Source Of Disease Transmission Research Articles

Cellulose acetate-based electrospun nanocomposites improved by mussel-inspired polydopamine coatings and copper iodide-decorated graphene oxide: A self-disinfecting nanofibrous membrane with potential biomedical applications

Personal protective equipment and fabrics have proven their efficient use in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but because germs and viruses may survive on them, they can also operate as a source of disease transmission. Self-disinfecting textiles with the potential to kill different pathogens can be used as a substitute and prevent infections. In this research, copper iodide (CuI) decorated graphene oxide nanocomposite was synthesized through a green water-based procedure, and a novel nanofibrous membrane with improved antibacterial and antiviral characteristics was prepared by a mussel-inspired method, in which polydopamine (DOPA) and CuI-decorated graphene oxide (GO-CuI) nanocomposite were coated on cellulose acetate electrospun nanofibers (CA-DOPA-GOCuI). CA-DOPA-GOCuI NFM displayed extremely good antibacterial/antiviral properties with biofilm inhibition of 50 %, and very good cell viability and proliferation even though the virus was introduced to the cell culture. Furthermore, because it accelerated the healing process, this NFM showed great promise for use as a wound dressing. This may be because it inhibits infection and has an extremely high ROS scavenging capability of 80 %. Additionally, it was shown that CA-DOPA-GOCuI NFM was non-toxic to cells and blood compatible, with cell viability that was even higher than that of the control group of untreated cells. One possible explanation for this could be the inclusion of GO, a highly biocompatible member of the graphene family, which, when combined with CuI, reduced its toxicity to normal cells. Thus, the safety of CA-DOPA-GOCuI to normal cells, favorable cell proliferation and viability, and its high toxicity to bacteria and viruses indicate its great potential to be used in a wide range of biomedical applications, specifically, self-disinfecting fabrics and wound dressings.

Overview of Mapping and Environmental Pollution from UKL-UPL Clinic Document Based on Potential Pollution in Jombang District

Background: Clinical activities are activities that can produce various wastes in the form of liquid, solid and gas. Clinics will not only produce ordinary waste, but also infectious waste and other medical waste that can cause health problems which are a source of disease transmission. Management of clinical B3 waste is very important, because if B3 waste is not properly managed, various impacts can arise, namely: environmental pollution, causing injury, and nosocomial diseases. Objectives: This internship activity aims to analyze the mapping and environmental pollution description from the clinical UKL-UPL environmental document based on the potential for pollution in the Jombang DLH. Methods: The implementation methods used include online discussion, online assessment, participation, and literature study. The instrument used in data collection in the implementation of the internship is the draft UKL- UPL environmental document for the Jombang DLH Environmental Impact Study. Results: Data for UKL-UPL clinics registered by DLH Jombang is 12% or 80 clinical institutions. The mapping of the coordinates of the clinics in Jombang Regency illustrates the even distribution of clinical institutions and it can be seen that the majority of clinics in Jombang Regency are concentrated in Jombang District, which consists of clinics that produce 2 types of waste and clinics that produce 3 types of waste. From the map it can be seen that the sub-districts that have the least number of clinics are Wonosalam, Bareng, and Ngusikan sub-districts. Conclusions: The majority of clinics in Jombang Regency are concentrated in Jombang District, which consists of clinics that produce 2 types of waste and clinics that produce 3 types of waste.

Gambaran Pengelolaan Limbah Padat Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3) Fasilitas Pelayanan Puskesmas di Kota Bandar Lampung

Hazardous and Toxic Material Waste is the residue of a business and service facility activity containing B3. Hazardous and toxic waste (B3) at the Puskesmas has excellent potential to pollute the environment, cause accidents, and endanger public health due to viruses and bacteria that are the source of disease transmission; for this reason, this research is essential to do as an illustration of B3 waste management which has not been optimal at Health Centre in Bandar Lampung which has never been done before. The results of the research on the B3 solid waste management process at the Bandar Lampung City Health Center facilities with the same standards did not meet the technical requirements and the utilization of the facilities; the process of transporting Puskesmas waste was transported entirely to RSUD Dr. A. Dadi Tjokrodipo Bandar Lampung City. A destruction company with a B3 waste processing operational legality permit carries out the processing, burial, and stockpiling operations. Recommendations are needed to provide policies for the Forestry Environment Service and Bandar Lampung City Health Office related to solid medical waste management with the fulfillment of waste management facilities/infrastructure and the completion of an incinerator with permission from PT. Wastec International, PT. Tenang Jaya Sejahtera, and PT. Pengolahan Limbah Industri Bekasi . In addition, it is necessary to supervise and monitor the processing of Puskesmas waste in the destruction company.

DIFFUSE LEPROMATOUS LEPROSY IN AN HIV-POSITIVE PATIENT

Leprosy is a disease known since ancient times. It is caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The skin, peripheral nerves, eyes, and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract are especially affected. Lepromatous leprosy is a clinical entity that has become rare worldwide today with the introduction of polydrug therapy, resulting in a dramatic decline in overall prevalence. In epidemic settings, atypical manifestations should be known because they are a source of disease transmission. Lepromatous leprosy rarely occurs as part of an immune deficiency. We report a case of diffuse leprosy in an HIV-positive patient.

Benefits of Medical Waste Management in the Facility Health Services

Medical waste is all waste generated from hospital activities in the form of solid, liquid, and gas. The hospital, as a health service facility, is a gathering place for sick and healthy people and can be a source of disease transmission and allows environmental pollution and health problems, also producing waste that can transmit disease. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), waste generated by health service activities includes various kinds of materials, from used needles to soiled sanitary napkins, body parts, diagnostic samples, blood, chemicals, drugs, medical devices, and radioactive materials. To avoid these risks, it is necessary to manage waste in hospitals to protect patients, health workers, visitors, and the community around the hospital from the spread of infection and injury. The aim is to find out the benefits of medical waste management in health care facilities. The method used in writing this article is a literature review by identifying, evaluating, and synthesizing the works of research results and ideas that have been produced by researchers and practitioners. The results of the search process were only taken 27 articles that met the inclusion criteria, namely articles published in the period 2012-2021 and had discussions related to "the benefits of medical waste management in health care facilities and English. Medical waste management is getting rid of and utilizing general waste for other purposes. For general waste, the handling is identical to other domestic waste. Recycling is implemented wherever possible at every opportunity. Uninfected sharps must be properly packaged and will not harm handling workers and can be disposed of like general waste, while infected sharps are treated as hazardous waste.

Pemanfaatan Sumber Air Bersih Yang Sehat Bagi Masyarakat Di Desa Pucak Kec. Tompobulu, Kab. Maros

Dug wells are one of the sources of clean water used by the people of Pucak Village, Kec. Tompobulu, Kab. Maros Clean water is used for various daily activities. The quality of dug well water that does not meet the requirements will be a source of disease transmission. Problems faced by the community are the absence of clean water source sanitation inspections, interventions to clean water sources that are physically and bacteriologically ineligible and the lack of environmental health education related to clean water sources. The solutions offered are; (1) Inspection of environmental sanitation and quality inspection of clean water sources, (2) Interventions of clean water sources that do not meet health requirements by providing chlorine (Ca (ClO) 2) in well water, (3) Counseling environmental sanitation in relation to public health . Dug well sanitation inspection results show that there is a low risk of 6 (60%), moderate by 2 (20%), high by 1 (10%), very high by 1 (10%) of 10 wells. Physical quality, namely as many as 2 (20%) experienced turbidity, 1 (10%) that smelled and tastes. While the bacteriological quality showed that 6 (60%) of the samples taken did not meet the requirements. Provision of chlorine (Ca (ClO) 2) in community dug wells has improved water quality to become turbid, smelly and tasteless. Public health education provides knowledge and information on water and drinking water treatment. It is recommended that there be guidance and assistance to the community in managing clean water from puskesmas or universities

Assessment of Farmers’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Related to Milk-borne Zoonosis in District Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Background Milk-borne zoonotic diseases can be acquired by the consumption of nonpasteurized and infected dairy products. Zoonotic infections present a serious public health concern that is responsible for approximately 2.7 billion deaths annually worldwide. However, little is known about the attitudes and knowledge of the farmers regarding milk-borne zoonosis. Objective This study was performed with an aim to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of farmers regarding milk-borne zoonosis. Methods This cross-sectional KAP study was conducted in District Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, from September 1 to October 30, 2019. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect information from respondents regarding different aspects of milk-borne zoonosis. All small dairy farms (n=56) with more than 5 animals in District Muzaffarabad were included in this study. Data were collected from respondents (n=100), with an inclusion criterion of having a dairy experience of more than 6 months. Results The findings show that almost 86% of the farmers were unable to name any milk-borne zoonotic disease. About 45.5% of the farmers were unaware of the fact that milk can be a potential source of disease transmission. None of the respondents had any idea about the pasteurization method, and 50% of them had no habit of checking milk quality. However, 81% of the respondents preferred to use boiled milk. Almost 28% of the farmers with high-level education were able to name at least one milk-borne zoonotic disease. The majority of the respondents (99%) did not receive any formal training about zoonotic diseases. Conclusions According to the study, the overall knowledge of farmers regarding milk-borne zoonosis is not adequate. Despite having a positive attitude, the practices of the respondents regarding milk handling were found to be poor. Awareness about important zoonotic diseases and their source of transmission should be created, and a one-health approach to deal with zoonotic infections should be adopted.

Analysis of Bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp and Shigella sp on Black Sticky Rice Ice in Malang

Es tape ketan hitam is a traditional drink that is in great demand by the public and has the potential as a source of disease transmission is in the process of processing not using proper hygiene sanitation. The purpose of this research is to determine the content of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp. in es tape ketan hitam. The research was conducted by planting Escherichia coli on EMBA and planting Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp. on SSA. The technique used is the spread method. The results of this study indicate that samples 1, 2, 5 and, 6 contain Escherichia coli exceeding the threshold. Samples 1, 5 and, 6 contained Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp. exceed the provisions. Microbiological requirements of drinks based on PerBPOM RI No. 13 of 2019 is the maximum total Escherichia coli, which is < 3 colonies/ml and 0 colonies/25ml (negative) for Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp. So it can be concluded that 4 out of 6 samples of es tape ketan hitam in Malang City do not meet the criteria for a drink that is fit for consumption based on PerBPOM RI No. 13 of 2019.

Pengaruh Stigmatisasi Sosial Terhadap Koping Stress Perawat dalam Penanganan Covid-19 di Rumah Sakit dr. Soedjono Magelang

During the Covid-19 pandemic, Indonesia also faced a tendency to increase the number of cases. Stigma that arises from the community both to patients and health workers will actually have an impact on nurses' psychology such as feelings of guilt, anxiety, fear, feeling as a source of disease transmission. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of social stigma on nurses' coping with stress in handling Covid-19. This study used a correlative quantitative approach with a sample of 101 nurses. Questionnaires are used as instruments in data collection. This study uses the SPSS 20 application to perform statistical tests in the analysis. The results of the study can be concluded that the probability number obtained is p of 0.015 < from the value of (0.05) then this means that the emergence of social stigma affects nurses' coping stress in handling COVID-19. The figure of the coefficient of determination (r square) means that Social stigma variable affects coping stress in handling covid-19 at Tk II Hospital dr. Soedjono Magelang by 5.9%, while the remaining 94.1% is influenced by other variables outside of factors or variables that are not examined. Further research is needed, especially factors that were not investigated in this study such as gender, age, education, and social support. Keywords: Covid-19, Nurses, Stigmatization, Stress Coping,

Environmental Change and Zoonotic Disease Risk at Human-Macaque Interfaces in Bangladesh.

Anthropogenic land-use changes increase the frequency of interactions and habitat overlap between humans and macaques which play an important role in zoonotic disease transmission. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to examine connections between land-use change and macaque-human interactions and assess the chance of zoonotic disease transmission. We conducted ethnographic interviews and focus group discussions in Old Dhaka, Madaripur, and Chandpur, Bangladesh. Participants reported significant anthropogenic landscape transformations leading to increased human-macaque contact in the study areas. Participants also reported that all three sites underwent substantial landscape alteration from natural or agricultural land to a human-altered environment with roads, commercial, and residential buildings. Participants noted that the disappearance of forestland appeared to increase the macaque dependence on backyard fruit trees. Where rivers and ponds were filled to support local construction, macaques were also observed as becoming more dependent upon human water sources. These changed may help expanding the macaques' foraging areas, and they appear to be invading new areas where people are not culturally habituated to living with them. In response, many residents reported reacting aggressively toward the macaques, which they believed led to more bites and scratches. However, other respondents accepted the presence of macaques around their homes. Few participants considered macaques to be a source of disease transmission. This study revealed that local environmental changes, deforestation, urban expansion, construction, and water bodies' disappearance are linked to increasing human-macaque interactions. Understanding these interactions is critical to develop successful mitigation interventions at interfaces with a high risk for viral disease spillover.

Iot-Based Smart Trash Monitoring Using Blynk Application

Poor waste management and lack of public awareness of environmental hygiene, especially if waste is disposed of in the local trash can, causes garbage to accumulate and emit bad odors which can be a source of disease transmission. The lack of information technology for waste management by janitors can cause slow waste disposal. Based on these problems, it is necessary to equip an automatic trash can with a monitoring function in real time. Added the IOT (Internet of Things) function, which can provide initial information indicating that the trash can is full and can be quickly picked up by the garbage collector. The smart trash can prototype uses an ESP 32 microcontroller as a system control. Servo to control the trash can cover. The output of DF Player is in the form of thanks to people who throw garbage in its place. Ultrasonic sensors can detect human presence and waste volume and send monitoring results in real time as well as notifications to the blynk application as a notification if the trash can is full.

Potencial fisiológico de sementes de alface submetidas a diferentes tratamentos físicos para controle de patogénios

Plant propagation through seeds can be a source of disease transmission, so the use of seed treatment methods is of paramount importance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological and sanitary potential of different batches of lettuce seeds submitted to physical treatment methods. Thermotherapy and exposure to ozone gas were tested for 100 and 200 minutes. The efficiency and level of physiological damage caused by the treatments were evaluated by germination, accelerated aging, length, dry mass, total emergence, emergency speed index (LVI), and health (Blotter test) tests. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications, and the results submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test at 5% probability. Thermotherapy increased lettuce seed germination and accelerated the formation of normal seedlings with higher dry mass of shoots and roots. Both ozone treatments accelerated germination speed and root formation. Exposure to ozone for 200 minutes increased the shoot dry mass. The heat treatment was efficient in the control of Alternaria sp. Fungus, however favored the development of Aspergillus sp.

The relationship between the use of sharp instruments and the risks associated with health service workers: a systematic review protocol

Work accidents are characterized as those resulting from the exercise of work in the service of a company, which can harm the worker. health care workers suffer from the risk of exposure to contaminants and sharps in their daily practice. The handling of perforating material predominates as a situation of exposure to occupational accidents among health professionals, being the main source of disease transmission within the hospital environment. Thus, a systematic review is proposed to obtain relevant information on these risks in order to plan appropriate future interventions to avoid related negative consequences. Thus, following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyzes protocols (PRISMA-P), this systematic review protocol was developed in order to provide guidelines appropriate for the development of research that can deliver results to meet objective sought. Five databases will be accessed (SCOPUS, PubMed, Science Direct, EBSCOhost and Web of Science) and a total of 9 keyword combinations will be used.Â

Isolation and identification of bacteria from mobile phones of students and employees of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Bangladesh

Microbes are capable to survive on mobile phone surface and serve as a potential transporter of microorganism amongst handlers. Thus, the study focused on isolation and identification of bacteria from mobile phones of academic and non-academic staffs (including students and cleaners) of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University Dinajpur, Bangladesh. A total of 32 swab samples of mobile phones were collected. The bacteria isolates were identified on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characterization. The total viable count (TVC) of different swab samples of mobile phones in different categories were ranged from 73×10-6 CFU/ml to 260×10-6 CFU/ml. Analysis revealed that, among the samples 21 (25.6%) isolates were Staphylococcus spp, 17 (20.7%) were Bacillus spp, 16 (19.5%) were Klebsiella spp, 15 (18%) were Pseudomonas spp and 13 (15.85%) were Salmonella spp. Additionally, antibiotic sensitivity test revealed the bacteria isolates were resistant to Penicillin, Amoxicillin, Cefaclor, Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. The findings suggest that all the samples under observation were highly susceptible to a number of microbes belongs to the natural flora of human body. Hence, it is encouraged to avoid mobile phone handling while eating. Last but not the least, personal hygiene is highly recommended, as mobile phone can be a potential source of disease transmission.
 Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2020, 6(3): 570-576

Transmission, Stability, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Management of COVID 19

COVID 19 can be considered as the most devastating pandemics that happened in the 21st century. Many researches on its virology, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatments are ongoing. Studies on the causative virus of COVID 19 has been successfully carried out. Its genome has been sequenced, analyzed and compared with other corona viruses in those studies. Some studies on disease transmission also been carried out and as an outcome of those studies, information about the stability of the virus in different conditions and sources of disease transmission are available. Symptoms of the disease also been successfully identified and diagnosis methods to identify infected patients are also been developed. Preventive measures for the disease also been published and implemented in many countries. However, at the time of writing, there is no permanent cure for this viral infection and it would take time to develop a vaccine and/or other medicine for this disease.

Challenges in providing oral and dental health services in COVID-19 pandemic.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has rendered the world completely unaware and off-balance. Most of the countries of the world are in a lockdown of varying severity to break the chain of transmission. Many non-essential healthcare practices have been shut down to impose social distancing against a population whose slogan has been freedom of movement. Several healthcare providers have also been caught off guard. Many are not well-versed in the use of transmission-based safeguards, and the dental community, is no different. In this article, we identify the challenges faced by the oral and dental care providers, whose procedures generate a significant amount of aerosol, which can be a significant source of disease transmission within the community. It further describes the dynamics of aerosol spread and various strategies to minimise aerosol generation. Guidelines for the delivery of emergency dental treatment are formulated based on different guidelines from various international dental associations and organisations.

AVALIAÇÃO DA BIOSSEGURANÇA EM ESTABELECIMENTOS DE APLICAÇÃO DE MAQUIAGEM

O uso compartilhado de instrumentos em procedimentos estéticos pode resultar na contaminação tanto dos utensílios, quanto do cosmético que será utilizado em sua embalagem original, podendo ser fonte de transmissão de doenças. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o nível de informação que as maquiadoras possuem, utilizando a aplicação de um questionário, com relação às medidas de biossegurança inerentes às atividades realizadas, e também determinar a presença ou ausência de bactérias patogênicas em artigos utilizados em procedimentos de maquiagem, correlacionando os resultados encontrados com as respostas do questionário. Cinco estabelecimentos prestadores de serviços de maquiagem participaram da pesquisa, sendo que cada um forneceu dois artigos para aplicação de maquiagem, para tentativa de isolamento das bactérias Staphylococcus aureus e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Além disso, cada estabelecimento apresentou um profissional maquiador para responder ao questionário com perguntas envolvendo biossegurança. Não houve crescimento das bactérias pesquisadas nas amostras analisadas; porém, uma delas apresentou desenvolvimento de colônias compatíveis com Staphylococcus epidermidis. Com relação ao questionário, algumas respostas dos profissionais apontaram não conformidades com a legislação, como a falta do uso de EPI, a falta de um local específico para limpeza do material, e a ausência do detergente enzimático na limpeza dos artigos de maquiagem, o que indica maior risco de contaminação. Não foram encontradas as bactérias de interesse nos artigos de maquiagem, apesar dos profissionais dos estabelecimentos responderem que não cumprem algumas medidas de biossegurança. Contudo, não está descartada a possibilidade de haver outras bactérias ou fungos potencialmente patogênicos presentes no material utilizado nos procedimentos.

Análise microbiológica da água proveniente das fontes de abastecimento utilizadas em uma instituição de ensino pública da cidade de Januária/MG, Brasil

A água é um dos bens mais preciosos do planeta, posto ser ela essencial para a existência de vida e elemento fundamental ao desenvolvimento de diversas atividades humanas, sendo, portanto, um recurso ambiental indispensável, podendo, contudo, também veicular microrganismos nocivos à saúde humana. A água contaminada por microrganismos patogênicos é a principal fonte de transmissão de doenças nos países em desenvolvimento, evidenciando que o controle de sua qualidade para consumo humano é importante para a promoção de medidas de intervenção de modo a garantir água de boa qualidade. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água proveniente das diversas fontes de abastecimento utilizadas em uma instituição de ensino pública da cidade de Januária/MG, uma vez que, excetuando-se a fonte de abastecimento público, a água das demais fontes da instituição não é submetida a análises que possam comprovar sua potabilidade. Nas amostras de água analisadas foi utilizado o método Colilert IDEXX Quanti-Tray®/2000 para determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de bactérias coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. Todas as amostras de água analisadas provenientes de poços artesianos apresentaram contaminação por bactérias do grupo coliformes totais acima dos limites legais de potabilidade determinados pela legislação brasileira, sugerindo a necessidade de práticas de monitoramento e tratamento de modo a evitar possíveis riscos à saúde dos consumidores.

English

Food safety and quality are critical issues that should be given more attention all over the world mainly from nutritional quality and human health point of view. Food safety is a scientific field of study which deals with handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food borne illness. Food safety system is often categorized into two, namely traditional and science-based systems. Food can be used as a source of disease transmission from one person to another; it also serves as a nutrient growth medium for bacteria that can cause food poisoning, and hazardous agent for consumers’ health. Factors which can be a source of potential hazards in foods include traditional milk production accompanied with improper agricultural practices and poor hygienic environment at all stages of the food chain. Quality assurance is mandatory before the milk is consumed. It is achieved up on planned and systematic activities performed in each steps of the quality system. Milk and milk products contaminants are classified into two, namely, infectious and non-infectious agents. Food-borne illnesses are generally infectious or toxic in nature and caused by major infectious diseases such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or chemical substances getting access to enter into the body through contaminated food or water. Milk and milk products heading for export to global market need to pass through the strictest quality standards. Hazard analysis and critical control point system (HACCP) requires a critical examination through every step of food manufacturing process to determine the possibility of having physical, chemical, or microbiological contamination. To achieve this, it is necessary to control the quality of milk at the grass root level. Key words: Milk, contamination, food safety, quality control.

Efficient prion disease transmission through common environmental materials

Prion diseases are a group of fatal neurodegenerative diseases associated with a protein-based infectious agent, termed prion. Compelling evidence suggests that natural transmission of prion diseases is mediated by environmental contamination with infectious prions. We hypothesized that several natural and man-made materials, commonly found in the environments of wild and captive animals, can bind prions and may act as vectors for disease transmission. To test our hypothesis, we exposed surfaces composed of various common environmental materials (i.e. wood, rocks, plastic, glass, cement, stainless steel, aluminum, and brass) to hamster-adapted 263K scrapie prions and studied their attachment and retention of infectivity in vitro and in vivo Our results indicated that these surfaces, with the sole exception of brass, efficiently bind, retain, and release prions. Prion replication was studied in vitro using the protein misfolding cyclic amplification technology, and infectivity of surface-bound prions was analyzed by intracerebrally challenging hamsters with contaminated implants. Our results revealed that virtually all prion-contaminated materials transmitted the disease at high rates. To investigate a more natural form of exposure to environmental contamination, we simply housed animals with large contaminated spheres made of the different materials under study. Strikingly, most of the hamsters developed classical clinical signs of prion disease and typical disease-associated brain changes. Our findings suggest that prion contamination of surfaces commonly present in the environment can be a source of disease transmission, thus expanding our understanding of the mechanisms for prion spreading in nature.