and environmental challenges. The recent incorporation of renewable energy sources into virtual power plants has greatly enhanced the influence of electric vehicles in the transportation industry. Vehicle grid integration offers a practical and economical method to improve energy sustainability, addressing the requirements of consumers on the user side. The effective utilisation of electric vehicles in stationary applications is highlighted by technological breakthroughs in the energy sector. The continuous advancement in science and industry is confirming the growing efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) as virtual power plants. Nonetheless, a thorough inquiry is imperative to elucidate the principles, integration, and advancement of virtual power plants in conjunction with electric automobiles, specifically targeting academics and researchers in this field. The examination specifically emphasises the energy generation and storage components used in electric vehicles. In addition, it explores several vehicle–grid integration (VGI) configurations, such as single-stage, two-stage, and hybrid-multi-stage systems. This study also considers the various types of grid connections and the factors related to them. This detailed investigation seeks to offer insights into the various facets of incorporating electric vehicles into virtual power plants. It takes into account technology improvements, energy sustainability, and the practical ramifications for users.

Dual-fuel engines using hydrogen-enriched fuels as an ecological source of energy for transport, industry and power engineering

Displacing internal combustion engines (ICE) from the passenger car sector does not mean displacing it from all industries and specific applications. Thanks to the analysis of data on compression ignition (CI) engines used in the world, it is possible to prepare ready-made solutions for the most common engines in selected industries or for those whose greenhouse gas emissions will be the largest and most expensive for their owners in the coming years. The basic solution presented in this article gives the possibility of powering the engines with the most ecological currently known alternative motor fuels and using the already existing methane transmission infrastructure around the world. Their greatest advantage is their availability and low carbon content, which allows to minimize carbon dioxide emissions, both by burning hydrogen-enriched fuels and by increasing the efficiency of the engines modified by dual fuel supply system. Properly made external dual-fuel installation allows to improve the thermal efficiency of the CI engine. Work on this issue may help in the development of, for example, high-efficiency flex fuel power generators, which, as the current situation in Ukraine shows, are worthy. Thanks to the diversification of power sources for power generators, the countriesy is able to increase the reliability and security of energy supplies even in difficult conditions, such as armed conflict or natural disasters.

Progress and Challenges Connected with the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with Railway Distribution Networks

Rail is the most efficient and low carbon means of transport, but efforts are still being made to improve the energy efficiency of this sector. In Poland, one of the elements of the implementation of the energy transformation in rail is the “Green Railway” program, which assumes an increase in the share of renewable energy sources (RES) in the power supply structure of the sector to 50% in 2025 and 85% in 2030, and ultimately, to 100%. An increase in energy efficiency leads to a reduction in financial costs, and also contributes to improving the environment and, consequently, to enhancing the economic and social benefit through a cost–benefit analysis. Energy consumption in railway operations is characterized (unlike in construction) by being repetitive. This energy consumption is produced in four areas: in the movement of trains; in auxiliary systems in the trains; in auxiliary systems in the infrastructure (lighting consumption of tunnels or sections of track, point heating systems, the signaling and communication systems, etc.); and in stations, workshops and by other consumers. The aim of this article was to review modern technologies using renewable energy sources in rail transport for traction and non-traction customers.

Consequence modeling of a compressed hydrogen tube trailer explosion – theoretical study

In the present context, with the increasing focus on decarbonization and the transition toward sustainable energy systems, due to the imminent climate crisis, hydrogen has emerged as one of the key players in the quest for clean and renewable energy solutions. If this alternative fuel will be widely distributed, it can be used as an energy source for industry, households, and transportation, thereby promoting a carbon-free society. However, hydrogen's safe handling and transportation present significant challenges due to its unique properties and potential hazards. Given the high level of interest in the future of hydrogen applications, assumed by European Commission in the European Hydrogen Strategy and transposed in national strategies and action plans for the member states, special safety measures must be taken to avoid accidents. The study aims to provide an overview of the physical and chemical properties of compressed hydrogen and the specific characteristics of tube trailers used for its transportation and to examine the potential scenarios that may lead to a tube trailer explosion, such as ignition sources, leakages, or accidents during transit. Consequence modeling techniques are employed to evaluate the potential hazards and impacts of accidental hydrogen release from a tube trailer. This includes dispersion modeling to assess the extent of the hydrogen cloud and its potential for ignition, which can lead to jet fire or rising fireballs. Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool (PHAST) was utilized to evaluate the hazardous extent of the occurrence area and to estimate the effects of the theoretical explosion scenarios presented.

Problems and prospects of decarbonization of road transport in the Russian Federation

On the way of decarbonization of certain sectors of the economy, new types of climate risks arise, and associated losses as a result of actions by the public and private sectors aimed at containing these changes, and not at adapting industries to climate change. Measures for decarbonization of motor transport are considered. The most effective of them in the medium term are measures to diversify the use of natural gas, traction electric drive and hydrogen fuel cells as energy sources. The key organizational, technological and economic problems that hinder the widespread use of these alternative energy sources in road transport are highlighted. The requirements for achieving the competitiveness of cars with traction electric drive and hydrogen fuel cells in comparison with oil-fueled cars are formulated.It has been established that the total gross GHG emissions of the Russian vehicle fleet in 2050, the expected number of which will decrease from 59.8 to 51.7 million units compared to 2021, may amount to 126.8 million tons of CO2 equivalent, which is 28.5 % less than in 2021. Compared to previous projections, the value of total GHG emissions from the vehicle fleet in 2050 will lag behind by about 5 years. At the same time, the vehicle fleet in 2050 will be dominated by automatic telephone exchanges with internal combustion engines on hydrocarbon fuels (liquid, gaseous). Only after 2045, the share of sales of electric vehicles of all types can exceed the share of sales of these types of automatic telephone exchanges with internal combustion engines [1].

Comparative study based on techno-economics analysis of different shipboard microgrid systems comprising PV/wind/fuel cell/battery/diesel generator with two battery technologies: A step toward green maritime transportation

Exploring new energy sources for maritime transportation is crucial to address the growing energy crisis and environmental pollution. Full electrified ships have the potential to bring significant economic and environmental benefits. This paper investigates the techno-economics performance such as economic, technical, and emission analyses of three different hybrid systems namely PV/wind/battery (Case I), PV/Wind/battery/Diesel generator (Case II), and PV/Wind/Fuel Cell/battery (Case III) with two different battery technologies (lead acid battery (LAB) and lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies) for the shipboard microgrid system using HOMER Pro. A load profile of the passenger vessel "FCS Alsterwasser" was considered. Results of the economic analysis from the lead acid batteries combination revealed that Case II emerged as the most cost-effective option, with a net present cost (NPC) of $1.17 million and a levelized electricity (LCOE) cost of $0.295/kWh, while the lithium-ion battery system, Case I proved to be a most economically favorable option, demonstrated the lowest NPC at $1.12 million for and an LCOE of $0.284/kWh. On the contrary, Case I with the LAB system had the highest power production, generating 1,182,870 kWh/yr, and Case III with the LIB system produced the highest power production of 1,368,944 kWh/yr as evident from technical analysis. The emission analysis showed that Case II with the LAB system had higher emissions compared to Case III with the LIB system. The LIB system achieved higher power production and lower emissions than the LAB system. The research study is a step toward sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solutions in maritime transportation.

Advanced development of hydrogen engines for diverse transportation

The hazard of conventional fossil fuels that transportation relies on nowadays has urged the scientific community to speed up the process of diminishing the pollutants caused by daily transportation and finding an opulent energy source for its superstition. Renewable resources and hydrogen are deemed as the next generation resource. However, hydrogen is the ultimate choice for transportation for its excellent performance both in the fields of environmental protection and energy. In this article, a study on the global production of hydrogen is performed, delving into the present conditions of the hydrogen industry. The principles referred to when choosing hydrogen to be an energy source for various transportation are discussed, and a comparison between conventional fuel engines and hydrogen fuel engines is made. The existing technical problems concerning the application of hydrogen engines or hydrogen fuel cells are reviewed. Combined with the usage of technologies on hydrogen, an envisage of future clean transportation is demonstrated.

Green Fleet: A Prototype Biogas and Hydrogen Refueling Management System for Private Fleet Stations

Biogas and hydrogen (H2) are breaking through as alternative energy sources in road transport, specifically for heavy-duty vehicles. Until a public network of service stations is deployed for such vehicles, the owners of large fleets will need to build and manage their own refueling facilities. Fleet refueling management and remote monitoring at these sites will become key business needs. This article describes the construction of a prototype system capable of solving those needs. During the design and development process of the prototype, the standard industry protocols involved in these installations have been considered, and the latest expertise in information technology systems has been applied. This prototype has been essential to determine the Strengths, Challenges, Opportunities and Risks (SCOR) of such a system, which is the first step of a more ambitious project. A second stage will involve setting up a pilot study and developing a commercial system that can be widely installed to provide a real solution for the industry.

Is Hydrogen the Future Golden Boy of Maritime Transportation?

Abstract This article tries to see if hydrogen can represent the future of marine transportation. This article presents all types of hydrogen and ways in which it can be produced. Major ship-owners companies’ policy regarding use of hydrogen for ship propulsion is presented as well as how the P&I Clubs view the problem. The conclusion presents the arguments and drawbacks of this issue. In this paper, the author analyzes the hydrogen alternative as a source of energy for maritime transportation.

Experimental study of a dual-fuel spark-assisted compression ignition engine with polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether and methanol as fuels

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) and methanol are promising alternative fuels for internal combustion engines, offering emission reduction and compatibility with existing engine combustion technologies. They can be chemically synthesized, providing a renewable and clean energy source for sustainable transportation. Additionally, dual-fuel spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI) is an advanced combustion mode that offers precise control of the combustion. However, there is limited research on dual-fuel SACI based on PODE and methanol, and the understanding of its multi-stage combustion, the cross-effects of multiple parameters, and the transition between ignition and compression ignition are still unclear. In this study, a modified gasoline engine was used to investigate the combustion characteristics of a dual-fuel SACI engine. The engine was fueled with direct injection PODE and port injection methanol. The combustion process was examined with a focus on the cooperative control of multiple parameters. The effects of the mass ratio of PODE, spark ignition timing, and start of injection timing were analyzed. The results demonstrated the presence of multiple heat-release stages during dual-fuel SACI combustion, involving both compression ignition and flame propagation ignition. An optimal interval between the start of injection timing and spark ignition timing was observed, leading to high brake thermal efficiency. This interval facilitated the formation of a highly reactive mixture during ignition, enabling efficient ignition of methanol by PODE. At a brake mean effective pressure of 0.8 MPa, a brake thermal efficiency of 44% was achieved with a 75% methanol ratio. Additionally, by appropriately increasing the mass ratio of PODE and advancing the start of injection timing, a significant reduction in hydrocarbon emissions was observed, albeit with a slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions. These findings provide support for low-carbon operation of engines.

Statistical and analytical investigation of methanol applications, production technologies, value-chain and economy with a special focus on renewable methanol

Methanol could be considered one of four important basic chemicals, and is produced at the rate of more than 98 million tons yearly. About 30% of methanol is utilized in fuel applications for industrial boilers, transportation sector, and cooking. Approximately two-thirds of the produced methanol is utilized to make other chemicals. The consumption and production of methanol result in 10% of total chemical sector. The annual production of renewable methanol is limited to less than 0.2 million tons. It is estimated that by 2050, the cost of making renewable methanol will reduce between USD 250 to USD 630 per metric ton due to price reductions in renewable energy. With the aim of promoting renewable methanol production, the present contribution provide a statistical and analytical overview of the worldwide methanol value chain in terms of the demand and production of methanol, the most recent updates of production methods from different feedstocks, and the downstream applications of substances in. The benefits and drawbacks of using methanol as a clean fuel and energy source for transportation are evaluated. The capabilities of renewable methanol to power future propulsion technologies are examined and the commercial potentials of the two principal forms of renewable methanol, bio-methanol and e-methanol were investigated. The review concludes by identifying the key challenges and opportunities for the development of a sustainable value chain for methanol.

Toward a carbon neutral urban transportation system in Japan

At COP26, in November 2021, more than 150 countries declared their commitment to carbon neutrality. A decarbonized society has become a common goal in many countries. The Japanese government has declared that it aims to achieve a decarbonized society by 2050. Urban transportation also requires significant reductions in CO2 emissions, but there is a risk that carbon neutrality cannot be achieved solely through decarbonizing technologies for transportation vehicles and energy sources; therefore, cooperation with cities and society is necessary. This paper discusses the possibility of achieving carbon neutrality in urban transportation in Japan by reviewing 1) the status of vehicle and fuel decarbonization technologies, 2) the possibility of reducing CO2 emissions through land use policies, and 3) the effects of information communication technologies on transportation behavior based on the literature.

Impact of electric cars deployment on the Italian energy system

Electric vehicles are supposed to play a leading role in the transition towards a low carbon society since they allow to substitute oil products with electricity as the main energy source for transportation. On the other hand, the diffusion of electric vehicles determines an increase in power demand with a consequent variation in the power supply mix. In accordance with this, it is mandatory to analyse how the supply mix changes, since the introduction of electric vehicles is significant from the sustainability point of view only if there is a reduction in emissions. To assess this condition for the Italian energy system, the present paper proposes a model developed in EnergyPLAN. Three different scenarios are tested in terms of the penetration of electric vehicles to understand which is the optimal trajectory for their diffusion. The analysis demonstrates that the Italian energy system can accommodate 7 million electric cars, namely about 25% of the total in 2040. A higher amount would determine an increase in carbon emissions.

Expanded catalogue of metagenome-assembled genomes reveals resistome characteristics and athletic performance-associated microbes in horse

BackgroundAs a domesticated species vital to humans, horses are raised worldwide as a source of mechanical energy for sports, leisure, food production, and transportation. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the health, diseases, athletic performance, and behaviour of horses.ResultsHere, using approximately 2.2 Tb of metagenomic sequencing data from gut samples from 242 horses, including 110 samples from the caecum and 132 samples from the rectum (faeces), we assembled 4142 microbial metagenome-assembled genomes (MAG), 4015 (96.93%) of which appear to correspond to new species. From long-read data, we successfully assembled 13 circular whole-chromosome bacterial genomes representing novel species. The MAG contained over 313,568 predicted carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy), over 59.77% of which had low similarity match in CAZy public databases. High abundance and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) were identified in the MAG, likely showing the wide use of antibiotics in the management of horse. The abundances of at least 36 MAG (e.g. MAG belonging to Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Ruminococcus) were higher in racehorses than in nonracehorses. These MAG enriched in racehorses contained every gene in a major pathway for producing acetate and butyrate by fibre fermentation, presenting potential for greater amount of short-chain fatty acids available to fuel athletic performance.ConclusionOverall, we assembled 4142 MAG from short- and long-read sequence data in the horse gut. Our dataset represents an exhaustive microbial genome catalogue for the horse gut microbiome and provides a valuable resource for discovery of performance-enhancing microbes and studies of horse gut microbiome.5Q4GzktoVGndspuVBLwUREVideo