Somali Democratic Republic Research Articles

Soviet-Somali Cooperation, 1960s — 1970s

The author analyses the development of economic cooperation between the Soviet Union and the Republic of Somalia (from 1969 — Somali Democratic Republic). Special attention is drawn to the evolution of economic ties between the two countries and realization of the Soviet projects in Somalia — construction of factories, farms, agricultural units, port facilities in Berbera and others. The author points out the initial intentions and aims of the both countries before launching the projects as well as their outcomes and reasons for failure of some of them. The article is based mostly on the documents of Russian state archives as well as published and unpublished memoires of the participants in the events.

Post-Conflict State Reconstruction in Somaliland: An African Perspective of Statebuilding Processes

In January 1991, the central government of the Somali Democratic Republic collapsed as a result of local insurgency against Mohamed Siyad known who is also known as ‘Barre’. Somaliland, a former British protectorate which had united with Somalia in 1960 with the aim of uniting the divided Somali people in the Horn of Africa, declared its unilateral withdrawal from almost three decades union with Somalia but remains unrecognized by the rest of world. This paper will explore Somaliland’s journey of peace and statebuilding processes which has adopted a bottom-up, locally-driven, and traditionally-fashioned approach to post-conflict state reconstruction. The study adopts a qualitative research approach by conducting an in-depth interview and reviewing existing academic literature on African state reconstruction approaches. The study will critically apply and examine Aka Claude’s theory of ‘building from below’ in relation to the statebuilding process of Somaliland.

The Springboks in East Africa: The role of 1 SA Survey Company (SAEC) in the East African Campaign of World War II, 1940-1941

As a member of the British Commonwealth, South Africa was part of Britain’s war effort from September 1939 onward. When Italy entered the War on the side of Germany on 10 June 1940, the territories governed by Italy in East Africa comprised Abyssinia together with Eritrea, now part of Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland, now part of the Somali Democratic Republic. Although pre-war plans did not anticipate that the South African (SA) Army would fight outside southern Africa, Italy’s involvement in northeast Africa made it inevitable that SA troops would be deployed to the new war front. The SA forces (nicknamed ‘Springboks’ in the media) played a major role in the demise of Mussolini’s East African Empire. The war was fought under extreme physical conditions, and it was especially the SAEC (South African Engineering Corps) who rendered invaluable service. By 1940 East Africa was still largely unmapped, and one of the SAEC units, 1 SA Survey Company (initially named the 1st Field Survey Company), supported by 60 Photographic Squadron of the SA Air Force (SAAF), mapped large parts of the war zone and provided essential military intelligence.Although the role the SAEC as a whole played in the East African Campaign has received attention in publications on South Africa’s involvement in World War II, little attention has been paid to the essential cartographical services rendered by 1 SA Survey Company. This article deals with the formation and subsequent successful deployment of 1 SA Survey Company in Kenya, and the former Abyssinia and Somaliland, and the maps it produced for strategic and combat purposes. Attention is given to the operational structure of the Company, the mapping policy decisions the Company had to adhere to, the way the company sections operated in the field, the prevailing conditions under which the men worked, and the types of map that were produced.

The Continuing Conundrum of the Somali Territorial Sea and Exclusive Economic Zone

Among the many challenges facing Somalia as it seeks to enable its maritime future is the continuing conundrum presented by its historical claim to a 200-nautical-mile territorial sea. However, as a degree of stability has returned, a series of important—but largely forgotten—national and international legislative and policy steps taken by the Somali Democratic Republic just prior to the onset of the civil war have been rediscovered. This has cast the issue in a new light, and raises several questions as to the consequences and evolution of the Somali legal relationship to the maritime domain. This article describes the current status of the Somali claim, with a view to illuminating the legal history behind the Somali legislative ‘start point’ for the recently filed application with the International Court of Justice in relation to its Exclusive Economic Zone delimitation with Kenya.

Isolation of 54 Salmonella strains including 14 serotypes from domestic animals in the Somali Democratic Republic.

Summary In a pilot study the first isolations of Salmonellae were made from various domestic animal species (cattle, dogs, poultry, but not from sheep and goats) in the Democratic Republic of Somalia. From a total of 2175 samples examined 54 Salmonella strains were isolated of which 44 stemmed from cattle or cattle products, 6 from dogs and 4 from poultry. The highest prevalence rate found in cattle were from faeces samples of extra-fed bulls (36.7%), followed by organ samples of fenced research animals (13.6%), fodder samples (4.5%) and organ-, faeces- and milk samples from nomadic cattle at slaughter (2.0%, 0.4% and 0.25% respectively). 25% of the dogs and hens examined were found infected with Salmonellae. In total 14 different serotypes could be isolated, 10 from cattle (mainly S. reading, butantan and havana), 3 from dogs (S. typhi-murium, give and pomona) and 1 from poultry (S. gall.-pullorum). 4 of the 14 serotypes, i. e. S. chailey, butantan, yaba and lansing were so far unknown in domestic animals in the East- and North-African region. Zusammenfassung Beriht über die Erstisolierung von Salmonellen (54 Stämme, 14 Serotypen) aus verschiedenen Haustierspezies in der Demokratischen Republik Somalia Es wird über die Erstisolierung von Salmonellen aus verschiedenen Haustierspezies (Rindern, Hühnern, Hunden, jedoch nicht aus Schafen und Ziegen) in der Demokratischen Republik Somalia berichtet. Von den insgesamt untersuchten 2175 Proben wurden 54 Salmonellenstämme isoliert, von denen 44 von Rindern bzw. Futterproben aus Schlachtabfällen, 4 von Haushuhnern und 6 von Haushunden stammten. Die höchste Prävalenzrate bei Rindern wurde aus Faecesproben von intensiv gefütterten Mastbullen (36,7%) erhoben, gefolgt von Organproben extensiv gehaltener Versuchsrinder (13,6%), Futterproben der Mastfarm (43%) und Organ-, Faeces- bzw. Milchproben von nomadisch gehaltenen Schlachttieren (2,0%, 0,4% bzw. 0,25%). 25% der untersuchten Hühner und Hunde waren mit S. infiziert. Insgesamt wurden 14 verschiedene Salmonella-Serotypen gefunden, 10 bei Rindern (hauptsächlich S. reading, butantan und havana), 3 bei Hunden (S. typhi-murium, give und pomana) und einer beim Haushuhn (S. gallinarum-pullorum). 4 der 14 Serotypen (S. chailey, butantan, yaba und lansing) wurden zum ersten Mal für die Nord- und Ostafrikanische Region nachgewiesen. Résumé Isolement de 54 souhes de salmonelle (14 sérotypes) chez des animaux domestiques dans la République démocratique de Somalie On décrit le premier isolement de salmonelles chez différentes espèces domestiques (bovins, volailles, chiens, mais pas les chèvres et les moutons) en République démocratique de Somalie. 54 souches de salmonelle ont été isolées à partir de 2175 échantillons examinés parmi lesquelles 44 à partir de bovins et de déchets d'abattoirs, 4 de volailles et 6 de chiens. Le plus haut, degré de prévalence chez les bovins fut constaté dans des échantillons d'excréments de taureaux d'engrais en condition intensive (36,7%), suivi des échantillons d'aliment dans les exploitations d'engraissement (4,5%) et des organes, excréments et lait d'animaux abattus en provenance de conditions nomades (2,0%, 0,4%, 0,25%). 25% des volailles et chiens examinés étaient infectés par des salmonelles. 14 sérotypes ont été déterminés: 10 chez les bovins (principalement S. reading butantan et havana), 3 chez les chiens (S. typhi-murium, give et pomana) et 1 chez les volailles (S. gallinarum-pullorum). 4 des 14 sérotypes (S. chailey, butantan, yaba et lansing) furent mis en évidence pour la première fois dans le nord et l'est africain. Resumen Aislamiento de 54 estirpes Salmonella (incluidos 14 serotipos) en animales domésticos en la República Democrática de Somalia Se informa sobre los aislamientos primarios de salmonelas de varias especies animales diferentes (vacunos, gallinas, perros, mas no ovejas ni cabras) en la República Democrática de Somalia. De entre un total de 2.175 muestras, se aislaron 54 estirpes de salmonelas, 44 de las cuales procedían de bovines resp. muestras de residuos de matadero destinados a alimentar animals domésticos, 4 de gallinas y 6 de perros domésticos. La tasa máxima de prevalencia en vacunos se evidendió en muestras de estiércol de toros de engorde alimentados intensivamente (36,7%), seguida de muestras de órganos de vacunos de ensayo sustentados extensivamente (13,6%), muestras de pienso de la granja de engorde (4,5%) y muestras de órganos, heces resp. leche de animals de matadero en régimen de vida nómada. El 25% de las gallinas y perros examinados se hallaban infectados con S. Se encontraron, en total, 14 serotipos diferentes de Salmonella, 10 en vacunos (sobre todo S. reading, butantan y havana), 3 en perros (S. typhi-murium, give y pomona) y uno en gallinas (S. gallinarum-pullorum). 4 de los 14 serotipos (S. chailey, butantan, yaba y lansing) se identificaron por vez primera en la región noreste africana.

Somali web sites, history and politics

Purpose – The collapse of the Somali Democratic Republic in 1991 led to a world‐wide diaspora. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and analyse Somali web sites in an attempt to demonstrate how they reflect the troubled history and politics of the homeland and continue to interest, involve, bring together and divide Somalis world‐wide.Design/methodology/approach – Web sites were divided into categories, and a study of the community/political category was conducted. Visits were made to the Horn of Africa and elsewhere, and face‐to‐face interviews conducted. E‐mail contact was maintained with a number of Somali webmasters.Findings – Community/political web sites was the most numerous category, with the majority being named after a geographical area associated with a group of clan lineages or sub‐lineages. They contain news, opinion pieces and other features in Somali and on some web sites in Somali and English. While web sites usually declare that the opinions in articles are those of the authors alone, ...

Transamerican Steamship Corporationv.Somali Democratic Republic and Somali Shipping Agency

55State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Commercial activity exception — Burden of proof — Assistance Agreement between the United States and the Somali Democratic Republic — Shipment of grain to Somalia by United States company — Payment demanded by Somali State corporation for detention of vessel — Whether Somali Democratic Republic or State corporation entitled to sovereign immunity — Connection with the United States — Waiver of immunity — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — The law of the United States

Amphibians and reptiles of the Somali Democratic Republic: check list and biogeography

BIOGEOGHAPHIA — vo/. XIV — 1985 (Pubblicato il 31 dicembre 1990) The Biogeography of Somalia Amphibians and reptiles of the Somali Democratic Republic: check list and biogeography BENEDETTO LANZA Dz',zmrz‘z'772em‘0 dz‘ Biologzkz Gezzemle e Ge/zetztzz e Mz/sea Zoologico «La Specola», Um’z1er.tz't(2 di Fireizze SUMMARY Check list of the 29 amphibian and 203 reptilian species known to inhabit the Somali Democratic Republic, with notes on their general and Somali range. Four species of Amphibia (13.79°/u of the entire batrachofauna) and 78 species of Reptilia 69.59% of the entire reptilian fauna, the 6 marine species excluded) are endemic; the endemic genera are 5: the frog Lmzzz/rmm, the agamid Xfllflgflli/fl, the scincid Hanckgreeriz/5, and the colubrids /lelmogle/Ia and B/‘ac/Jyop/Jzlr. It is noteworthy that among the Gek- konidae 29 species (65.91°/o) belong to the germs He/71z'a'zzctylz/r and that 17 of them (58.62°/3) are endern~ ic. The entire batrachofauna is Ethiopian (re/zm \Wallace); the eastern African irezzszz W/allace) reptiles together with the prevalently eastern African ones represent 77.66% of all non-marine Somali species, whereas the strictly Ethiopian non-marine species reach 92.89% of the entire Somali reptilian fauna. No Somali amphibian has ever been found in Arabia, whi.le 24 reptilian species of the 197 non-marine ones (l2.l8q/o) are known to inhabit both Somalia and Arabian Peninsula, excluding Sinai. INTRODUCTION The present paper is an updated and a more strictly biogeographic ver- sion of my previous list of the Somali amphibians and reptiles (1983). For further historical, taxonomical and distribution details one may refer to the latter as well as to my list of the Somali amphibians (1981). The synonyms are mostly quoted only in the analytical index. CHECK-LIST OF THE SOMALI AMPHLBIANS AND REPTILESC) Class AMPHIBIA Latreille, 1825. Order ANURA Rafinesque, 1815. Family Bufonidae Gray, 1825. Genus Bufo Laurenti, 1768. (I) The following abbreviations have been used: AS = all Somalia. C5 = central Somalia, correspon- ding to the regions Mudug and Galgadud. E = east, eastern. N = north, northern. NE = northeastern. NS = northern Somalia, corresponding to the regions West Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, Nogal and Bari. NW = northwestern. S = south, southern. SE = southeastern. SS = southern Somalia, corresponding to the regions Hiran, Bay, Bakool, Gedo, Middle Shebelli, Mogadishu, Lower Shebelli, Middle Juba and Lower Juba. SW = southwestern. W = west, western (see also Fig. 1). 407

Mammals of the riverine forests of the Jubba Valley

BIOGEOGHAPHIA — vol. XIV ~ 1988 (Pubblicato II 31 dicembre 1990) The Biogeography of Somalia Mammals of the riverine forests of the Jubba Valley N. VARTY Somzzlicz Resemr/J Project, Ecology and Cozzserzm/fz'oz7 Unit, U/zz'versz'ty College Lomlo/2, Gower Street, Lo/zzlolz W/CZE GBT, UK. Prerem‘ czclclrery Ivzter/mtiomzl Council for Bird Preserwztz'oI7, 32 Czziizbrzklge Road, Girto/1, Ca/72brz'clge, CB3 OP] UK. SUMMARY A study of the mammal community of the Jubba forests and an assessment of the threats to their populations were made between July and September 1986. Records \vere kept of all sightings and spoors of the larger species; smaller species were captured using traps and bats were caught using mist nets. Captures were weighed, measured and their reporductive status noted. Local villagers were questioned about the species of mammal they encountered in the forests, their hunting practices and the seasonal movements of mammals in the Jubba Valley. Thirty-two species of mammal were recorded in the forests. Several of the species recorded are rare or have a limited distribution within Somalia such as Nycterir par[s[z', Cermpir/Jec//_v /1///is and Pa/It/Jam pmzlm, and two species of bat P1‘p1'.w‘rellz/5 eireiztraz/ti and Scotaeu/3 albigz/la were new records for Somalia These forests also provide an important habitat for several other species whose populations in Somalia have declined in recent years and for species which use the forest seasonally. Local hunters kill mostly waterbuck Kabul ellip:z'pry//2/2;/s, bushbuck Tragelaplaz/_v scrz'p1‘z/r and red forest cluilcer Cap/Jalop/Jzzr mzralezzm in the forests. Hunting is most intense during the dry seasons, when bushland species move into the riverine habitats. The remaining forest along the Jubba probably still contains all of the typical mammal species. Unfortunately, forest clearance and hunting is continuing. A proposed dam at Baardheere and a campaign to eradicate tsetse-fly from the Jubba forests pose further threats to the forest mammals. Unless urgent action is taken to propoerly safeguard these forests and adjacent areas the loss of the riverine forest mammal community from Somalia seems inevitable. INTRODUCTION The Somali Democratic Republic once possessed large areas of riverine forest along the Jubba and Shabeelle rivers in the south of the country (Pi- chi—Sermolli, 1957). However, these forests have been largely destroyed or seriously degraded over the last 50 years through clearance for agriculture and overexploitation for timber, fuelwood and fodder. Those along the Sha- beelle have been almost completely destroyed and the largest remaining areas of riverine forest in Somalia now occur in the Middle Jubba, between Bu’aale and Jilib (Madgwick et al., 1988). The national importance of the Jubba forests has long been recognised. Calls for their protection were first made over 20 years ago (Funaioli and Simonetta, 1966) and have been repeated several times since (Abel and Kille, 1975; Simonetta and Simonetta, 1983; Madgwick et al., 1986, 1988). Howev- er, there has been insufficient knowledge of the ecology of these forests to 515

The Economy of the Somali Democratic Republic in the 1980s

The Economy of the Somali Democratic Republic in the 1980s

NOTULAE ORTHOPTEROLOGICAE

SUMMARY In this paper 67 species of orthopterans living on sorghum, maize and rice in a territory of the Somali Democratic Republic including lower Uebi Scebelle and upper Jubba are recorded. Among them, about 14 are really dangerous at present and more or less polyphagous; the others are potentially dangerous, and 13 are recorded for the first time in Somalian territory. All need accurate biological investigation.

Transamerican Steamship Corp. v. Somali Democratic Republic

Transamerican Steamship Corp. v. Somali Democratic Republic

A Shrimp that Speaks Crab-Ese

Pairs of the crab Trapezia ferruginea and the snapping shrimp Alpheus lottini live in very stable communities on Indo-Pacific pocilloporid corals. Both crabs and shrimps were observed to defend the coral against intruders of both species in the field. In the laboratory it has been shown that various appeasement patterns must be performed by an intruder shrimp towards a crab before the shrimp is accepted on the coral by the crab. These patterns appear to be borrowed from the crab's appeasement repertoire and are never performed between shrimps among themselves. The shrimp, as the weaker of the two, has to learn how to inhibit the stronger crab's aggression by using the crab's own language. Many crustaceans are associated with living reef corals (Garth, 1964; Knudsen, 1967; Castro, 1971, 1976; Patton, 1976). Along the eastern coast of Somalia the crab Trapeziaferruginea Latreille and the snapping shrimp Alpheus lottini Guerin are, respectively, the most common xanthid crab and alpheid shrimp (Vannini et al., 1981). Both adult T. ferruginea and A. lottini are usually found in pairs, but they can coexist with a certain number of conspecifics if these are much smaller in size (Garth, 1964; Castro, 1971, 1976, 1978; Barry, 1965). On the coral both species feed on coral mucus and on detritus and organic matter trapped by the mucus (Knudsen, 1967; Patton, 1974, 1976)., In Australia, A. lottini and Trapezia cymodoce (Herbst) were observed, in the field, to coexist in close proximity with no detectable aggression between them; a few observed interactions were assumed to be cleaning activities by the shrimp toward the crab (Lassig, 1977). On the contrary, it was observed both in nature (Lassig, 1977) and in the laboratory (personal observation) that both the crustaceans were aggressive towards intruders of both or other related species. A study of the behavior of A. lottini and T. ferruginea was attempted in Somalia in the laboratory of the Centro per la Faunistica ed Ecologia Tropicali of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche in Mogadishu. MATERIALS AND METHODS Live corals of the genus Pocillopora were collected during July-August 1979 and August-September 1981, from the reef of Gesira (20 km south of Mogadishu, Somali Democratic Republic) and kept in small perspex containers (10 x 10 x 8 cm, with perforated bases) which were installed in 75-1 aquariums provided with running sea water. A fragment of the coral originally inhabited by the caged animal(s) was placed in each container. Single individuals were caged for 24 h. Then an intruder of the same or different species and sex was introduced. The behavior of the two animals was recorded for 10 min and a further inspection followed 12-15 h later. Each animal was used only once.

A List of the Somali Amphibians and Reptiles

SUMMARYHerpetological research in Somalia dates from 1881 (G. Revoil's Expedition) and progressively spread over most of the Somali territory thanks above all to the scientific missions conducted by R.H.R. Taylor (1929–34), G. Scortecci (1931, 1953, 1957) and, since 1959, by the University of Florence and the « Centro di Studio per la Faunistica ed Ecologia Tropicali » of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Florence, Italy).According to this list of the amphibians and reptiles reported to date for the Somali Democratic Republic, there are 27 species of amphibians, four of which (= 14.8%) are endemic; all these species belong strictly to the Ethiopian subregion sensu Darlington (1957). A monotypic genus, Lanzarana, is endemic.The reptiles are represented by at least 200 species. Excluding the marine species (six turtles and one snake), there are 194 species, of which 75 (= 38.6%) ar endemic to Somalia. Four genera are endemic: Xenagama (Agamidae), Haackgreerius gen. n. (Scincidae), Aeluroglena and Brachyophis (Colubridae). The majority of the Somali reptilian fauna is composed of species belonging strictly to the Ethiopian subregion sensu Darlington (1957): 164 species (= 84.5%). The remaining 30 species (= 15.5%) have a different, prevalently south-Mediterranean geonemy. Some reptiles inhabiting both Somalia and south-west Arabia confirm the well-known close biogeographic relationship existing between the two countries.

Heronries of Somalia: A Preliminary Report

SUMMARYFive waterbird colonies are described. They were found in the southern half of the Somali Democratic Republic, mainly along the Juba and Shebelle rivers. Only a very small one was seen in a coastal habitat. Larger colonies were formed only by Ardeidae, or by Ardeidae, Phalacrocoracidae and Anhingidae together; in all eight colonial breeding species were present.

Karyotypes of Somalian Rodent Populations

SUMMARYThe karyotype of multimmate rats from Afgoi (Somali Democratic Republic) is studied.Their taxonomic assignment to the species Mastomys buberti (Wroughton, 1908) (Mammalia Rodentia) is confirmed by the existence of a 32 chromosome karyotype. By means of G-banding pattern analysis it has been possible to discuss their systematic affinity with other African multimammate rat species, particularly Mastomys natalensis (Smith, 1834).

Health and nutrition service delivery to refugees in the Somali Democratic Republic, 1980

Health and nutrition service delivery to refugees in the Somali Democratic Republic, 1980

Studies on the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium and the bionomics of Bulinus (Ph.) abyssinicus in the Somali Democratic Republic.

Studies were carried out from April 1977 to November 1978 on the transmission of Schistosoma haematobium and on the bionomics of its intermediate snail host, Bulinus abyssinicus, in Koryole and Merca Districts, Somalia. In Koryole, snail populations and the numbers of infected snails on the east side of the Shebelli River exceeded those on the west side. The overall snail infection rate for Koryole was 1·;7% (69/4103). In Merca, snail populations and the numbers of infected snails were higher than in Koryole. The overall snail infection rate for Merca was 1·6% (152/9509).Snails and S. haematobium infections were found mainly in standing-water. Snails were unable to establish themselves in irrigation canals because the water in the canals was fast-flowing, there were no plants to provide food and substrate and the canals were allowed to dry out and to be dug out frequently, rendering them unsuitable as snail habitats. Also, snails were unable to aestivate and survive in dry mud for long periods.

Prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium in the Koryole and Merca Districts of the Somali Democratic Republic.

Prevalence surveys of Schistosoma haematobium were carried out in the Koryole and Merca Districts of the Somali Democratic Republic. The examination of urine samples from farmers from many parts of...

A CHECK-LIST OF THE SOMALI AMPHIBIANS

SUMMARY A check-list is presented for the 27 species of Amphibia reported to date for the Somali Democratic Republic. Four of them, two ranids Hildebrandtia (?) largeni Lanza; Pyxicephalus obbianus Calabresi] and two hyperoliids [Kassina parkeri (Scortecci); Kassina somalica Scortecci], are endemic to Somalia while the remainder are more or less widely distributed throughout the Ethiopian sub-region (SW Arabia excluded) sensu Darlington. Hildebrandtia (?) largeni actually belongs to an endemic and as yet undescribed genus. Ptychadena gansi Laurent, 1965 is almost surely a synonym of P. mossambica (Peters, 1854).