Abstract In this paper the design and implementation of a school apparatus for measuring Young's modulus using two methods: the sonic resonance method (SRM) and the impulse excitation technique (IET) is presented. The SRM apparatus includes a tunable oscillator, a driver (speaker or gramophone cartridge), and a movable sensor connected to a preamplifier and oscilloscope. The IET apparatus involves inducing vibrations in the sample using a small hammer, with the resulting damped vibrations recorded by a microphone and analyzed via Fourier transform to identify the resonant frequency. Methods for identifying nodal points using Lissajous figures and a two-channel oscilloscope were also explored. Experimental examples with steel cylindrical and prismatic samples demonstrated the apparatus's effectiveness, achieving a measurement accuracy with a relative error of less than 1.5%. The study confirms the suitability of both methods for accurately determining Young's modulus in an educational setting.

The OSIRIS-REx sample return capsule's hypersonic re-entry into the atmosphere is a rare opportunity to test a variety of sonic boom source models since the projectile dimensions are well characterized. While the as-flown flight path is unknown, the predicted flight path enables a rough approximation of the source Mach number and location. Six infrasound microphones deployed in the boom carpet along the predicted flight path recorded impulsive signals from the OSIRIS-REx re-entry. Using a suite of atmosphere profiles and the geometric acoustics approximation, we estimate locations with uncertainty estimates along the flight path from which the signals were emitted. Acoustic overpressure and signal duration predictions from Whitham's far field theory, Carlson's simplified sonic boom prediction method, and a drag-dominated hypersonic model are analyzed with uncertainty estimates from the location estimate. While the Carlson simplified sonic boom prediction method could be accurate, our preference is for the drag-dominated source model. Using this source model with an inviscid Burgers's equation solver for propagation, we obtained an excellent match to the recorded data. These results will help better inform future sample return capsule re-entry observation campaigns as well as contribute to a better understanding of high altitude infrasonic sources.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have considerable potential for a sustainable future, particularly in the context of carbon neutrality, as they operate as electrochemical conversion devices. Among the cell components, the cathode plays a crucial role in SOFC performance as the site of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). For this reason, numerous studies have focused on the selection and optimization of cathode materials.La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-δ (LSM) is a widely used cathode material in SOFCs. However, its application as an active cathode is limited by its low electrochemical activity and ionic conductivity. To address this challenge, surface modification of LSM has been explored as a strategy to enhance its electrochemical performance.In this study, we propose an encapsulation technique as a cathode coating method, where Sm₀.₅Sr₀.₅CoO₃-δ (SSC) is deposited on LSM by combining infiltration and spraying as a surface modification strategy. This combined infiltration and spraying method involves encapsulating LSM particles with an SSC precursor solution through sonic spraying. This approach is proposed as a method to optimize and simplify the cathode coating process. The cell fabricated using the sonic spraying encapsulation method achieved a peak power density of ~0.99 W cm⁻², which is approximately twice that of the typical infiltration method (~0.49 W cm⁻²) and 3.8 times higher than that of the pristine LSM cell (~0.26 W cm⁻²). These results demonstrate that the sonic spraying encapsulation method is a promising approach to enhance cathode performance in SOFCs Figure 1

Evaluation of postoperative pain in patients using 8.25 % sodium hypochlorite compared with 5.25 % sodium hypochlorite using sonic and ultrasonic activation methods after single visit root canal treatment: an in-vivo study

This article examines how the faint, persistent hum of groundwater pumps exposes the limits of industrial clean-up. Focused on efforts to manage groundwater contaminated by a century of coal-based chemical industrialization in Bitterfeld-Wolfen, it draws on sonic methods and the concept of transmediation to explore how sound and water unsettle the illusion of containment. Attuning to these peripheral vibrations offers a way of sensing pollution as ongoing, relational, and irreducible – within what the paper frames as a toxic common.

Reworking the archival estate of the Turkish-born poet Semra Ertan, who has lived in West Germany as a so-called “guest laborer” from 1971 until her death by self-immolation in 1982, Cana Bilir-Meier’s film Semra Ertan (2013) pursues representational concerns via material means: in particular, via the materialities of sound cuts and tape hiss. This article brings Bilir-Meier’s sound work in dialogue with Tina M. Campt’s “listening to images” (2017) and Salomé Voegelin’s “sonic methodologies of sound” (2021) in order to develop a sonic method that accounts for the situatedness of historically and socially differently positioned listening subjects. keywords:

Improving oil recovery from hydrocarbon reservoirs is a significant goal in the petroleum industry, particularly from an economic perspective. Over the past two decades, the influence of nanotechnology and sonic wave irradiation methods on crude oil properties has been well established. Among these, carbon nanoparticles have demonstrated a notable impact on fluid-rock interactions within reservoirs. This study thoroughly investigated the combined effects of carbon dots (CDs) and ultrasonic waves (USW) on wettability and interfacial tension (IFT) between fluids and rocks. The synergistic application of CDs and USW was found to reduce oil viscosity by 58%, from 230 cP (crude oil) to 96 cP, at an optimal CD concentration of 0.08 wt%. Additionally, the simultaneous use of CDs and USW decreased IFT by 42%, from 43 to 25 dyne/cm, enhancing the solubility between oil and water. This IFT reduction is attributed to the combined effect of CDs and USW in lowering oil viscosity, reducing heavy crude oil components, and modifying interfacial interactions between crude oil and rock. The study also revealed that the concurrent use of CDs and USW increased the contact angle between crude oil and rock surfaces from 30° to 73°, thereby reducing the rock’s oil adsorption tendency. These findings highlight the dual role of CDs in breaking down heavy oil components and modifying interfacial properties at the rock-fluid interface, leading to enhanced oil mobilization. Furthermore, USW alone was found to decrease oil viscosity and IFT by 44% and 14%, respectively. The results suggest that the combined application of USW and CDs holds great potential for industrial applications, including enhanced oil recovery and crude oil transportation, to optimize oil production efficiency.

Abstract The aerodynamic layout design for reducing sonic boom intensity was a crucial technology in the development of supersonic business jets. The canard-wing configuration served as a strategic approach to achieving a low sonic boom for supersonic business jets. In this study, the near-field and far-field sonic boom calculation results of the model, as provided by SBPW2, were compared to verify the accuracy of the adopted sonic boom prediction method. A low-sonic-boom configuration featuring a canard wing was proposed for a supersonic business jet, and a comparative analysis was conducted to examine the effects of varying canard wing setting angles and longitudinal positions on the sonic boom results. The canard wing with a positive setting angle effectively generated multiple weak shock waves, thereby reducing the perceived level in decibels on the ground. Specifically, when the canard wing’s setting angle was 3°, the perceived level in decibels reached a minimum of 84.60 PLdB. Additionally, positioning the canard wing further aft enhanced shock wave interference with the wing’s shock wave system, further mitigating the sonic boom. When the longitudinal position was 14 meters, the ground-level perceived loudness was reduced to a minimum of 84.42 PLdB.

Effective irrigation plays a critical role in the success of root canal therapy by eliminating residual microbes and debris from inaccessible canal regions. Advanced irrigation techniques have been developed over the years that activate the irrigant leading to increased canal penetration and reduced post-treatment discomfort. These include activation by light, vibration, heat, laser, sonic and ultrasonic methods. The present systematic review compared the effectiveness of laser-activated irrigation (LAI) and ultrasonic irrigation (UI) in reducing postoperative pain following single-visit endodontic treatment. A comprehensive search of electronic databases and grey literature from January 2000 to April 2024 was conducted. Nine randomized controlled trials involving 547 patients met the inclusion criteria. The studies were conducted across four countries and assessed various activation techniques including diode laser, Er:YAG, shock wave-enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming, photon-induced photoacoustic streaming, passive UI, and continuous UI. LAI demonstrated faster pain reduction in the first 24 to 48 hours post-treatment, while UI showed comparable efficacy beyond this period. Both methods were significantly more effective than conventional syringe irrigation. No severe adverse events were reported. The overall risk of bias was found to be low in eight studies, with one study showing some concerns.The results suggest that both LAI and UI are effective in minimizing postoperative pain, with LAI being more effective for early pain control. Integration of either technique is recommended in clinical endodontic protocols to enhance patient comfort and treatment outcomes.

Aim: To study structural changes in hard tooth tissues after manual, ultrasonic, and sonic methods of removing dental deposits and identifying the most rational method for various supragingival deposits. Materials and Methods: Eight patients with supragingival deposits were examined, and eight teeth planned for extraction due to orthodontic or surgical indications: three teeth with dental plaque, three with mineralized deposits, and two with smoker's plaque. Of the three patients with dental plaque, one underwent manual scaling, another ultrasonic scaling, and the third sonic scaling. Similarly, among the three patients with dental calculus, manual, ultrasonic, and sonic scaling were performed. In the two patients with smoker's plaque, ultrasonic and sonic scaling were applied. After tooth extraction, morphological studies were conducted. Results: Manual scaling of dental plaque left residual deposits and damaged enamel surfaces. For dental calculus, minimal residual deposits and relatively intact enamel were observed. Ultrasonic scaling caused microscopic changes: destruction of enamel prisms, partial fragmentation of the reticular layer in teeth with plaque, partial destruction of superficial enamel layers, thickening of the reticular layer with PAS-positive vegetations in teeth with calculus. In teeth with smoker's plaque, enamel prism destruction, hyperplasia, and reticular layer fragmentation were observed. Sonic scaling caused more pronounced destructive changes. Conclusions: Manual scaling is the most rational method for supragingival mineralized deposits, while the air-abrasive method is preferred for non-mineralized deposits and smoker's plaque. The destructive changes caused by ultrasonic scaling limit its clinical applicability. Sonic scaling is unsuitable for removing dental debris due to its aggressiveness.

The scope of the surrounding rock loosening and its mechanical properties can significantly affect the analysis of the excavation loosening range, stress–strain state partitioning, and surrounding rock mass stability. Investigating the mechanical properties and failure modes of the surrounding rock mass is of significant engineering value for optimizing support design and ensuring the safety of tunnel construction and. Therefore, the tests on loose circle and mechanical properties of the rock mass were conducted, yielding the following results. (1) The sonic wave testing method and ground penetrating radar (GPR) detection were more suitable for loose circle testing of extremely thin-layered phyllite than the True Reflection Tomography (TRT) method and borehole camera method. (2) The loose circle ranges for the test sections were 4.9 m and 6.8 m, respectively. (3) The cohesion and internal friction angle of the test sections were less than 0.3276 MPa and 19.0°, respectively. The test results were consistent with the predominant phyllite composition of the surrounding rock. This study combined in situ tests and site conditions to analyze the causes of tunnel deformation and instability, offering recommendations for tunnel support. These findings served as valuable guidance for similar tunnel support design and construction, and play a crucial role in ensuring constructor safety.

Pit and fissure sealants are crucial in reducing the incidence of dental caries, particularly in the pediatric population. Despite their effectiveness, achieving optimal retention remains a challenge because of the complexity of the tooth morphology. This study evaluated the impact of two viscosity-reducing methods (heat energy and sonic vibration) on flowability, adaptability, and long-term retention of flowable composite resin sealants. This quasi-experimental split-mouth study included 72 systemically healthy children aged 6-10 years. Teeth with shallow, wide fissures were allocated to the heat preheating group, whereas those with deep, narrow fissures were assigned to the sonic vibration group. The heat group utilized a composite resin heated to 50°C using an Endoking dental resin composite heater (Sigma Biomedicals, Telangana, India; power supply: DC 15 V, 2 A, 30 W), whereas the sonic group utilized a modified electric toothbrush (MI Xiaomi, MI electric toothbrush T100, Xiaomi Corp., Beijing, China) for sonic vibrations. The sealants were subjected to standardized etching, bonding, and photopolymerization protocols. Clinical evaluations were systematically performed at intervals of one, three, six, nine, and 12 months to evaluate the marginal integrity (MI), marginal discoloration (MD), and anatomical form (AF). Quantitative analysis was executed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23 (Released 2015; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York), with the threshold for statistical significance set at p<0.05. The investigation revealed 100% MI in both cohorts at one- and three-month intervals. At the six-month interval, the incidence of MI decreased in 69 (95.8%) cases in the sonic cohort and 61 (84.7%) in the heat cohort (p=0.024). Throughout the 12-month period, the sonic cohort consistently exhibited superior performance compared to the heat cohort in the preservation of MI and reduction in MD (p=0.020). While both cohorts demonstrated similar levels of AF of pit and fissure sealants at most time points, the sonic cohort displayed enhanced retention and a lower incidence of sealant loss. Both the heat and sonic vibration methods effectively reduced the viscosity of sealants, improving their retention and adaptation. However, sonic vibrations demonstrated superior long-term performance, particularly for deep and narrow fissures.

Arc-jet facility tests are critical for replicating the extreme thermal conditions encountered during high-speed planetary entry, where the precise determination of flow enthalpy is essential. Despite its importance, a systematic comparison of methods for determining enthalpy in the Scirocco Plasma Wind Tunnel had not yet been conducted. This study evaluates three experimental techniques—the sonic throat method, the heat balance method, and the heat transfer method—under various operating conditions in the Scirocco facility, employing a nozzle C configuration (10° half-angle conical nozzle with a 90 cm exit diameter). These methods are compared with computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) simulations to address discrepancies between experimental and predicted enthalpy and heat flux values. Significant deviations between measured and simulated results prompted a reassessment of the numerical and experimental models. Initially, the Navier–Stokes model, which assumes chemically reacting, non-equilibrium flows and fully catalytic copper walls, underestimated the heat flux. By incorporating partial catalytic behavior for the copper probe surface, the CFD results showed better agreement with the experimental data, providing a more accurate representation of heat flux and flow enthalpy within the test environment.

Many studies have focused on using the non-destructive testing (NDT) method to determine defects in piles. This paper presents an analytical approach that compares the obtained profiles with typical profiles to confirm the integrity of jet grouting column piles using the cast-in-situ Sonic Integrity Testing (SIT) method. In this context, grouting piles are being constructed within the scope of the under-foundation in Erdemli/Mersin Province, Turkey. SIT testing was performed on jet grouting piles by performing integrity tests on piles manufactured, which varied in length according to the field geology and the thickness of the soil layer. These pile tests are performed to determine changes that may occur in the pile's cross-section for various reasons. In the present study (in 2024) SIT was carried out on a total of 148 jet grout piles. In the SIT performed on the piles, at least six records were taken for each pile, the records were examined, and the evaluations and results were given graphically. The cross-sectional alterations and fractures that can be found in the pile cross-section as well as the subsurface soil condition are the outcomes of the integrity tests, and they have an immediate impact on carrying capacity. Based on the acquired data and comparisons with reference profiles, the 148 piles that were produced and examined at the site exhibit no discontinuities or flaws and are structurally intact. By utilizing this method, the necessity for costly on-site soil replacement or foundation handling will be avoided or prevented.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of simplified and high-fidelity sonic boom prediction methods to assess their applicability in the conceptual design of supersonic aircraft. The high-fidelity approach combines Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for near-field shock analysis with ray-tracing and the Augmented Burgers Equation for far-field propagation through a non-uniform atmosphere, whereas the simplified Carlson method uses analytical approximations for rapid predictions. The comparison across selected climb, cruise, and descent conditions for a supersonic reference aircraft shows that the Carlson method captures general trends in sonic boom behavior, such as changes in peak overpressure and signal duration with varying Mach number and altitude. However, significant deviations are noted under realistic atmospheric conditions, highlighting limitations in the simplified model’s accuracy. Common psycho-acoustic metrics were evaluated to assess the potential annoyance on the ground. The results demonstrate that while the simplified method is effective for early-stage design assessments, the high-fidelity model is essential for precise sonic boom characterization under realistic conditions, particularly for regulatory and community impact evaluations.

Acoustic topological waveguide states are characterized by topologically protected transport. Existing acoustic topological valley-locked waveguide state transport structures can only realize single-scene acoustic field modulation due to the limitation of structural tunability, and it is difficult to realize width degree of freedom and reconfigurable transport paths of acoustic waves by adjusting the transport structure for complex acoustic field. Therefore, the transport structures become a conceptualized idea in terms of tunability. Our study introduces a nesting method in the design of the sonic crystal scatterer, which splits the scatterer structure into a removable outer shell and a core, and three topological phase transitions can be realized by only changing the nesting method of the sonic crystal shell, this approach constructs a fully reconfigurable topological waveguide. The results demonstrate that changing the nesting of the sonic crystals induces effective spatial inversion symmetry breaking, which leads to the valley topological phase transitionSimulations and experiments demonstrate that this transport structure has excellent robust transport properties with large inflection corners, and it is capable of realizing acoustic focusing, acoustic channeling, and acoustic logic gates. This fully reconfigurable sonic crystal design method can provide implications for the modulation of other classical waves.

Abstract South Sulige Block is a lithologic gas reservoir with low porosity and permeability, low pressure and low abundance, of which the heterogeneity is very high and pore structure is complex. Due to the influence of lithology and pore structure, the skeleton value is uncertain and it is hard to give a fixed value. It is difficult to obtain the true porosity of formation accurately by using the traditional method of calculating porosity by Wyllie formula in sonic logging. In this paper, according to the principle of sonic logging and rock response characteristics, combined with core analysis data of this area and adjacent areas, using the acoustic time and core analysis porosity regression formula to calculate porosity first, and then, according to different shale content, the corresponding shale correction is carried out for heavy shale content intervals on the basis of core regression formula, which eliminates the porosity calculation error caused by the influence of shale content. Practical application shows that the porosity calculated by this method is in good agreement with the results of core analysis, and can reflect the reservoir characteristics and production capacity of the formation more truly.

This article presents an artful analysis method coauthors created with more-than-human collaborators to make sense of a collaborative inquiry into their long-time creative sound practice. They discuss how Heron's whole person theory, posthuman concepts, and a multimodal data assemblage of sonic and textual, extant and researcher-created materials informed their methodological process and led to a sonopoetic collaging analysis-presentation. Mapping this inquiry's methodological trajectory, this article highlights key impasses researchers encountered, how decision-making at these specific junctures related to theories they were thinking with, and what each of these decisions produced. Following transcript excerpts from the audio collage created from this sonopoetic method we improvised, the article considers some wider significances of employing sonic methods in qualitative research.

The aim of this study was to compare efficacy in removing filling material remaining in oval and curved canals using different complementary cleaning methods. Material and methods: Sixty single[1]rooted tooth with oval shaped canal with curvature were prepared up to size 25 and .08 taper, filled and subsequently retreated. The teeth were then scanned in micro-CT and divided into 6 groups (n = 10) according to the complementary cleaning method: CUI with Irrisafe, CUI with NiTiSonic, PUI with Irrisafe, PUI with NiTiSonic, Eddy and XP-endo Finisher R. After, the teeth were newly scanned in micro-CT. The volume of the filling material remaining before and after the application of the complementary methods was calculated and then calculated the percentage of material removed total and in the apical region. Data were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn and Wilcoxcon tests with a significance level of 5%. Results: No suplementary cleaning method completely removed the remaining of filling material, however, all significantly reduced the volume, both in the apical region and in the total root canal (p&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference among the groups tested, regardless of the region analyzed (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: No method was effective in completely removing the remaining filling material. All complementary cleaning methods significantly reduce the volume of material, with no difference among them.

The conventional sonic boom propagation prediction method widely adopted in supersonic aircraft design involves a two-step procedure. In the first step, a compressible viscous or inviscid Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis is applied to the aircraft geometry at flight conditions to produce a flow field solution near the aircraft. Then in the second step, a one dimensional nonlinear Burgers’ equation model is used to propagate sonic boom signature traces from the near field solution at flight altitude to the ground along a ray path. For an accurate ground signature prediction the near field signature must be accurately modeled at a sufficient distance from the aircraft flight path in order to minimize errors in the one dimensional propagation model. This is a very challenging task for general purpose CFD tools in a design environment because the cost of maintaining highly accurate off-body solutions increases dramatically as the radial distance is enlarged in the computational domain. It is also particularly difficult to apply these tools for wave propagation because the algorithms are normally lower order and numerically dissipative and dispersive. In this work a space marching procedure based on an optimized higher order finite difference method is developed and applied in conjunction with a CFD solution concentrated in the close vicinity of the aircraft. This new approach is much more efficient, compared to previous methods, in providing highly accurate near field signatures for full carpet ground predictions. Results indicate that near field signatures retain more waveform shape information farther from the aircraft geometry while reducing the CFD cost significantly. The predicted ground signature is also shown to converge in shape as the radial distance of the near field signature grows, which is indicative of a more ideal initial condition being supplied to the one dimensional wave propagation to ground. This feature is very difficult to replicate in a tractable manner with common CFD approaches used in design.