Solvents Distilled Water Research Articles

In Vitro Control of Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani Using Crude Extracts and Essential Oils from Selected Plants

Tomato production is constrained by fungal diseases especially the early and late blight caused by Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans, respectively. Control of the two diseases is usually by use of synthetic fungicides which have a long residue effect and also contribute to environmental pollution. Innovative use of biocontrols may offer an eco-friendly and more sustainable solution. This study tested the in vitro efficacy of crude extracts and essential oils of ginger, garlic, tick berry, and Mexican marigold in inhibition of radial growth of A. solani and P. infestans. Extraction of the crude extracts was done using distilled water, ethanol, and methanol solvents, while essential oils were extracted using the dry steam distillation method. The extracts and essential oils were used to amend the growth media of the test pathogens before introducing the precultured pathogens. Sterile distilled water and synthetic fungicide, Ridomil Gold®, were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Fungal growth inhibition was determined by measuring the radial growth of the test pathogens. Both the crude extracts and the essential oils portrayed some efficacy against the test pathogens. Garlic crude extracts were found to be the most effective, while ethanol was the most suitable extraction solvent. Essential oils were more effective in restricting the pathogen growth than crude extracts. Ginger and garlic oil was found to be as effective as the synthetic fungicide, and thus it was concluded that the two plants have strong antifungal properties with high potential of being utilized as biofungicides. However, effective utilization of these products in farmers’ fields may require industrial formulation to improve their efficiency.

Analysis of Mineral Compound of Plant Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss with Different Solvents by Ion Chromatography

This aim of this study was to determine the mineral contents in the plant of anthemis pseudocotula boiss with several solvents by Ion Chromatography , that the plant Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss commonly native and collected from their natural place from Hawdian’s village soran/Erbil, North Iraq.The extract of five solvent as (distilled water, ethanol, distilled water: ethanol, hexane: ethanol and hexane) with both technique of microwave and conventional extraction. It was shown that fifteen mineral ion compounds were identified in the suppressed IC technique. Our results were detected eight mineral ions as (F, Cl-, PO 4 +, SO 4 +, NH 4 , K+, Mg and Ca+) from 15 ions in our plant according to solvent extract and method technique. The concentrations of mineral ion compounds were the results showed high amounts of K+ (71.370ppm), Ca+ (71.420ppm), PO 4 + (24.164ppm), SO 4 + (28.127 ppm), Cl- (17.548 ppm) and Mg (10.279ppm) were found by microwave extraction with distilled water and ethanol with other solvents respectively. Furthermore, the results showed that mineral values of the K+ (43.277 ppm), SO 4 + (26.761 ppm), Cl- (18.028 ppm) were high concentration by conventional extraction with distilled water and water-ethanol solvents, respectively. These results were compatible with quantitative measurements. This study showed that the technique of microwave with distilled water and ethanol: distilled water solvents were important for the minerals content of Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss, a precious plant.

The study of angiotensin converting enzyme isolation from crossbred rabbit lung and enzyme storage capacity in frozen conditions

The study was carried out to obtain angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) with high specific activity and to evaluate the ability to maintain enzyme activity in extract products as well as in rabbit lungs using frozen condition. In the scope of the content, the study conducted an evaluation to select the appropriate extraction solvent of four solvents including acetone, ethanol, Tris-HCl and distilled water. Initially, the research results have helped determine distilled water as the suitable extraction solvent and the difference is not statistically significant compared to Tris-HCl solvent. Angiotensin converting enzyme extract that was obtained by distilled water solvent has a specific activity of 10.35 U/g protein. In addition, the study investigated the ability to maintain angiotensin converting enzyme activity in rabbit lung and crude enzyme product during frozen storage (-18±2°C). The results of the study showed that angiotensin converting enzyme activity could be maintained for 3 months in rabbit lungs and 4 months in the crude product. Besides, the study also used ammonium sulfate with different concentrations to conduct angiotensin converting enzyme collection from extract product. The results of this content help determine the use of saturated ammonium sulfate with concentrations of 50% to 60% for the highest efficiency. The precipitation process helped obtain ACE products with a purity of 4.22 times, the specific activity of 42.64 U/g protein and the recovery rate of ACE up to 29.37%.

Possible Protective Effect of Onion Supplementation on Hepatic Functional and Structural Alterations Induced by Cholestasis

Abstract Background Cholestasis is the obstruction or the reduction in bile flow that results in intrahepatic accumulation of bile constituents, which progresses to develop liver pathology. Common bile duct ligation (BDL) in rodents is an experimental model of cholestasis that has been carried out in research for many years. BDL model of cholestatic liver injury involves other mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory or antiapoptotic properties gained much interest for the amelioration of liver dysfunction. Aim the aim of this study is to assess the possible protective effects of onion supplementation on hepatic structural and functional alterations induced by BDL in rats, which reflect the effects of cholestasis resulting from intrahepatic accumulation of bile. Methods Thirty adult female Wistar rats were randomly and equally allocated into three groups: (1) control group, (2) BDL group; subjected to ligation of the common bile duct and (3) Onion-supplemented BDL groups (O-BDL). Both control and BDL groups received distilled water (solvent for onion powder) daily by gavage for 4 weeks. Onion-supplemented BDL group (O-BDL); subjected to ligation of the common bile duct and then received 500 mg/kg of onion powder dissolved in distilled water, daily by gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, total proteins, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and hepatic tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were measured for all groups. In addition, histopathological examination of liver tissue samples was performed for the three groups. Results Plasma levels of ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, TNF-α and hepatic tissue levels of MDA and TGF-β were significantly increased and TAC was significantly decreased in the BDL group compared to the control group. In addition, altered architecture was detected in hepatic tissue samples of BDL group. Onion supplementation significantly decreased the plasma levels of ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, TNF-α and hepatic tissue levels of MDA and TGF-β in the O-BDL group when compared to the BDL group. Total proteins level was not significantly different among all the studied groups. In addition in O-BDL group, histopathological examination of liver revealed near normal structure of hepatic tissue. Conclusion BDL induces hepatic structural alterations and functional disturbances. Onion supplementation inhibits inflammation and oxidative insults that associate BDL, and subsequently protects against BDL-induced liver injury.

Degradation of Methyl Violet Using TiO2-Bayah Natural Zeolite Photocatalyst

Degradation of methyl violet using photocatalysis method has been investigated. In this study TiO2 was superimposed on the surface of the Bayah natural zeolite with two solvents, ethanol and distilled water. The activation of the Bayah natural zeolite using HCl. In this study the effect of zeolite size (60.80 and 100 mesh), the composition of TiO2-Zeolite (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) and intensity of photon energy on the degradation of methyl violet has been evaluated. The samples were were characterized by means X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD). The specific surface area of each sample was determined by the BET nitrogen gas adsorption/desorption method. The measurement of methyl violet concentration using UV Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed the optimum composition of TiO2 in zeolite was 4 grams with a solvent of distilled water. By Using this sample could reduce methyl violet by 94,5% for 4 hours with UV light intensity of 1340 μW /cm2.

The toxicity of the extract of tobacco leaf Nicotiana tabacum L, marigold leaf Tithonia diversifolia (HAMSLEY) and citrus japansche citroen peel Citrus limonia against citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), the vector of citrus HLB disease

Potential insecticides generated from several plants or some plant wastes are used to control citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. The aim of the study was to determine the toxicity of botanical insecticides from the extract of tobacco leaf, marigold leaves and Japansche citroen (JC) citrus peel against D. citri. The three plants, which were extracted with five kinds of solvents, namely acetone, distilled water, dichlormethane, hexane and methanol by maceration method. The test used leaf dipping method at 10% concentration with control and imidacloprid chemical insecticide as a comparison. The results showed that tobacco extract with all solvents was effective in controlling D. citri, starting at 1 day after treatment (DAT) with 44-92% mortality. The effective marigold leaf extract was those with the solvent of distilled water, dichlormethane and acetone. The mortality at 8 DAT was 100% and 70% and 74% respectively. Meanwhile, JC citrus peel extract with acetone, methanol and dichlormethane solvents were effective to control D. citri with the mortality at 8 DAT, the mortality reached 98%; 88% and 70% respectively. Thus, botanical insecticides of tobacco, marigold and JC orange peel with certain solvents can be used as controller of D. citri.

“rainfall Erosivity Mapping at Different Altitude Sites in Duhok Governorate”

Bougainvillea glabra violet bract flower was selected to explore natural pigment. Various solvent combinations were used to extract the pigments from the flowers. UV–Vis spectroscopy were used to investigate the suitable solvent and the optimum portion ratio for pigment extraction by maceration. The results of mass of floral bract to (50%) ethanol solvent portion ratio in a constant volume (20 ml) was found to be (0.1 gm /20 ml), measured at λmax 548 nm and the maceration extraction time for pigment extraction from violet bracts was 72 h. Different neutral, basic and acidic organic solvent solutions (ethanol, methanol, 2-propanol, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, 2- butanol, chloroform and acetone), shows different result of extraction for the pigments. The combination 1:1 methanol: water ratio was found to be a suitable combination solvent for pigment extraction and distilled water solvent give the best results to protect the pigment violet color for Bougainvillea g. bracts from conversion in the period for 15 days

About changes in the physicochemical properties of aqueous solutions used as a liquid electrolyte cathode

The gas discharge between liquid electrolyte cathode and metal anode was experimentally investigated. Aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide were used as the electrolyte cathode. Decrease aqueous solution was compensated by adding distilled water (solvent) in a continuous mode in the discharge burning process. It was found that, despite the significant dilution with a solvent, the specific electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of alkali metal salts and alkalis varies slightly.

UJI SENYAWA FLAVONOID TOTAL DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL HERBA BINARA (Artemisia annua) MENGGUNAKAN HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) TAHUN 2019

ABSTRAK
 Herba binara (Artemisia Annua) is one of the plants that contains flavonoids which are efficacious as antioxidants and anticancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the total flavonoid compounds contained in ethanol extract of binara herbs (Artemisia Annua). Compounds in ethanol extract of binara herbs were identified by phytochemical screening. The results showed that the ethanol extract of binara herbs contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Extraction was carried out in two stages, namely maceration stage with 96% ethanol and fat removal stage by hydrolysis using distilled water solvent. The extract was partitioned with ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvents, then the partitions were examined by TLC using the mobile phase of chloroform and ethyl acetate (7: 3). Ribbon patches that have the same Rf and color prices as the initial detection are taken and searched. Then analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Based on the wavelength as well as the TLC test, a partial structure which was strongly
 suspected of total flavonoids was 0.93 g.
 
 Kata Kunci :Herba Binara (Artemisia Annua), flavonoid, KLT, High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC).
 

Possible Protective Effect of Onion Supplementation on Hepatic Functional and Structural Alterations Induced by Cholestasis

AbstractBackground: Cholestasis is the obstruction or the reduction in bile flow that results in intrahepatic accumulation of bile constituents, which progresses to develop liver pathology. Common bile duct ligation (BDL) in rodents is an experimental model of cholestasis that has been carried out in research for many years. BDL model of cholestatic liver injury involves other mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antiapop-totic properties gained much interest for the amelioration of liver dysfunction.Aim of Study: The aim of this study is to assess the possible protective effects of onion supplementation on hepatic struc-tural and functional alterations induced by BDL in rats, which reflect the effects of cholestasis resulting from intrahepatic accumulation of bile.Material and Methods: Thirty adult female Wistar albino rats were randomly and equally allocated into three groups: (1) Control group, (2) BDL group; subjected to ligation of the common bile duct and (3) Onion-supplemented BDL groups (O-BDL). Both control and BDL groups received distilled water (solvent for onion powder) daily by gavage for 4 weeks. Onion-supplemented BDL group (O-BDL); subjected to ligation of the common bile duct and then received 500mg/kg of onion powder dissolved in distilled water, daily by gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, total proteins, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and hepatic tissue level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-b1) were measured for all groups. In addition, his-topathological examination of liver tissue samples was per-formed for the three groups.Results: Plasma levels of ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, TNF-a and hepatic tissue levels of MDA and TGF-b1 were significantly increased and TAC was significantly decreased in the BDL group compared to the control group. In addition, altered architecture was detected in hepatic tissue samples of BDL group. Onion supplementation significantly decreased the plasma levels of ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, TNF-a and hepatic tissue levels of MDA and TGF-b1 in the O-BDL group when compared to the BDL group. Total proteins level was not significantly different among all the studied groups. In addition in O-BDL group, histopathological exam-ination of liver revealed near normal structure of hepatic tissue.Conclusion: BDL induces hepatic structural alterations and functional disturbances. Onion supplementation inhibits inflammation and oxidative insults that associate BDL, and subsequently protects against BDL-induced liver injury.

Insight into the catalytic conversion of palm oil into biodiesel using Na+/K+ trapped muscovite/phillipsite composite as a novel catalyst: Effect of ultrasonic irradiation and mechanism

A novel composite of muscovite/synthetic zeolite (phillipsite) (Mu/Pz) was synthesized in an open system by the alkaline modification at 150 °C under stirring of speed 600 rpm for 22 h. The composite was characterized as a novel, low cost and effective basic catalyst in the transesterification conversion of palm oil into biodiesel. The catalytic properties of Mu/PZ were studied based on several controlling factors by normal stirring and ultrasonic irradiation as mixing techniques. The maximum biodiesel yield obtained by normal stirring is 94% and was accomplished after adjusting the controlling factors at 180 min as conversion interval, 20:1 as the incorporated methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 100 °C as reaction temperature, 5 wt, % as a Mu/Pz loading and 1300 rpm as a stirring speed. The influence of ultrasonic irradiation was addressed within a range from power 20% to power 60% and the best results were achieved using ultrasonic power of 60%. At the same conducting conditions of temperature, Mu/Pz loading, and the incorporated methanol-to-oil ratio, the biodiesel yield attained 97.8% after 90 min by using ultrasonic irradiation as a mixing method at 60% power. The stability study of Mu/Pz catalyst revealed high reusability properties for five cycles using three regeneration solvents of distilled water, methanol and acetone with clear preferences for using the organic solvents. The specifications of the obtained biodiesel samples by both methods match the biodiesel requirements of the STM-D-6571 as well as the EN-14214 international standards.

Influence of synthesis parameters on the physical properties of Cu3Se2 nanostructures using the sonochemical method

Abstract Copper selenide (Cu3Se2) nanostructures were grown by reaction of copper acetate and sodium selenide in a solvent of distilled water and ethanol at a temperature of 80 °C using the sonochemical method. In this study, the change of molarity, time, and power of ultrasonication waves was investigated on the physical properties of Cu3Se2 nanostructures. Cu3Se2 nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), photoluminescence (PL), and UV–Vis spectroscopies. In this study the optimized conditions were selected as 30 min, 200 W, 1:2 for time, ultrasonic power, and molar ratio of Cu:Se, respectively. The XRD patterns and EDX results represent the formation of tetragonal Cu3Se2 phase and the presence of Cu and Se elements in the samples. FESEM images showed nanostructures in the form of spherical agglomerated particles. The results of the PL showed the effect of time, power, and molarity parameters on the appearance of different emission peaks. In all samples, the relative absorption ratio corresponded to the energy band gap such that with the increase in the time and power of ultrasound and the relative change in molarity, the relative absorption, and energy band gap were changed.

Solvothermal Synthesis of Cu2SnSe3 Nanocrystals Using Elemental Precursors: Influence of Different Solvents on Growth and Morphology

Low cost earth abundant absorber materials are set to play a major role in future generation thin film solar cell technologies. Here, we have utilized a facile approach of dissolving elemental precursors, viz copper, tin and selenium, to synthesize earth abundant Cu2SnSe3 (CTSe) nano-crystals using the solvothermal method. All the metallic precursors were made to react with a mixture of thioglycolic acid and methylamine, and the reactants were dissolved in three different solvents—distilled water, ethylene glycol and oleic acid. The influence of the solvents on the structural, morphological and optical properties of the nano-crystalline CTSe particles was studied. X-ray diffraction and Raman studies reveal that the CTSe nanocrystals grow in the cubic phase with a lattice parameter ∼ 5.6 A. FESEM results reveal different morphologies including nanoflakes and nano-particles depending on the solvent. Selected area electron diffraction patterns confirm the crystalline nature of the products. Optical properties show that the optical gap of the nanocrystals is around 1.32–1.45 eV, which is in the band gap range reported in the literature and is optimum for solar cell applications. The photocatalytic activity of the CTSe nanocrystals was demonstrated by using the material for the degradation of methylene blue dye in the presence of UV–visible light. The results confirm that the CTSe nanocrystals exhibit good photocatalytic response, the best activity being seen in samples grown from water.

Development and validation of a solid-phase extraction method coupled with LC-MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of 16 antibiotic residues in duck meat.

The present study was carried out to determine 16 antibiotics belonging to seven different groups (tetracyclines, sulfonamides, penicillins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides and trimethoprims) in duck meat. A solid-phase extraction method based on Oasis HLB cartridges coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was developed. Solutions of 0.1m ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt and 2% trifluoroacetic acid were used for the preliminary extraction of the target antibiotics from duck meat and n-hexane was used for purification prior to solid-phase extraction. Mobile phases composed of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in distilled water (solvent A) and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in methanol (solvent B), combined with a reversed-phase C18 analytical column, provided the optimal separation and signal intensity. The linearity of the method was assessed using six concentrations (5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μg/kg), and the recoveries, which were calculated at three spiking concentrations (5, 10 and 20 μg/kg), were in the range 69.8-103.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 6.9% for the 16 tested antibiotics. Matrix effects ranging from -47.2 to -13.5% were observed for all the analytes, and the limits of quantitation (LOQ), which ranged from 4.93 to 26.21 μg/kg, were much lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by various regulatory authorities. Ten samples from a market were tested, and none of the target analytes were detected. Thus, a simple and versatile protocol has been developed to detect and quantify 16 antibiotics in duck meat samples.

Antimicrobial of nyirih (Xylocarpus granatum) against pathogens of tiger shrimp post-larvae

Background: Xylocarpus granatum has been used as a medicinal plant by coastal communities, which may indicate that this plant is a potential source of pharmaceuticals. Methods: Xylocarpus granatum leaf extract was tested as an antimicrobial agent for pathogens infecting tiger shrimp post-larvae. Of the treatments applied to the post-larvae, 25 were crudely extracted with ethanol, distilled water, and seawater solvent given by immersion. Vibrio harveyi and Saprolegnia sp. were microbial species used for the test. Results: X. granatum extract had the potential to inhibit V. harveyi and Saprolegnia sp., reducing infection and improving the survival of shrimp. Shrimp soaked with X. granatum extract had a total Vibrio count ranging from 14.67x103 to 22.67x103 CFU/ml. The survival rate of shrimp was recorded as 53.33% to 78.67% and 54.67% to 76.00% due to V. harveyi, and Saprolegnia sp infection, respectively. The relative percentage of the survival of shrimp protected from V. harveyi and Saprolegnia sp infection in treatments compared to negative controls ranged from 40.61% to 72.89% and 35.84% to 66.12%, respectively. Conclusions: Leaf extracts of X. granatum, which might have better antimicrobial activities to prevent tiger shrimp from pathogenetic infection, were consecutively extracted ethanol at 800-1,000 ppm, distilled water at 800-1,000 ppm, and seawater at 1,000 ppm.

Combination of kinetic maceration - digestion in the extraction of areca seeds (Areca catechu L.)

Pinang (Areca catechu L.) is one of the plantation commodities from the Palmae group. One of the secondary metabolites contained in areca nut is tannin. Tannins are easily soluble in aquadest so extraction using aquadest solvents is the right choice. Extraction with kinetic maceration method with solvents of distilled water combined with digestion is an effective way to increase extract yield and have a fairly small operational risk. Therefore, in this study studied variations in temperature and extraction time using a combination method of kinetic maceration - digestion of the quality of tannins produced. The experimental design in this study consisted of two factors: the first factor was the extraction temperature with three levels, namely 40; 60 and 80 oC and the second factor was extraction time with five levels, namely 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours. The combination of kinetic maceration - the right digestion on yield and quality of areca nut tannin extract (crude areca nut tannin) was obtained at 40 oC with extraction time of 4 hours with a yield value of 12.20% (dry basic), moisture content of 0.023%, tannin content of 424.99 mg GAE / g. (dry basis) and IC50 42.54 ppm.

Development of technology for the alkylation of hydroquinone with aliphatic alcohols

The paper presents the results of research of technology of alkylation of hydroquinone, propyl, isopropyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl alcohols in the presence of concentrated phosphoric acid. The temperature of the alkylation reaction was maintained between 70–72 °С. On the basis of literature data and preliminary investigations the reaction was performed for 4 hours. Upon completion of the reaction, we removed the unreacted hydroquinone, aliphatic alcohol and phosphoric acid are added to a solution of distilled water (solvent corresponding connections) and sodium bicarbonate to slightly acidic (pH 5–6). For separation from the reaction medium of alkylhydroquinones in the reaction mixture was added benzene in which the original hydroquinone dissolves much less. Concentration of the benzene extract alkylhydroquinones conducted by Stripping the solvent under vacuum at temperatures above 70 °С in air atmosphere. Higher temperature vacuum distillation AIDS in the oxidation of alkylhydroquinones to alkylphenones. Precipitated after crystallization, alkylhydroquinones were dried under vacuum in a drying pistol at 56 °С. Dried products were identified by defining the melting temperature, the study of spectral characteristics and qualitative reactions with FeCl3. We also studied the solubility of alkylhydroquinones in various solvents, which showed low solubility of alkylhydroquinones in water, benzene, toluene and higher solubility in propyl and isopropyl alcohols and in acetone. Analysis of the results shows that the obtained alkylhydroquinones are not chemically pure compounds, and contain in their composition of admixture source of hydroquinone. Qualitative reactions of solutions of alkylhydroquinones with FeCl3 solution differ from the corresponding reaction of a solution of hydroquinone. The results of investigations of electronic absorption spectra of alkylhydroquinones and source of hydroquinone in isopropyl alcohol solution did not significantly differ from each other and have a maximum absorption at ? = 210 nm. From the presented investigations it follows that the maximum efficiency of the alkylation of hydroquinone was studied aliphatic alcohols in acidic medium is observed for t-butyl alcohol.

Preparation of ultrafine grained copper nanoparticles via immersion deposit method

Today, the exploration about synthesis of nanoparticles is much of interest to materials scientists. In this work, copper nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by immersion deposit method in the absence of any stabilizing and reducing agents. Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate as precursor salt and distilled water and Ethylene glycol as solvents were used. The copper nanoparticles were deposited on plates of low carbon steel. The effects of copper sulfate concentrations and solvent type were investigated. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and UV–Visible spectroscopy were taken to investigate the crystallite size, crystal structure, and morphology and size distribution and the growth process of the nanoparticles of obtained Cu particles. The results indicated that the immersion deposit method is a particularly suitable method for synthesis of semispherical copper nanoparticles with the crystallites size in the range of ~22 to 37 nm. By increasing the molar concentration of copper sulfate in distilled water solvent from 0.04 to 0.2 M, the average particles size is increased from 57 to 81 nm. The better size distribution of Cu nanoparticles was achieved using a lower concentration of copper sulfate. By increasing the molar concentration of copper sulfate in water solvent from 0.04 to 0.2, the location of the SPR peak has shifted from 600 to 630 nm. The finer Cu nanoparticles were formed using ethylene glycol instead water as a solvent. Also, the agglomeration and overlapping of nanoparticles in ethylene glycol were less than that of water solvent.

Synthesis of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Fine particle by Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP) Method using Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) as Fuel

This study aims to obtain titanium dioxide (TiO2) fine particle with a narrow size distribution by one step production via flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) using LPG (liquid petroleum gas) as a fuel source. The TiO2 particles were synthesized from the aqueous based precursor from dissolving of titanium (IV) isopropoxide to the acidic distilled water solvent. The effect of precursor concentration to the crystalline structure, morphology and size distribution of the TiO2 particles were systematically investigated. There were observed that the TiO2 has a uniform spherical shape with particle size around 200 – 500 nm. Increasing the precursor concentration resulted the size distribution shifted toward the bigger size. The crystalline structure of produced TiO2 showed the mixed phase of anatase and rutile and has a large specific surface area ~ 850,343 m²/g.

Natural Dyes from Roselle Flower as a Sensitizer in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)

<p>Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. well known as Roselle flower was used as sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). The dyes were extracted using distilled water (DI) and ethanol (E) extract solvent in an ultrasonic cleaner for 30 minutes with a frequency of 37 Hz by using ‘degas’ mode at the temperature of 30°. Doctor blade method was applied in the fabrication of titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) on ITO glass. Absorption spectra of Roselle dye with different extract solvent were tested using Evolution 201 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) was used to identify the functional active group in extract dye. Based on FTIR result, the broad absorption at peak 2889 cm-<sup>1</sup>, 2976 cm-<sup>1</sup>, and 3366 cm-<sup>1</sup> attributed to the O-H stretching which is the presence of hydroxyl group. The use Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis are to characterize the surface morphology and element in the TiO<sub>2</sub> thin film.</p>