Abstract : In the 7th century BC, Battos founded the city of Cyrene and established the Battiades dynasty, which reigned from 631 to 440 BC. For several centuries, Greek settlers and native Libyan populations lived on the same territory, establishing cultural, political and above all religious interactions. Cyrene's biggest religious celebrations, the Carneia, were held in honor of Apollo, considered the most important deity in the Cyrenean pantheon. The numerous epiclesis illustrate the preponderant place of the cult of Apollo in Cyrene. This article aims to show the fundamental aspects of the cult of Apollo in Cyrene, from its beginnings to the end of the Hellenistic period. Drawing on literary, epigraphic and numismatic sources, we will examine how the god and his cult shaped Cyrene's community identity. Mots clés : Apollon, culte, Cyrène, épiclèses, temple Keywords: Apollo, cult, Cyrene, epiclesis, temple

Aim. To determine the role of natural and socio-historical determinants in shaping the structure and functioning patterns of cultural landscapes in the mid-mountainous regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia between the mid-19 th and mid-20 th centuries across different spatial levels. Methodology. The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of historical regional studies, literary sources, statistical compendia, and cartographic materials from the Soviet period, as well as field expedition descriptions of the landscape structure and inherited ele­ments from the period of traditional economic development of cultural landscapes. The method of historical-cartographic reconstruction, carried out using GIS modeling, allowed for the identification of spatial patterns in the structure model and the quantitative assess­ment of the influence of natural factors on the land use of traditional cultural landscapes in the study area. The comparative-historical method was applied to identify the characteristic changes in traditional land use systems during their transformation. Results. The research enabled a comprehensive assessment of the interaction between the natural environment and anthropogenic activity at multiple spatial scales. At the level of landscape-economic settlement areas, the key factors are the distance of agricultural lands from settlements and the morphometric factor (slope steepness, plan and profile curva­ture), which determine the selection of areas for agriculture and livestock farming. At the micro-regional level, i.e., at the level of the territories of rural communities in Chechnya and Ingushetia, significant factors include altitudinal zonation and slope aspect, which are responsible for the diversity of types and subtypes of landscape structure in the mid-moun­tain regions. These factors, in turn, determine various types of traditional land use: grain farming, haymaking, and seasonal transhumant pastoralism. However, at the regional level, encompassing the mid-mountain areas of the formerly unified (until 1993) Chechen-Ingush region, socio-historical factors play an important role. Due to the specific characteristics of the study area, these socio-historical factors conflict with natural determinism, leading to qualitative transformations in land use structure and the alteration of the traditional func­tioning of cultural landscapes. Research implications. The study holds both theoretical and practical significance, contrib­uting to a more nuanced understanding of the adaptability of economic activities within the context of resource-constrained mountain landscapes. This is particularly pertinent to the North Caucasus, given the contemporary trend of re-utilizing abandoned mid-mountain ar­eas, and thus facilitates the formulation of effective rural development strategies and cultural landscape management plans.

The study compares the artistic features of Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi’s novella Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors and the ballet of the same name staged at the Lviv Opera (libretto by Vasyl Vovkun). The aim of the article is to determine how the artistic content of Kotsiubynskyi’s work is transmitted and reinterpret- ed in the ballet production by Ihor Nebesnyi and Vasyl Vovkun. The research tasks include clarifying the role of stylistic and figurative factors in shaping the artis- tic originality of the literary source and its ballet adaptation. To achieve this, the study uses a complex methodological approach: the hermeneutic method allows for the systematic analysis of the structure, imagery, and artistic techniques of both the text and the ballet; intermedial analysis is applied to iden- tify similarities, differences, and unique features that contribute to the realization of the artistic inten- tions of the writer and the librettist, and to determine the degree of correspondence between the stage interpretation and the conceptual and aesthetic principles of the original. The cultural-historical meth- od enables an understanding of the aesthetic significance of both works in the Ukrainian cultural con- text of the 20th and early 21st centuries. Principles of reader-response aesthetics support reinterpreta- tion at multiple structural levels, emphasizing conceptual meanings, symbolic centers, details, and artis- tic techniques in both works. The study reveals how the novella is transformed in the ballet on thematic, semantic, and figurative levels. It highlights the functional role of music, scenography, choreography, costumes, and other theatri- cal components in developing the work’s themes, building characters, and reconstructing everyday and rit- ual life of the Hutsul community. The analysis demonstrates poetic exchange between the two works and identifies the crossing of medial boundaries that underline their uniqueness and mutual complementari- ty. The musicality, impressionistic features, and folkloric-ethnographic dimension of Kotsiubynsky’s novella find vivid expression in Nebesnyi’s music, choral and solo parts, and the colour and light palette of the per- formance, thus reinforcing their shared central idea—the grandeur of love. The colour scheme of the no- vella corresponds to the light-colour paradigm of the ballet. As a synthetic art, the scenography of the ballet emphasizes the multifaceted relationship of the Hutsuls with nature and conveys the distinctive worldview of Carpathian inhabitants. Costumes, stage design, and detailed visual elements, along with refined choreography, individualize the char- acters and highlight their connection to ancestral heritage. The thematic unity of human–nature– culture is achieved in both works through picturesque landscapes (mountains, forest, river), symbolic elements (e.g., water, wood in the ballet), and the complex emotional experiences of the char- acters. The Lviv Opera production affirms the relevance and adaptability of Ukrainian literary clas- sics, demonstrating their capacity to be effectively reinterpreted within contemporary stage art.

Abstract This article analyzes the dynamics of changes in land property prices in the northwestern governorates of the Russian Empire from 1865 to 1915. The scope of the study includes agricultural and macroeconomic factors that had the greatest influence on the differentiation of land property values. The author aims to verify the current state of research on the land property market in the context of properly estimating land prices. The analysis was based on two types of property. The first concerns estates created based on the so-called Instruction of 1865. Instruction estates could only be purchased and inherited by people of Russian origin and Orthodox faith, i.e., Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians. The law prohibited the Polish nobility, peasantry, and townsmen of the Catholic faith, as well as Jews, from purchasing or leasing this property. Violating these provisions resulted in the property being repossessed by the State Treasury. The second category included non-instruction properties, but even their trade, especially in the western governorates, was limited. In addition to the Orthodox population, Polish peasants and Roman Catholic townsmen could also participate in transactions, with the exclusion of the Polish peasantry. The primary source material used for the research on land prices was notarial and archival documentation stored in the historical archives of Poland (Białystok) and Lithuania (Vilnius). Based on the analysis of sale-purchase agreements, it was possible to determine the actual market value of agricultural land in the western borderlands of the Russian Empire over a 50-year period (1865–1915). The study allowed for the identification of the most important agricultural (level of debt, quality of agricultural land, location, state of land development) and macroeconomic (economic conditions, international political situation) factors that had a decisive influence on land prices.

Take a photo of the river! Assessing the feasibility of using Google Street View images as source materials for assessing river hydromorphology

An ideal meniscus substitute should possess a remarkable resemblance to the native meniscus, which includes structural integrity, biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and durability. Understanding the meniscus anatomy, microarchitecture, and biomechanical properties of the meniscus can help in developing innovative designs, and advancements for addressing meniscus injuries and replacement. Emphasis is made on the promising application of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) as a source material for bioink in meniscus 3D printing. This paper examines the criteria required for dECM bioink, including immunogenicity, ECM composition, printability, biocompatibility, biomechanical properties, types of cross-linkers, and their potential applications. By comprehensively addressing these factors, researchers can optimize dECM bioink for 3D printing and develop meniscus substitutes that closely mimic the native meniscus. In conclusion, this review highlights the most promising approaches for 3D printing the meniscus, drawing on the insights gained from the analysis of meniscus anatomy, biomechanics, and dECM bioink characteristics.

Umberto Bossi, the Lombard labourer and would-be doctor and later legendary founder of the populist right-wing political party Northern League, is one of the greatest exponents of the so-called second Italian Republic. By founding the Lombard League in 1984 – which later, together with other autonomist groups, evolved into the Northern League – he aimed to instil regional pride and identity among the northern Italian population. Using historical memory, Celtic mythology, tribal culture, and folklore, he crafted a compelling narrative that resonated with diverse social groups. This paper examines Bossi’s charismatic leadership as the iconic founding father and long-time leader of the oldest party in the Italian Republic. His role as a significant political personality is analysed through his promotion of Padania, a proposed independent nation and state in northern Italy. The article analyses how Bossi used issues of culture, regional identity, criticism of centralism, and demands for autonomy to create a coherent political movement. Empirically, it draws on both discourse analysis and source materials, revealing Bossi’s key communication strategies from the founding of the Lombard League in 1984 until the European elections in June 2024.

The results of research for 2021–2023 on the study of yields, technological and baking properties of the varieties and populations of diploid winter rye to identify the promising samples in the West Siberian region are presented. The varieties Korotkostebelnaya 69, Sibirskaya 87 and four hybrid populations obtained as a result of selection at the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Growing and Breeding were used as the objects of research. The analysis of variance showed that the external conditions have a major impact on the formation of yields, as well as on the technological indicators (weight of 1000 grains, grain unit and height of the amylogram). A slight inter-variety variability in terms of the weight of 1000 grains, grain unit, total baking score and volume of rye bread was noted. It was found that the studied material meets the production requirements in terms of yield, technological and baking properties, despite the lack of moisture during the years of study. The Sibirskaya 87 variety and population 2 exceeded the standard in terms of the following indicators: yields 4.0 and 4.5 t/ha, baking score – 3.3 and 3.4 points, bread volume – 323.3 and 426.7 cm3, grain unit – 702.7 and 719.7 g/l, the falling-number value – 208.7 and 238.7 seconds, respectively, at the optimal height of the amylogram – 650.0 and 693.3 e.a. The appearance of the bread was characterized by a rough crust with a weak gloss, dark brown color, uneven distribution of pores of different sizes in a soft and elastic crumb. Hybrid population 2, which showed good results in the study, was created using varieties of the Russian and foreign selection (Korotkostebelnaya 69, Othello and Alpha), which are distinguished by high baking qualities, which indicates the importance of selecting the source material when planning breeding work.

Harry Potter stands as one of the most culturally and commercially significant media franchises. The original seven-book literary saga was successfully adapted into a film series that cemented the franchise’s global impact. Currently, a new streaming television series based on the same source material is in production. Drawing on early promotional discourses—corporate statements, official social media posts, and verified production leaks—this article examines the narrative, industrial, and cultural implications of this reboot. Conceptualized as a re-adaptation, the series employs narrative retelling as a strategy for franchise renewal and expansion. In doing so, it activates multiple layers of intertextuality among the literary source, the classic films, and the upcoming television series. This reinforces broader processes of artistic, cultural, and media hybridization. Simultaneously, the reboot unfolds amid cultural disputes, positioning itself as a safe commercial and cultural investment while inevitably engaging with tensions surrounding issues such as race and authorship.

The article presents the evolution in the development of operational concepts in the United States Armed Forces in relation to military strategy and the challenges of today’s security environment. The expansion of operations beyond the air, sea and land domains and into space and cyberspace has resulted in the engagement of scientists, computer scientists and astrophysicists. The integration of expertise from the above domains aims at achieving greater operational effectiveness of joint force. The author focused his research on defining factors and criteria that determined the assumptions of subsequent concepts. He used the method of critical analysis, to which the source materials (articles, reports, doctrines, monographs) were subjected.

This study examines the symbolism and local wisdom in the traditional ceremonies of the Jombang community, East Java, using Clifford Geertz's theory of cultural interpretation. The traditions studied include Grebeg Apem, Wiwit Kopi and Sedekah Bumi, Bersih Desa, Kenduren Wonosalam, and Kungkum Sinden. The research was conducted using a qualitative interpretive approach through library research and descriptive analysis of literary sources and cultural documentation. The results show that each tradition contains a system of symbols that represent religious, social, moral, and ecological values that exist in Javanese agrarian society. Grebeg Apem contains symbols of self-purification and social solidarity. Wiwit Kopi and Sedekah Bumi reflect gratitude for the harvest and respect for nature. Bersih Desa emphasizes collective awareness of social and spiritual balance. Kenduren Wonosalam displays an expression of togetherness and local identity through agricultural products. Meanwhile, Kungkum Sinden demonstrates the relationship between art, spirituality, and the preservation of ancestral heritage. Thus, all these traditions are a form of meaning system that integrates humans, culture and nature into a symbolic unity that confirms the identity of the Jombang people in the midst of modern social change.

In the context of transformational changes, it is advisable to consider the formation of labor market processes as a multifaceted phenomenon that depends on a set of unique determinants, which, in turn, create the prerequisites for the functioning of the latter and influence the course of market processes depending on the change in a specific determinant. That is why there is a need to systematize the set of determinants, which in the scientific literature are usually described as factors and factors that interact with each other. The purpose of the article consists in the theoretical substantiation of terminology and systematization of classification components of the formation of the labor market of Ukraine in modern conditions of development of the national economy. Methodology. The work analyzes literary sources, uses the method of comparative analysis to determine the essence of the studied categories and their terminological use, as well asmethods of theoretical generalization and comparisonfor systematization and detailing of the conditions for the formation of the labor market. Results of the survey. The article is devoted to the analysis of approaches to the formation of the labor market, a description of the terminological study of the essence of the categories «factor» and «factor», as well as the definition of the content of the corresponding categories in terms of the scope, degree and level of influence on the formation of the labor market. The author's works of Ukrainian scientists on the use of the terms «factor» and «factor» are studied. Examples of the use of the corresponding categories in describing the parameters of the formation of the labor market are given. Definitions of the concepts «labor market factors» and «labor market factors» are proposed. Practical implications. The results of the study substantiate the expediency of using the concept of "conditions" as a terminological description of the parameters of the formation of the labor market. Classification characteristics of the labor market are proposed, which are defined as macroeconomic, regulatory, socio-demographic, security, regional-industry and technological conditions. The components of each of the proposed conditions are detailed. For each of the proposed conditions for the formation of the labor market, its characteristics and regulatory and legal basis are determined and substantiated, which proves the feasibility of using the proposed parameters in the conditions of the labor market of Ukraine.

Introduction . This article explores the linguistic representation of emotional despair in Sylvia Plath’s literary works. Its objective is to identify and systematize the linguistic and narrative strategies employed to convey this state in Plath’s prose and poetry, examining their connection to the poetics of psychological realism and modernist aesthetics. The novelty of the study lies in its comprehensive analysis of linguo-creative techniques used to express despair, encompassing both Plath’s poetic and prose output. Methodology and sources . The research employs an integrated methodological approach, combining linguistic-stylistic analysis, contextual analysis, and psycholinguistic perspectives. The primary source material comprises key texts exemplifying the evolution of Plath’s style and the centrality of despair: the novel The Bell Jar (1963), the short story collection Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams (1977), and the poetry collection The Collected Poems (1981). This selection is based on the texts' significance for exploring the theme across different genres, including autobiographical and experimental works. Results and discussion . The study reveals that despair in Plath’s writing is conveyed primarily indirectly through the “creative destruction” of language – manifesting in shocking imagery, syntactic shifts, and complex symbols. Direct lexical naming is rare. Prose enacts a “poetics of disintegration”: it unfolds crisis linearly (in the novel) or fragmentarily (in stories) through metaphors of identity dissolution, syntactic fragmentation, and motifs of depersonalization. Poetry is characterized by concentrated, polysemantic symbols with shocking impact, the defamiliarization of commonplace images to reveal cruelty/inevitability, and distinctive syntax. Genre specificity is pronounced: prose constructs an extended space of psychological suffering, while poetry condenses despair into an intense “explosion” of imagery. Conclusion . The research confirms that Plath’s linguistic creativity serves as a strategy to overcome the impossibility of directly naming existential despair. Her language becomes an instrument for embodying psychological trauma and liminal states of consciousness. The specificity of genre resources – the narrative expanse of prose and the concentrated imagery of poetry – proves crucial for achieving the author's primary creative aim: conveying the “inexpressible” with unparalleled force. The identified strategies reflect not only the author's profound personal crisis but also the existential anxieties of her era, situating Plath's work within the tradition of modernist confessional literature and underscoring its unique power in representing extreme human experiences.

This paper examines Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale and its television series adaptation through the lens of Laura Mulvey’s theory of the male gaze, complemented by Michel Foucault’s concept of the docile body. It explores how the visual and narrative strategies of the television series reframe the protagonist’s subjectivity, alternately resisting and reinforcing patriarchal dynamics. The analysis compares the novel’s narrative interiority with the adaptation’s visual language, highlighting tensions between feminist resistance and aestheticized surveillance. By integrating Foucault’s surveillance and discipline theory into the Mulveyan framework, the study offers a nuanced account of how adaptation can reframe feminist narratives for contemporary audiences, by either perpetuating or subverting gendered oppression. The findings suggest that while the television series reconfigures Offred’s character into a more active agent of resistance, it simultaneously risks reinforcing objectification through its visual focus. Ultimately, the paper argues that adaptation is not a neutral process but one that reconfigures both the political and aesthetic meanings of the source material.

introduction. The article discusses the nutritional features when working in a heating microclimate, including the effect of high temperatures on the physiological functions of the body, energy metabolism, and water-electrolyte balance. Modern scientific data on the role of macro- and micronutrients, as well as strategies for replenishing physiological needs to maintain perfTormance and health are analyzed. The purpose of the study. To study the physiological needs for nutrients and hydration when working in a heating microclimate and develop recommendations for optimizing the diet to maintain performance and health.A systematic scientific review of studies in Russian and English was conducted using the information portals eLIBRARY.ru, Science Direct, PubMed, including studies of the effect of high temperatures on the human body, energy metabolism, and water-electrolyte balance. The data from studies conducted at the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman on the role of macro- and micronutrients in nutrition in a heating microclimate, as well as hydration strategies, were used. It has been established that in conditions of a heating microclimate, energy metabolism shifts towards carbohydrate metabolism, and the loss of fluid and electrolytes requires increased attention to hydration. Conclusion. The conducted analysis of literary sources and materials of scientific research conducted at the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman allowed substantiating the principles and recommendations for the development of a diet adapted to the conditions of a heating microclimate to maintain an optimal level of hydration and provide the body of workers with the necessary nutrients. The optimal diet should include easily digestible carbohydrates, a moderate amount of protein and fats, as well as vitamins and minerals. Recommendations have been developed for compiling a diet and a nutritional regimen when working in conditions of a heating microclimate.Contribution: Setko A.G. – concept and design of the review, writing the text; Rusakov V.N. – collection and processing of material, writing the text; editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final versionConflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.Funding. The study had no sponsorship.Received: August 4, 2025 / Accepted: October 15, 2025 / Published: November 14, 2025

Micronized collagen-based bioscaffolds are increasingly used in clinical applications for wound repair and soft tissue regeneration. This study compared the structural properties of four different commercially available micronized products derived from either reconstituted collagen (pRC), urinary bladder matrix (pUBM), or ovine forestomach matrix (mOFM, mOFMµ). The test articles were characterized by laser diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), packing density, differential scanning calorimetry, rheometry, proteolytic stability, agarose gel electrophoresis, and blood clotting index. Particle size and surface morphology, assessed by laser diffraction, SEM, and micro-CT, revealed marked differences in particle size, shape, and aggregation. Packing density ranged from 80.3 ± 2.7 mg/cm3 (mOFM) to 484.7 ± 17.8 mg/cm3 (pRC). Thermal analysis demonstrated the native structure of the OFM-based test articles (Tm, 59.80 ± 0.11°C and 58.15 ± 0.15°C) relative to pUBM and pRC (Tm, 41.06 ± 0.06°C and 40.59 ± 0.23°C). Rheological testing revealed that mOFM and mOFMµ had increased cohesive energy, indicating better mechanical resilience when the micronized materials were rehydrated to form a paste. The OFM-based test articles exhibited the greatest resistance to proteolytic digestion (T1/2, 12.730 ± 1.232 and 5.759 ± 0.1296). All the test articles, except for the reconstituted collagen product, demonstrated hemostasis in whole blood. Micronized reconstituted collagen showed immediate dissolution and no fluid absorption, hemostasis, or resistance to proteolytic digestion, whereas micronized OFM showed the greatest proteolytic stability and packing density. Substantial differences among the micronized bioscaffolds were revealed from the analysis, most likely due to their different source materials and manufacturing processes. Careful consideration of these parameters is warranted when selecting a micronized product for soft tissue applications.

Relevance: Contrast spectral mammography (CSM) is an innovative technology that combines the principles of traditional digital mammography with intravenous administration of an iodine-containing contrast agent. This makes it possible to obtain images reflecting angiogenesis and vascularization of pathological foci, which potentially increases the sensitivity and specificity of breast cancer (BC) diagnosis. BС occupies the first place in the structure of cancer morbidity and mortality from cancer among the female population worldwide and remains an urgent problem today. Despite promising research results, many aspects of the clinical application of CSM require further study. In particular, it is relevant to compare the diagnostic value of CSM with other radiation imaging meth-ods such as digital mammography (DM) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the mammary glands. The study aimed to explore the diagnostic capacity of contrast spectral mammography in breast cancer detection compared to other radiation methods. Methods: A search and selection of articles in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar from 2015 to 2025, devoted to the diagnosis of breast cancer. To write this review, 107 literary sources were found for all resources, of which 30 were included in the presented review. Results: The results showed that CSM is easily performed and well tolerated by patients. The meth-od is superior to DM because it provides information about the presence of pathological neoangiogenesis of the tumor. Compared to MRI, CSM is similar in sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, CSM can be used as an alternative method of breast imaging due to its higher accessibility and usability in patients with contraindications for MRI. Conclusion: CSM exceeds the capacity of conventional DM, regardless of breast density. As a result, this method can reduce the number of false positive results and limit the number of unwanted invasive interventions. Early detection of BC significantly increases the chances of successful treat-ment, reduces the risk of metastasis, and improves overall and disease-free survival.

Abstract Subduction-related magmatic arcs are considered principal sites of continental growth, but the origin of the voluminous felsic (granitic) igneous rocks emplaced in these settings is uncertain. Probing the magmatic history of these granites can provide insight into the magma plumbing systems responsible for differentiation and, potentially, generation of continental crust. Seminal studies suggest derivation of the Lachlan Fold Belt I-type granites in eastern Australia by partial melting of infracrustal sources, yet these same granites show field and chemical evidence for interaction between mantle-derived magmas and older source components, obfuscating the link between I-type granite petrogenesis and crustal growth. To evaluate these competing petrogenetic scenarios, we integrate U–Pb (zircon) geochronology, zircon εHf–δ18O, and bulk-rock Nd-Sr-O isotopic and geochemical data to explore the formation of the ‘Cordilleran-style’ Bega Batholith, the largest I-type batholith in the Lachlan Fold Belt. Secular compositional trends are identified where the granites transition from isotope signatures characteristic of melting old continental sources in the west, to more mantle-like isotope compositions in the east. These compositional shifts, and correlated zircon εHf–δ18O arrays, are consistent with open-system magma generation and mantle-derived magmatic input, where the composition of the mantle-derived component changed, and the proportion of supracrustal source material diminished, with ongoing arc extension and oceanward migration of the subduction zone. Isotopic mass balance, incorporating constraints from whole rock Nd data, suggests a cumulative mantle input of ~85–111 x 103 km3 representing up to 75% of the Bega Batholith by volume at a magma production rate of ~60 km3 km−1 Ma−1 and indicating considerable addition of juvenile crust along the eastern margin of Australia between ca. 420–385 Ma. Our results highlight the key role of crust–mantle interaction in the petrogenesis of I-type granites in extensional back-arcs, and that these environments represent important sites of Phanerozoic continental growth.

Pyrolytic technology was developed to grow Zn-based nano- and microstructures. It was based on the application of a mixture of ammonium chloride, Zn and ZnO powders as source materials. Two temperature profiles were used for the synthesis. In the first and second growth processes, the maximum substrate temperatures of 250 and 410°C were reached, respectively. The granular layer of micrometer range ZnO crystals was produced in the first process. By depleting the source with NH 4 Cl, the Zn polyhedra, and layered spheres were produced within 50–65 min in the second process. By increasing the NH 4 Cl content in the source to 0.9 g, the Zn/ZnO core–shell spheres were synthesized. The further increase of process duration led to the out-diffusion of Zn from the core, its oxidation, and the formation of a thick, dense ZnO spherical shell. Even further annealing in residual gases caused the increase of the Zn vapor pressure inside the shell. As a result, at a certain Zn vapor pressure, the shell bursts, causing the formation of a hollow ZnO microsphere.

The palm oil industry has a significant impact on the regional and national economy, generating employment, especially for farmers. Crude palm oil (CPO) can be processed into edible oil, cosmetics, and biofuels, making it a strategic commodity in global trade. However, this industry also produces abundant solid and liquid waste, such as shells, fibers, and empty fruit bunches. Factory waste must be managed and processed to prevent environmental pollution. Poor waste management can lead to various environmental problems, necessitating effective and sustainable management strategies. This type of solid waste has the potential to be used as an alternative energy source and raw material for value-added products. The objective was to determine the utilization of palm oil solid waste and its percentage, as an effort to optimize industrial waste management. The methods used included direct observation of the processing and utilization of solid waste at the factory, collection of production data, and a review of relevant literature. The results showed that empty fruit bunches are used as compost and mulch in plantations, shells are used as boiler fuel to generate steam energy, and fiber is used as supplementary fuel. According to the literature review, this solid waste still has potential for further development, such as the production of briquettes, pellets, and biomass-based activated carbon. Optimizing the utilization of palm oil solid waste can increase the energy efficiency of factories and reduce the volume of waste.