Sound Law Research Articles

A point sound source location and detection method based on 19-element hemispheric distributed acoustic pressure sensor array

To solve the key problem of diagnosing the operating condition of an oil transfer pump unit in a 3D closed space, this paper presents an approach for a point sound source location and detection method based on a hemispheric distributed sound pressure sensor array. The array model consists of 19 sound pressure sensors acting in the radial direction and uniformly distributed over the hemispherical surface. A spatial rectangular coordinate system is established by taking the projection point of the central sensor arranged at the apex of the hemisphere to the ground as the origin of the spatial coordinates. With reference to the central sensor, the point sound source is located by selecting the maximum measured sound level and its spatial coordinate in each of the three layers of sensors surrounding it as parameters and using a triangular or a quadrilateral area location algorithm based on virtual instrument technology. According to the location of the source, the A-weighted sound level of the sound source point is derived by the inversion of the sound field distribution law. Results show that the triangular and quadrilateral area location algorithms are both effective. The errors in location become larger for a measured sound source far from the centre.

한국어 두음 법칙에 관한 최적성이론 분석

This study examines the Initial Sound Law in Korean within the framework of Optimality Theory. In Korean, some nasal and lateral sounds are avoided in word-initial position. Many rule-based or constraint-based theories (Davis and Shin 1999; Kim-Renaud 1974; Park 2010, etc.) have been proposed to account for this phenomenon. However, the rules or constraints given in the previous studies are highly language-specific, and markedness constraints play too strong a role in the constraint ranking while faithfulness constraints do not contribute significantly to the analysis. Instead, we propose more general, less language-specific constraints that are related to the sonority hierarchy: The sonority difference between C and V in word-initial position must be a minimum of 3. This constraint interacts with other general markedness and faithfulness constraints and succinctly explains the target phenomenon.

An Empirical Analysis of the Efficient Market Hypothesis in China’s Stock Market

The efficient market hypothesis is one of the most important theories in finance. According to this hypothesis, in a stock market with sound laws, good functions, high transparencies, and extensive competitions, all valuable information is timely, accurately, and fully reflected in the trend of stock prices including the current and future values of enterprises. Unless there are market manipulations, it would be impossible for investors to gain more above the average profits in the market by analyzing former prices. Since the efficient market hypothesis has been introduced, it has become an interest in the empirical research of the security market. It is one of the most controversial investment theories and there are many evidences supporting and also opposing this hypothesis. Nevertheless, this hypothesis still holds an important status in the basic framework of mainstream theories in modern financial markets. By analyzing simulated investment transactions in regard to stock trading of three different enterprises, this paper verified that the efficient market hypothesis is partially valid.

Comparative Study of Competition Law between China and Pakistan with Special Reference to the Use of Evidences Submitted by Companies to Other Legal Proceedings

The present study makes an attempt to make comparison between China and Pakistan with reference to Competition law. The research aims to find out that whether or not the evidences submitted by the companies during the course investigation can substantially be used in any other legal proceeding. As far as the methodology of this study is concerned, qualitative data analysis is used along with comparative legal method for analyzing “de lege lata” and “de lege ferenda” situation in scope of the solved topic. The study finds out that competition in Pakistan works same as China’s AML since both forbids actions that play their negative role in reducing the competition like market dominance in the market. Therefore, the act encourages agreements that confine and restrict market dominance. Furthermore, methods and policies are stated by the law with reference to review of enquiries, acquisitions, mergers, penalties’ imposition, leniency’s grant along with other aspects of law enforcement. The evidences submitted by the companies during the course investigation can substantially be used in any other legal proceeding. The study concluded while contending that, however, AML in China and competition Act in Pakistan has provided both countries substantive and sound law, but there is need of strong and effective institutional implement which can provide a base for the evidences submitted by the companies during the course investigation to be substantially used in any other legal proceeding. Compliance is promoted by leniency through competition law along with incentives to prohibited arrangements. Qualitative research methodology has been applied to the following article.

Означающее как означаемое: прогностическая концепция семиозиса фонетического плана речи

The subject of the article is the prognostic concept of semiosis of the phonetic plan of speech. Interpretation of a signifier is considered as an act of its predictive recoding, the result of which is the phonetic appearance of the word perceived by the addressee. Based on the position that language and speech are two sides of speech activity, the relationship between which can be described by relations of predictive interpretation, the article formulates the idea of the presence of interpretative – predictive algorithms for encoding the signifier in the language. Reduction and assimilation are con-sidered as such algorithms. The interpretation of these processes in modern linguistics is reduced to the statement of positional changes in phonemes in the speech flow. The positional principle in this approach becomes a sound law. Howevr, the law is a statement of regularity, but not an explanation of why this happens. The paper substantiates that these processes are the result of a substantial interpretation inherent in language as a means of communication.

Analysis on the Structure of Influencing Factors of Sustainable Supply Chain Implementation of Water Diversion Project

The systematic analysis of the hierarchical relationship among the factors affecting the sustainable supply chain implementation of water diversion projects has theoretical value and practical significance for the sustainable development of large-scale water diversion projects. Through the investigation of relevant literature, books, web pages, materials, and discussions with relevant experts and scholars, a total of 23 factors influencing the sustainable supply chain implementation of water diversion projects were identified. Then using ISM (Interpretative Structural Modeling Method) to analyze the causality of each factor, a multi-level hierarchical structure model was obtained. The results showed that: 1) The surface-level influencing factors of the sustainable supply chain implementation of the water diversion project mainly included 8 factors such as water-saving awareness and water-saving intensity in the diversion area, water quality, water pollution and other disasters, effective incentive mechanisms, etc., and surface-level influencing factors were directly related to the sustainable supply chain implementation of water diversion projects. 2) The indirect influencing factors of the sustainable supply chain of water diversion projects included 12 factors such as the water quality and quantity guarantee rate of the supply chain, the government’s enforcement of laws and regulations, water distribution, ecological compensation, and compensation mechanisms for residents in the water source area. Indirect influencing factor scan acts directly on the direct influencing factors, and intervening in the factors that can be controlled by humans is one of the important ways to improve the sustainable operation of water diversion projects. 3) The fundamental influencing factors for the sustainable supply chain implementation of water diversion projects included three factors: Resettlement policy, government financial support, and sound laws and regulations. Deep influencing factors had multi-channel influence and controllability, and intervening in them was the main means to improve the sustainable operation of water diversion projects.

Notizen zum koptischen Dialekt H

“Notes on the Coptic dialect H” - The sole witness of the little-known Coptic dialect H still remains unpublished, but quite a bit of information is nevertheless scattered in various published sources and is assembled here, including a glossary of almost 600 lexical items provided at the end of this paper. The evidence of lexical and morphological isoglosses shows that H does not belong to the Fayyumic dialect cluster, as has been suggested, but must be considered a late, vulgar offshoot of Sahidic, possibly of a northern subvariety of Sahidic. A number of sound laws and morphological issues are discussed, which also bear on the understanding of Coptic dialects other than H.

The Etymology of Latin nimbus (and its Iranian Cognates)

After a brief review of prior etymological attempts found in the literature, a complete, rule-governed etymology of Latin nimbus ‘rain cloud, sudden downpour, etc.’ – including a precise explanation of the medial nasal – is propounded. It is based on the Indo-European reduplication process that produces nouns, as delineated by Cohen (2014; 2015; 2017), and on Latin sound laws given and exemplified by Weiss (2009).

Sievers’ Law and the Skåäng Stone

Early runic inscriptions are the best evidence for the oldest historical development of North Germanic. Yet among the many unexpected features of the inscriptions as they are usually presented is the apparent presence of vowels before glides that seem to occur contrary to Sievers’ Law. These include perhaps most prominently the sequence usually read as <harija> on the Skåäng stone where the Vimose comb preserves the expected form <harja>. Rather than assume that a Neogrammarian sound law is violated in a runic text, a more profitable approach is usually to assume that it is the interpretation that is at fault. Many of the instances where Sievers’ Law vocalizations seem to occur in an aberrant manner are texts that are better explained in manners other than have traditionally been accepted.

Management of Maritime Laws Based on China's Maritime Power Strategy

Li, Z.; Yue, R.J., and Liu, F., 2020. Management of maritime laws based on China's maritime power strategy. In: Al-Tarawneh, O. and Megahed, A. (eds.), Recent Developments of Port, Marine, and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 110, pp. 125–128. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Seas and oceans are the new space for the future survival and development of mankind. China's maritime power strategy is a new challenge to the management system of the maritime laws of China. Based on this strategy and its development goals, this paper explores the role of maritime law system in resolving nautical disputes and maintaining the peaceful development of the seas and oceans, moreover, it proposes some legal suggestions for protecting China's maritime rights and interests. The research results show that: there are many problems with China's maritime power strategy and the management system of maritime laws of China. Therefore, targeting at these problems, first, we must formulate the basic maritime laws and enhance the operability of the management of maritime laws; second, under the new international maritime order, we should accelerate the legislation progress of separate regulations in China, and build a sound maritime law management system in China; at last, we also need to deepen our research on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. This paper aims to provide a research basis for safeguarding China's maritime rights and interests in the new era.

PIN72 NON-PRESCRIPTION SALES OF ANTIMICROBIALS FROM COMMUNITY PHARMACIES AND DETERMINANTS OF RESISTANCE IN LAHORE PAKISTAN

To determine factors influencing the access of non-prescription dispensing of antibiotic from community pharmacies by congregating the data of knowledge, attitude and practices of community pharmacy staff about antibiotics in Lahore, Pakistan. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire comprising of four sections including demographics, knowledge, attitude and practice. Data was collected from 336 pharmacies. Descriptive analysis, linear regression and chi square test were used for interpretation of data. The response rate was 84% based on the returned questionnaire. About 75.9% agreed AMR an important public health problem, yet 52.1% facilitate non-prescription antibiotic dispensing (NPAD) for self-medication visitors and 49.7% to general customers. Participants reported NPAD to ease difficulty in medical consultation (42%) and patient demand (30.1%). Yet pharmacy employees endorsed the importance of patient education regarding drug interaction 42.6%, need of culture sensitivity analysis 31.5% and completion of course 40.8%. Respondents did not agree to dispense antibiotics in fever (60.7%), cold and flu (58.1%), influenza (57.8%), and abdominal pain (50%). They dispensed antibiotics in diarrhea (62.2%), sore throat (64%), ear infection (56.9%) and UTIs (68.1%). Signification association was seen for qualification with all knowledge variables. P-value was found significant for marital status and qualification with 5 practice variables. Interventions should be done to halt these irrational practices which have negative impact on public health. This can be done by sound law and legislative measures in drug laws in the country and promoting the educational interventions and improving the access and affordability of healthcare facilities for general public.

Syllable Weight Gradation in the Luwic Languages

AbstractThis paper offers a new perspective on Čop's Law and Open Syllable Lengthening, two commonly accepted sound laws that lengthened both consonants and vowels in the Luwic languages. It is proposed that both developments take similar inputs and ultimately yield the same effect: neutralisation of the syllable weight opposition in accented (stressed) syllables. This development is in line with a tendency already observable in Proto‐Anatolian, according to which unstressed syllables were made light, while stressed syllables were made heavy. Thus, it is argued, in the prehistory of the Luwic languages, vocalic length, consonantal length and syllable weight in general became increasingly dependent to the position of the stress and therefore became phonologically neutralised to a certain extent.

Kleines Lautgesetz, große Wirkung

Zusammenfassung The unexpected i instead of expected *e in the first syllable of Latin wordforms such as nisi, nimis, nihil, mihi, tibi and sibi has until now been explained in various ways either from vowel assimilation of original *e to the i of the second syllable or from clitic weakening of the words. This article aims at giving a common mechanical explanation for all of these words by posing a new sound law according to which original *e in Latin becomes i in initial open syllables followed by a syllable which originally contained the vowel ẹ̄ as the result from monophthongisation of the diphthongs *ei̯, *oi̯or *ai̯(< *h₂ei̯) in second syllable position. For this purpose, the article reconstructs the history of the abovementioned explanations - especially the vowel assimilation theory which goes back to an early article by Sommer -, tries to falsify them by critically examining the evidence adduced for proving them, and eventually derives the new sound law from parts of the original evidence of the falsified explanations, and by making use of additional evidence.

Why Sound Law and Economics Should Guide Competition Policy in the Digital Economy

In our submission, we argue that competition policy in the digital economy should be based on sound, theoretical underpinnings and rigorous, evidence-based analysis, best encapsulated in the “law and economics” approach. Despite many expressed fears to the contrary, digital markets are not inherently prone to anti-competitive behavior, and the weight of economic theory and evidence offer little support for the asserted risk of harm. We thus argue that competition intervention should take into account the uncertainty of harm, the presence of countervailing benefits and the problems of devising an effective remedy.

From the phenomena of sound relief Delete the nun in the old Arabic poetry in the light of the modern audio lesson: من ظواهر التخفيف الصوتي حذف النون في الشعر العربي القديم في ضوء الدرس الصوتي الحديث

This research seeks to discuss the phenomenon of sound in the ancient Arabic poetry, the phenomenon of the deletion of Nun; for the mitigation of voice, which is subject to other language phenomena to the laws of sound. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the researcher began to monitor this phenomenon from its primary sources and follow it in the old linguistic explanations and analyze it in accordance with the data of the modern sound laws, which are based on the law of mitigation, ease and facilitation Acceptable justification, without prejudice to the meaning of the word in which the deletion occurred.

Prospective Grandfathering: Anticipating the Energy Transition Problem

Legal change has the potential to disrupt settled expectations and property rights. The Takings Clause provides protection from the most significant costs by requiring compensation following a change in the law, but threats of takings claims can discourage policymakers from adopting sound laws and policies. If specific legal changes can be anticipated far enough in advance, are there tactics available to reduce the risk of takings claims and blunt their political force in the future? We identify innovative tools that preserve regulatory flexibility so that legal changes can avoid takings liability, and we do so specifically in the context of natural gas and the acute threat of climate change. Natural gas poses a particular challenge to policymakers today. Rapid and widespread proliferation of natural gas is essential if we are to make major progress in reducing carbon emissions, but natural gas is often referred to as a bridge fuel because we will eventually have to pivot away from fossil fuel-based electric generation to reduce the risk of catastrophic climate change. Without timely intervention, investments in natural gas infrastructure today may result in vested property rights that the Takings Clause may then protect against significant regulatory changes. We argue that developing a record that constrains the reasonable expectations of investments in natural gas will help to preserve regulatory flexibility in the future. More aggressively, we also propose “prospective grandfathering” as a regulatory innovation. Announcing but delaying the adoption of new regulations, combined with accelerated cost recovery for utilities, should immunize future governments from takings claims if and when climate change compels movement away from natural gas as part of the de-carbonization of our energy supply. These new tools offer promise beyond natural gas, however, and provide a new way of addressing anticipated legal change.

Research on Enterprise Acquisition Risk under the Shared Economy Model—Taking Mobike Acquisition by Meituan as Example

There emerges a new economic pattern followed by the rapid development of internet technology and its application which leads to the realization of sharing economy philosophy, integrating the internet achievement into economy pattern. The bicycle sharing mode, characterized as convenience and efficiency, under the current economy pattern, is surging forward by taking advantage of massive market necessity. Such mode, however, is still faced with certain risks under the fierce competition along as in absence of sound laws and regulations. On the basis of abovementioned, this essay is analyzing the M&A risks in the sharing economic pattern and then putting forward a few of corresponding solutions and measures to such risks, by taking instance of Mobike acquisition case initiated and conducted by Meituan.

Achieving Good Practice in Legislation, Law Enforcement and Driving Behaviour Interventions

Achieving good practice in road safety reform requires a holistic approach, strong partnerships, integrated systems with effective enforcement and education programs. The objective is to influence road user behaviours so as to adopt a culture of safety and an attitude of respect. Respect for self, respect for passengers and importantly, respect for other road users, ensuring safety for all. The International “Safe Systems Approach” provides guidance and direction in improving the road network, vehicle design and road user behaviours. This presentation will provide focus on road user behaviours and particularly high-risk activities. Reform must be founded on a dynamic and active national road safety council endorsed with the political will of government and vested with the power base to direct road safety authorities, a funding base to ensure achievement and all with the common purpose of “saving lives” and towards “Vision Zero”. Altruistic aims must convert to practical and actionable items with realistic performance indicators for all partner agencies. Road safety research withstanding the test of time supports the “deterrence” theory in the practical application through education and enforcement strategies ensuring that drivers are compliant with the legislation and deterred from committing high-risk behavioural offences which jeopardise the lives of themselves and others. To achieve this outcome in a conceptual framework, you must increase the perception ‘anywhere, anytime and for anybody’. If you commit a high-risk offence you will be caught and punished. This perception of being caught and sanctioned is a primary focus in achieving compliance until the community adopts a focus of self-regulation i.e. you wear your seat-belt because of safety, not because of any penalty; you do not speed because it is safer for yourself and others not because of any perceived penalty. This is the end result of impacting on human behaviours in a safe road user environment. This process requires sound, practical and implementable laws to ensure guidance and an effective penalty base. It must be supported by education and enforcement strategies operating to ensure road users understand the rationale for safety restrictions, with enforcement that is swift, effective and meaningful. The enforcement aim is to change road user behaviours to ensure a safety environment. The principles of effective enforcement are: 1. Highly visible and active enforcement (drivers must see visible enforcement); 2. Repeated often (frequency is mandatory); 3. Be fair and consistent (No bargaining, no bribery, no corruption and no special treatments) and; 4. Well publicised (using media and social media to inform, educate and provide awareness). All elements are essential for successful road safety reform. Several good practice interventions will be discussed demonstrating the beneficial outcomes of these strategies.

Geoacoustic inversion for acoustic parameters of sediment layer with low sound speed

Acoustic inversion of sediment parameters in muddy bottom environment has received much attention in the field of underwater acoustics. In shallow water, when there is a low-speed layer of unconsolidated sediment, such as mud in which the sound speed is lower than that of the sea water, on the top of a high-speed bottom, the transmission losses at different frequencies will increase periodically under the condition of small grazing angles. Based on this phenomenon, an acoustic inversion method of seabed parameters for low speed sediments is proposed. Firstly, the analytical expressions between the frequency interval of the transmission loss (TL) periodical increasing and geoacoustic parameters, including the sound speed and the thickness of sediment layer and the sound speed of seawater near the bottom, are derived under the condition of small grazing angles. Secondly, using the broadband sound propagation signals received under the thermocline in the 2002 summer acoustic experiment conducted in the Yellow Sea, the TL at small grazing angles increases periodically with the frequency, and it is determined that the sediment of this sea area is a low-speed sediment. Then, taking the analytical expression as the constraint condition and combining with Hamilton's empirical formula, the sound speed, density, thickness of sediment layer and the sound speed and density of the seabed are inverted by matched field processing. Finally, the bottom attenuation coefficients at different frequencies are inverted by using the long-range TL, and the linear relationship between the attenuation coefficients and the frequencies is obtained. The equivalence between the two different bottom models is discussed in the end. The inversion results can provide seabed parameters for the study and application of the sound propagation law in shallow water with a low-speed sediment.

The origin and spread of the ‘i-mutation’ paradigm and the prehistory of the Luwic nominal stem classes

In this article it is argued that the Luwic paradigm known as ‘i-mutation’ originated in ablauting i-stems, which lost the oblique suffix by sound law and spread categorically, through the identity of the oblique cases, initially to the consonant stems, and later to the o-stems. The ā-stems, which are argued to survive as a class not only in Lycian but also in Luwian, escaped the spread because their oblique cases were not identical. The same goes for the u-stems, except in those cases where the stem vowel was consonantal