Solution Of Local Problems Research Articles

Self-Determination in Global Health Practices - Voices from the Global South.

Despite the commendable progress made in addressing global health challenges and threats such as child mortality, HIV/AIDS, and Tuberculosis, many global health organizations still exhibit a Global North supremacy attitude, evidenced by their choice of leaders and executors of global health initiatives in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). While efforts by the Global North to support global health practice in LMICs have led to economic development and advancement in locally led research, current global health practices tend to focus solely on intervention outcomes, often neglecting important systemic factors such as intellectual property ownership, sustainability, diversification of leadership roles, and national capacity development. This has resulted in the implementation of practices and systems informed by high-income countries (HICs) to the detriment of knowledge systems in LMICs, as they are deprived of the opportunity to generate local solutions for local problems. From their unique position as international global health fellows located in different African countries and receiving graduate education from a HIC institution, the authors of this viewpoint article assess how HIC institutions can better support LMICs. The authors propose several strategies for achieving equitable global health practices; 1) allocating funding to improve academic and research infrastructures in LMICs; 2) encouraging effective partnerships and collaborations with Global South scientists who have lived experiences in LMICs; 3) reviewing the trade-related aspects of intellectual property Rights (TRIPS) agreement; and 4) achieving equity in global health funding and education resources.

Traveling Salesman Problem Solving Based on Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Genetic algorithms all the methods used to solve the Traveling Agent (TSP) problem, the use of genetic algorithms on TSP problems is more common than other methods, and it is also possible to achieve global search and obtain the best values. Compared with the traditional genetic algorithm, the particle swarm algorithm is not only easy to be applied, but also can be widely used because of the function of rapid search, but at the same time, the shortcomings of the traditional standard particle swarm algorithm are more prominent, and it is easy to fall into the situation of optimal solution of local problems. So first of all, we use the classical TSP algorithm to propose a mixed particle swarm algorithm, which solves the TSP problem by using the selection, crossover, variation and other operators of the traditional genetic algorithm, and through the conclusion of the solution, it can be shown that the method not only greatly improves the search function of the traditional standard particle swarm, but also greatly improves the convergence speed while obtaining the approximate optimal solution.

Employment of DIY potential to ensure the economic resilience of the regions of Ukraine

Deindustrialization of regions, especially traditional industrial ones, caused by the destruction of enterprises, infrastructure facilities, relocation of businesses to safer regions of the country significantly reduces the economic potential, creating obstacles to ensuring a decent standard of living in wartime and post-war recovery. New challenges and threats form the demand for finding ways to ensure a resilient economy, which in a broad sense means the system's ability to cope with adverse shocks and recover from them. Within the framework of evolutionary economic geography, it is emphasized the need, along with traditional innovative actors, such as firms, research organizations, and state bodies, to distinguish new participants in innovative activity, in particular – citizens, who are able to play a significant role in the development, application, and scaling of innovative solutions of local problems. The article proposes to pay attention to capabilities of the modern «Do-it-yourself» activity format – DIY 4.0 or Third Wave DIY – as a potential for ensuring the economic resilience of the regions of Ukraine. DIY 4.0/Third Wave DIY relies on the functionality of the interactive and social Internet Web 2.0, digital design and additive manufacturing, which allows common people to invent, design, produce and sell the goods they create. The new advantages significantly expand opportunities of regional actors for prosumption, innovation and entrepreneurship, which are important components of the recovery of economic activity, the development of human capital and the growth of the economy based on the internal potential of the territories. The author identified the directions of stimulation of the DIY culture among population by local authorities and expressed an opinion about possible complications in the practical implementation of the proposed approach, primarily due to the lack of functional literacy of population, problems with access to equipment and resources for financing DIY activities. It is proposed to consider the expediency of including projects to create conditions for the development of DIY culture in the post-war reconstruction programs of regions, which does not exclude widespread support for this movement at the state level. The abovementioned may be related to further research.

A transient global-local generalized FEM for parabolic and hyperbolic PDEs with multi-space/time scales

This paper presents a novel Generalized Finite Element Method with global-local enrichment (GFEMgl) to solve time-dependent parabolic and hyperbolic problems with subscale features in both space and time. Compared with currently available GFEMgl, the proposed method requires a solution of local problems to solve transient PDEs, possibly with a different time integrator from the global problem or other local problems. The fine-scale solution can be easily retrieved. The proposed method is tested for the solution of the heat, advection, and advection-diffusion equations whose accuracy, stability, scalability, and convergence are thoroughly analyzed. Compared to direct analysis, numerical results show that the proposed method has the following properties 1) the accuracy closely matches direct analysis result with a fine mesh; 2) critical time step size is loosened; 3) optimal convergence rate is achieved. Moreover, the proposed method allows local problems to be turned off if their solutions are not helpful for the current global time step, which can further improve its efficiency.

Enhancing the contribution of urban living labs to sustainability transformations: towards a meta-lab approach

The contribution of the first generation of urban living labs (ULLs) to system-wide sustainability transformations is thus far less than expected. A possible explanation for this can be found in the focus of most ULLs on local, highly contextualized knowledge, and a missing link to system-wide transformations through diffusion and upscaling beyond the geographic boundaries of the lab. Meta-learning, i.e., learning across multiple, distributed experiments, through networked ULLs seems to offer a way forward. However, the literature on city networks shows that meta-learning cannot be effectively facilitated in horizontal networks without a learning infrastructure. To address this shortcoming and inspire a second generation of ULLs, this Perspective paper outlines a meta-lab approach actively facilitating the contribution of local living labs to wider sustainability transformations. We see a meta-lab as a transurban multi-actor network to connect and, where possible, align the learning processes across thematically related ULLs in different urban contexts through a central learning agenda. The meta-lab approach respects and supports local learning agendas and their focus on local solutions for local problems, while acknowledging and utilizing the potential of local experiments to contribute to a central learning agenda. Our paper argues that a meta-lab approach can act as a catalyst of learning in two important ways: (1) by accelerating local experimentation and learning processes by feeding them with lessons from other locations; and (2) by facilitating a more focused – local and transurban – learning process through a shared learning agenda. The meta-lab approach thus stimulates urban sustainability transformations by supporting faster, more focused and wider learning about effective innovations. We conclude this paper by outlining how common pitfalls in transurban learning can be avoided by a careful design of the meta-lab, or by meeting certain conditions when implementing this design.

Analytical Solution of Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Functionally Graded Materials by Asymptotic Homogenization Method.

In this work, a general mathematical model for functionally graded heterogeneous equilibrium boundary value problems is considered. A methodology to find the local problems and the effective properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with generalized periodicity is presented, using the asymptotic homogenization method (AHM). The present models consist of the matrix metal Mo and the reinforced phase ceramic ZrC, the constituent ratios and the property gradation profiles of which can be described by the designed volume fraction. Firstly, a new threshold segmentation method is proposed to construct the gradient structure of the FGMs, which lays the groundwork for the subsequent research on the properties of materials. Further, a study of FGMs varied along a certain direction and the influence of the varied constituents and graded structures in the behavior of heterogeneous structures are investigated by the AHM. Consequently, the closed–form formulas for the effective thermo–mechanical coupling tensors are obtained, based on the solutions of local problems of FGMs with the periodic boundary conditions. These formulas provide information for the understanding of the traditional homogenized structure, and the results also be verified the correctness by the Mori–Tanaka method and AHM numerical solution. The results show that the designed structure profiles have great influence on the effective properties of the present inhomogeneous heterogeneous models. This research will be of great reference significance for the future material optimization design.

National integrity strategy implementation in land administration to prevent corruption in Bangladesh.

Corruption in land administration is one of the challenges in implementing the national integrity strategy (NIS) in Bangladesh. Citizens visiting the Land Office have reported many instances of unpleasant experiences. In response to these issues, this study attempted to investigate the challenges of NIS implementation in land administration and possible solutions. Based on in-depth interviews with citizens and public officials, as well as document analysis, the study found that the NIS has helped to modernize land administration in recent years. The Bangladesh government, with the help of young land administration officials, has undertaken several measures to resolve this crisis. However, the improvement in service delivery is, in some ways, nominal compared to the volume of corruption in land administration. The likely reason is the nature of the country’s societal patterns. In practice, local and administrative politics continue to have a significant influence. Therefore, despite good initiatives and appropriate measures, land administration officials have failed to implement the NIS properly. Several other problems are making NIS implementation challenging, such as the lack of skilled manpower and technical support, the tendency to break rules, and other forms of corruption discussed in this study. However, the study found that an alternative approach, namely, “local solutions for local problems” could have more success than the NIS approach. Therefore, this study argues that dynamic, sustainable, and corruption-free land administration in Bangladesh requires a combined approach involving local solutions, innovation, and NIS implementation.

STATE OF SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANISMS OF STATE MANAGEMENT OF THE LABOR RELATIONS SYSTEM

The European-oriented development of Ukrainian society, its democratization, and success in overcoming the consequences of crisis phenomena in all spheres of social life depend on the effectiveness and efficiency of public administration from the systemic positions at the national and regional levels of implementation. The well-founded concentration of attention of the subjects of state administration in Ukraine on the wars in the country led to the consequences of a negative nature, which was manifested in a drop in the population's income, a decrease in the level and quality of life, an increase in negative trends in the field of labor migration, which significantly reduces investment and innovation activity and general the country's economic growth potential. Such a situation requires a rethinking of approaches to public administration, which, despite the declaration of reforms, is still characterized by a sufficiently high degree of centralization in the sphere of decision-making regarding the solution of local problems. Before the war in Ukraine, this was evidenced by the low level of trust and the assessment of the effectiveness of the authorities by the population. The topic of social protection of the population is in the focus of the attention of many scientists and researchers, both domestic and foreign, who consider it through the prism of various fields of science, such as V. Kiyan, O. Bodnar, V. Chuban, M. Viktorchuk, I. Yevhutych, etc. The method of work is to study the state of the theoretical development of mechanisms of state management of the labor relations system, to identify existing problems, theoretical gaps that require further research. The study developed the main scientific developments of domestic scientists in the sectoral mechanisms of state management of labor relations. An acute issue of research on gender equality in the labor sphere has been identified. Progressive changes in the legislation are shown, which in the future will affect the system of regulating labor disputes in the country. At the same time, it shows a number of formal institutions capable of contributing to a better adaptation of the public administration of our country to a real state of war. Appropriate proposals for state authorities and local self-government bodies have been formulated, in particular, the use of a systemic appr oach in reforming labor legislation.

Implementers as Filters of Fit and Quality: Toward Indigenous and Locally Responsive Leadership Preparation Program in Ethiopia

This empirical study of Ethiopia school leadership examines the nation’s leadership preparation programs through the lens of school leaders and a document analysis of national policies as well as narrated accounts of university preparation programs. To meet the expectations of the Millennium Development Goals of 2000, Ethiopia undertook significant education reforms including decentralizing educational governance while establishing a uniform, national curriculum for education leadership preparation, with content largely borrowed from the West. The findings of our study reveal that Ethiopian school leaders confront challenges specific to East African contexts such as addressing complications of abject poverty and multiple inequities, intense political scrutiny, while satisfying external political demands, and managing school operations with minimal resources. Using an asset-driven lens, we describe strategies and tools utilized by school leaders as they craft creative and indigenous solutions for local problems but are often overlooked in national preparation programs. As effective leadership programs are tethered to the local context, we sought to add the voices of Ethiopian leaders to increase the fit between preparation and work demands. At the same time, we advocate for widening the discourse of national policy reform to include local school improvement necessary to advance Ethiopia’s national education priorities.

The Quadruple Helix as a Tool for Innovation in Tourism: A Study in the City of Rio de Janeiro in the Post-Olympic Period

ABSTRACT The premise of the quadruple helix is the interaction between academia, the private sector, public management, and civil society to benefit territorial innovation. This study aims to investigate the extent to which the components of the quadruple helix are used as an instrument of tourism innovation in a destination after a major sport event. To this end, a quantitative survey was conducted in Rio de Janeiro, with 248 representatives of these ecosystems, three years after hosting the Olympic Games. The results indicate that there is a significant gap between these actors in tourism innovation and towards the solution of local problems. It is intended not only to cover an empirical gap in tourism innovation research to but also to point out that it is urgent to stimulate stronger integration of innovation ecosystems, especially private sector, and civil society, in order to increase the competitiveness of tourism destinations.

Contemporary trends in sustainable urban planning Analytical Vision in Contemporary Global Experiences

In recent years, planning science has evolved from a rational approach to an experimental one, from (as a product forms to a process of policy formulation and planning decision-making). Then, planning had transformed from the era of modernity to post-modernity, Which was accompanied by a lot of a number of trends, refer to planning is no longer measured by matching its outputs, results and formulated in shapes to the plan, but rather on the extent to which the planner contributes to improving the decision-makers’ understanding of immediate problems now and in future. Among the most prominent of these trends: Multi Ethic planning or Multicultural City planning to(Leonie Sandercock), collaborative planning to (Innes, Healy), Just city to (Fainstein), New Urbanism, and Phronetic planning to (Flyvbjerg), Which will be summarized by the research, and sheds light on Phronetic planning is the main of research axis.Wherefore, the research deals with the definition of this schematic, the philosophical foundations and the intellectual dimensions by introducing a theoretical framework that deals in detail with the concepts, details and rationality in the ideas of Aristotle and Foucault. The Planning and Design Study Project (OECD) as a model for international accreditation, winning the European Union Prize as Urban Policy in Democracy and Planning Terms. Finally, The research concludes that Phronetic planning is the most appropriate to deal with democratic practices to influence the solution of local problems that require practice and application to solve the conflict between the reconciliation and societal need, To deals with each urban situation as a special urban phenomenon and a unique humanitarian problem, that cannot be generalized or resorted to rational theories to find unilateral solutions.

Simple closed-form expressions for the effective properties of multilaminated flexoelectric composites

A multilayered rectangular flexoelectric structure is considered. This composite has a unit cell of N-constituents which belong to the cubic crystal symmetry. Using the two-scale asymptotic homogenization method, explicit expressions of the local problems are derived. Simple closed-form formulas of the effective stiffness, piezoelectric, dielectric, and flexoelectric tensors are given, based on the solutions of local problems of stratified multilayered composites with perfect contact at the interface. These formulas provide information about the symmetry of the homogenized structure. As a numerical example, a bilaminate composite where the layers are perpendicular to the $$x_3$$ axis is studied, and the constituents are Barium Titanate and Gallium Arsenide. The composite after the homogenization process exhibits flexoelectric properties with tetragonal $$\bar{4}2$$ m crystal symmetry. The effective properties are computed for several constituents of volume fractions.

MESING – a new method of organizing the joint work of neural networks and its metrology

A description of a new method for the collective solution of local problems – the method of evolutionary coordination of solutions based on the original use of genetic algorithms – is given. Interaction rules, developed on their basis, coordinate the work of intelligent agents (actors). Based on the Rasch model, an absolute scale for measuring the intellectual power of actors and the costs of intellectual labor when solving local problems with a given probability of their correct solution is introduced. The unit of measurement for these values is introduced and justified – 1 INT. A number of theorems are presented that make it possible to substantiate a new procedure for obtaining a collective solution (mesing) both to increase the intellectual power of a committee of neural networks by 150 times in comparison with a single neural network as part of a committee, and to reduce the probability of an erroneous decision to zero under certain conditions. As a result of the committee’s work, either the correct decision is formed, or the answer “no solution has been found” with a low probability of an erroneous decision.

Basic norms of the scientific ethos

The article aims to formulate and differentiate the norms of classical science, modern fundamental science, and applied science as wel as determine the areas where they intersect. The four standards of scientific ethos (CUDOS) proposed by R. Merton are considered: 1) Communalism: belief in the common achievements of scientific knowledge; 2) Universalism: the truth of statements should be evaluated regardless of the age, gender, race, authority and titles of scientists; 3) Disinterestedness: the primary stimulus of a scientist’s activity is a disinterested search for truth; 4) Organized Skepticism: the scientist is responsible for evaluating the soundness what other colleagues have done as well as the reliability of their results. Using the golden rule of morality, 12 more norms are formulated (5–16 in the text). A tendency of abandoning of Merton’s norms has arisen with the development of applied science and its commercialization. As an example, standards of the PLACE system by J. Ziman are described (ownership, patent; solution of local problems determined by authoritarian management; work orders; implementation of work by a limited circle of experts). When rejecting Merton’s norms, the features of fundamental and applied science are not taken into account. The article shows that Merton norms and the norms provided in paragraphs 5–16 relate to classical science and modern fundamental science. Ziman’s norms as well as the norms in the paragraphs noutid are applicable to applied science. The norms (5–16) are common to fundamental and applied science. Violations of the norms of scientific ethics, such as falsification of empirical material, plagiarism, incorrect quotation, undeserved authorship, and sale of dissertations, are highlighted the article. Their objective and subjective reasons are revealed. Although the behavior of scientists does not fully coincide with the norms of scientific ethos, it produces an important regulatory influence on the scientific community as an ideal, orienting scientists to achieve maximum objectivity of knowledge and its use for the benefit of society.

Power relationships between the WADA and NADOs and their effects on anti-doping

We propose to apply sociological theories focusing on power and domination, with the twofold objective of advancing sociological research and bettering the understanding of the reality of anti-doping. Ethnographic studies conducted in eight countries have allowed us to compile heterogeneous data based on official documents from institutions, semi-structured interviews and observations in the field. Firstly, the study showed that NADOs had little decision-making power within WADA, besides giving feedback on the consultation processes. Secondly, decisions made by the latter were not always viewed positively, as they were seen as arbitrary and did not reflect NADOs’ opinions and priorities. Furthermore, WADA developed assessment procedures focused on NADOs’ activities and prioritizing short-term effects. As a result, we have perceived a decrease in the adoption of innovative solutions for local problems and the omission of several national realities due to the long chain of delegation existing between decision-making arenas and the implementation of procedures in the field. Finally, the study reveals the dissatisfaction or even disengagement that exists among NADO representatives. We argue that compliance has become the primary objective for some NADOs, which could result in prioritizing actions that are valued and recognised by WADA, thus hindering the development of anti-doping programs adapted to their local realities, or even evading anti-doping procedures.

Algorithm for assortment planning based on the method of changing probabilities

The paper considers the problem that manufacturing enterprises with complex diversified production are faced with a number of specific problems related to the formation of their range of products (goods). For these problems solving such organizations (sales department, marketing department, commercial service) create a certain service that deals with solving a set of tasks, such as studying demand, searching for goods from suppliers, managing selling prices, determining optimal volumes of production or purchasing goods, managing the assortment of an enterprise, coordinating the actions of other services related to the promotion of goods. The solution of local problems (tasks of operational management) at the level of a separate direction, project, contract, a separate batch of goods due to the extreme variety of products under consideration, puts forward some additional informal requirements and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of solutions, which, due to their diversity and complexity of the strict mathematical description, remain beyond those areas of management theory that operate on formalized data and criteria. Nevertheless, the development of the competitive environment, the tightening requirements for the efficiency of the production use, financial, information assets leads to the impossibility to estimate all possible solutions qualitatively (adequately) and choose a really best alternative (or one of the best solutions). It helps to describe the behaviour of the sales market according to separate goods or product groups taking into account the peculiarities of the consumer’s attitude to a certain set of nomenclature based mainly on objective data reflected in operational records. The paper proposes an algorithm for automating business procedures for preparing draft of decisions on the purchase of batches of goods (пaртий тoвaрoв) in the form of a pseudo-Boolean optimization problem.

Robusta posteriorierror estimation for mixed finite element approximation of linear poroelasticity

AbstractThis work is dedicated to the memory of John W. Barrett, who introduced the concept of inf–sup stability to the corresponding author in the bar at the MAFELAP conference in 1981.We analyze a posteriori error estimators for locking-free mixed finite element approximation of Biot’s consolidation model. Three estimators are described. The simplest of these is a conventional residual-based estimator. We establish bounds relating the estimated and true errors, and show that these are independent of the physical parameters. The other two estimators require the solution of local problems. These local problem estimators are also shown to be reliable, efficient and robust. Numerical results are presented that validate the theoretical estimates, and illustrate the effectiveness of the estimators in guiding adaptive solution algorithms. The IFISS and T-IFISS software packages used for the computational experiments are available online.

Living with diabetes and disadvantage: A qualitative, geographical case study

The aim of the study was to elucidate the experiences of people living with diabetes, residing in an urban diabetogenic area. Community-level social and environmental factors have a role to play in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Socio-economic deprivation; high obesity rates; high access to fast foods; and, multiculturalism contributes to higher rates of diabetes in some geographical areas. However, there is a lack of research examining people's experiences of living with diabetes in diabetogenic areas. The word diabetogenic implies that the phenomenon of interest contributes to the development of diabetes. Qualitative, geographical case study approach. A convenience sample of 17 people living with diabetes in a diabetogenic, low-socioeconomic urban area participated in face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. This paper adheres to the COREQ guidelines. Four main themes were identified: 1. Diabetes fatalism: Inevitability and inertia; 2. Living with Inequity: Literacy and intersectionality; 3. Impersonal services: Intimidating and overwhelming; and, 4. Education in the community: Access and anecdotes. This study has highlighted the need to develop local solutions for local problems. In this geographical area, solutions need to address generally lower health literacy, how the community would prefer to receive diabetes education and the issue of diabetes fatalism. Findings from this study have highlighted a need to re-examine how diabetes education is delivered in communities that are already experiencing multiple disadvantages. There are research and practice connotations for how fatalism is positioned for people at high risk of developing diabetes.

Participatory youth-led community development: A child-centered visual SWOT analysis in India

In India, 27.5% of the population is youth in the age group of 15–29 years and 67.5% of the Indian population lives in rural and semi-urban areas. Youth civic engagements and youth-led initiatives are crucial for community development. The purpose of this paper is to examine how well youth-led initiatives are creating a positive impact in the community, as well as how these initiatives are recognized by their own community members and key stakeholders. This paper describes how youth-led visual technology and media-based community development processes transformed a nomadic tribal community in India with a focus on promoting child rights. The project “INaGi: A Child-Centered Visual SWOT” (Ilaingargaludan Nagaramum Giramamum, Tamil for “Youth with Urban and Rural Areas”) was executed by Trust for Youth and Child Leadership (TYCL), a youth-led organization based in Pondicherry, India. The project offered visual technology and media tools to local youth to capture the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the tribal community and provided space for them to reflect, connect, and act for mutual social transformation. This process recognizes indigenous knowledge, co-creation, and the power of young people and new age technology, and it enables local people to innovate local solutions for local problems. Furthermore, this paper discusses a youth-led bottom-up approach for the planning and execution of child-centered community development, as particularly distinct from a donor-driven project approach. Visual-based participatory action research methods were adopted to engage youth, community members, and other key stakeholders of the project. This paper captures the participatory youth-led community development process, its positive outcomes, and lessons learned from the process and put forth recommendations for key stakeholders.

Improving the effectiveness of organizational and technological design in construction due to its modernization using modern digital technologies

The article discusses the development of digital technologies in construction. The relevance of the introduction of digital technologies in construction is determined by a set of tasks set in the light of the development of the entire digital economy of the country. Such basic regulatory documents as: “The Strategy for the Development of the Information Society of the Russian Federation for 2017–2030”, the Program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation”, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 204 “On National Goals and Strategic Tasks of the Development of the Russian Federation for the Period until 2024” are considered. The problems of the innovative development of the construction industry require the integrated implementation of digital technologies in solving various problems in the production of building materials, construction design and, in fact, construction production. One of the main directions of digitalization of construction is the digitalization of design, since it is at this stage that the basic qualitative characteristics of future construction products are laid. In particular, the author examined the problems of automating the formation of organizational and technological documentation. The development trends of the digital economy in the construction industry are identified. The classification of the use of promising digital technologies in construction design and production is given. A set of tasks arising in the process of designing organizational and technological documentation was examined. An effective solution to a design problem requires the use of a systematic approach that predetermines the possibility of linking the solution of local problems to each other, both in the process of studying the design process of organizational and technological documentation, and in developing an automated system for its formation. The existing system of designing organizational and technological documentation can no longer solve the problems listed above. The way out is seen in the creation of new digital technologies for the formation of organizational and technological documentation.