Ether Solution Research Articles

Inhibition on biological acidification and microbial community by high-strength acetaldehyde

Research on the biological removal of high-strength acetaldehyde solution is severely lacking; consequently, this study comprehensively investigated the impact of acetaldehyde on biological acidification. Our results indicate that the yield of acid production significantly decreased with increasing acetaldehyde concentration; the yield declined 14.83%–71.12% under the selected initial acetaldehyde concentrations of 100 to 2000 mg/L. Moreover, the acid-producing inhibition rate (EC50) was 1,118.36 mg/L according to calculations and non-linear fitting. Furthermore, DNA content under 1000 mg/L at 96 h was 2.22 times higher than that without acetaldehyde, which indicated that the inhibition of biological acidification by acetaldehyde was caused by microbial consortium death. In particular, microbes secreted more extracellular polymeric substances to resist toxicity with 500 mg/L acetaldehyde, and protein-like substances in extracellular polymeric substances interacted with acetaldehyde. Finally, microbial consortiums were changed into a high-tolerance community of Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes at the phylum level after 96 h.

Electron-Vibrational Spectra and Dynamics of the Lutein Molecule.

The carotenoid molecules such as lutein play an important role in the absorption of light and the following transfer of energy during photosynthesis. However, the study of these processes by the experimental methods only is quite difficult because some of the transitions between the electronic states of carotenoids are optically forbidden and the effect of vibrational states change also must be taken into account. In the present work, electronic-vibrational states of the lutein molecule in the LHCII complex of higher plants and in the diethyl ether solution were described using the ab initio methods. For lutein of LHCII, the electronic energy transfer processes were modeled. The role of the "hot" S1 states of lutein was shown to be of great importance.

Electrodeposition of an iron thin film with compact and smooth morphology using an ethereal electrolyte

Electrodeposition of iron (Fe) from an ethereal solution was investigated. The bath consisted of ferrous chloride (FeCl2), diglyme (G2), and aluminum chloride (AlCl3), in which iron species were estimated to be [Fe(G2)2]2+ complex cations. The effect of hydrogen gas evolution on the morphology of iron deposits was determined by comparing common aqueous electrolytes. An Fe thin film was fabricated using the FeCl2–G2–AlCl3 bath without the influence of hydrogen gas evolution, and the nucleation of Fe was explained by an instantaneous nucleation mechanism. As a result, the surface morphology of the Fe thin film was compact and smooth compared with the cases of aqueous and other nonaqueous electrolytes.

Reaction Monitoring of Gold Oxides Prepared by an Oxygen-dc Glow Discharge from Gold Films in Various Aqueous Solutions by a Surface Plasmon Resonance-based Optical Waveguide Sensing System and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

The chemical properties of thin (∼0.6 nm) gold oxide layers prepared by an oxygen-dc glow discharge from gold films at room temperature in various solvents and solutions were studied using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based optical waveguide sensing system and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). New insights into the stability and reactivity of gold oxides under these conditions were obtained. The O 1s XPS spectra show three oxygen species, comprising components I, II, and III in the gold oxides, and components I and II are present in this order from the top surface of the oxide (component III). The gold oxide is stable in various solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, diethyl ether, chloroform, hydrocarbons) for 10 - 30 min at room temperature. The gold oxide decomposes in aqueous 10-2 M solutions of acetaldehyde, hydrochloric acid, and sodium hydroxide during these periods. Gold oxide decomposition in these solutions was monitored by SPR and the decomposition rates were obtained. Decomposition of the gold oxides was confirmed and their surfaces were characterized after decomposition by XPS.

A reaction-and-assembly approach using monoamine zinc porphyrin for highly stable large-area perovskite solar cells

Inhibiting the irreversible escape of organic cations and iodide species in perovskite films is crucial for the fabrication of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we develop a reaction-and-assembly approach using monoamine zinc porphyrin (ZnP) to modify methylammonium (MA+) lead iodide perovskite film. The amine group in ZnP reacts with MA+ and I− ions to yield monoammonium zinc porphyrin (ZnP-H+I−). The resultant films show no escape of iodide when immersed in ether solutions. Measurements from space-charge limited currents and transient photoluminescence indicate the modified films have reduced density of defects. These results suggest the formed ZnP-H+I− is bound on the surface and grain boundary of perovskite film to retard migrations of ions. DFT calculations also show that the energy alignment between ZnP-H+ and perovskite facilitates the electron transfer and reduces charge recombination at the perovskite grains. Furthermore, post-treating the ZnP-doped film with ZnP again results in the formation of a one dimension zig-zag coordination polymer on the surface of the perovskite film. The single crystal structure of ZnP shows the polymer layer is formed through the coordination interaction between the Zn(II) metal center and a neighboring monoamine. The polymer facilitates the interfacial charge transfer, and reduces the escape of organic cations and iodide species in perovskite films, thereby keeping the excellent cell performance (20.0%) and further realizing the ion encapsulation. Finally, the modified PSCs retain over 90% of its original efficiency over 2,000 h at 85 °C or AM 1.5 G continuous illumination, or over 6,000 h in 45% humidity without encapsulation. This work affords a new strategy to achieve the efficient ions immobilization and encapsulation by in situ reaction and coordination assembly of mono-amine zinc porphyrin.

Steady-state concentrations of carbon dioxide absorbed into phenyl glycidyl ether solutions by residual method

In this paper, two coupled nonlinear differential equations related to carbon dioxide (CO2) and phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) concentrations are solved using a residual method. This is a particular case of the exp-function method. This model has based a set of boundary conditions for Dirichlet and a mixed set of boundary conditions for Neumann and Dirichlet. This method yields a quick converging, easily computable, and efficiently verifiable approximate closed-form solutions. The numerical result is compared with the approximate solutions obtained by this method and with the other results obtained by the Adomian decomposition method.

The effects of soft cryotherapy on conjunctiva and cornea in isolated pig eyes and comparison with standard liquid nitrogen: A pilot ex vivo study.

To evaluate the immediate effects on cornea and conjunctiva of a cryosurgical method based on the application of a dimethyl ether, propane and isobutene solution (DMEPI, Histofreezer® ), and of Liquid Nitrogen (LN2 ; Cry-Ac Cryogun® ). A total of 52 isolated pig eyes were obtained at the slaughterhouse, preserved for less than one hour in Ringer Lactate and divided into four groups. The first group included eyes treated with two applications of DMEPI in the center of the cornea, the second group eyes treated with DMEPI on the third eyelid's conjunctiva, the third group eyes treated with LN2 on the third eyelid's conjunctiva and the fourth group included eyes treated with LN2 on the central cornea. Each cryogen application (0.8cm area) lasted 40seconds. Each group included one (untreated) control eye. The eyes were submitted for routine histopathological evaluation. Histological alterations were recorded and scored with a semiquantitative scoring system. No tissue alteration was detected on the conjunctiva, in any of the groups. Treated corneas showed mild to moderate cytoplasmic vacuolization of epithelial cells, shrinkage and hypereosinophilia of small groups of basal epithelial cells and stromal cleft formation. Soft cryosurgery caused no severe acute histologically detectable damage to cornea and conjunctiva in isolated pig eyes, and no significant difference was observed when LN2 and DMEPI treatments were compared. Further in vivo studies should be performed in order to verify possible delayed effects and the clinical efficacy of DMEPI cryosurgery in specific corneal and/or conjunctival diseases.

Experimental Study on Inhibition of Hydrate Formation by Compound Solution of PVP and Ethylene Glycol Ether

Kinetic inhibitor is an inhibitor of many studies in the field of natural gas hydrate inhibitor in recent years. In view of the inhibition of hydrate effect is obvious, high cost, so this paper carried out several inhibitors to inhibit the formation of gas hydrate, in order to meet the need of gas hydrate inhibition, but also take the economic factor into account. It was found that the synergistic effect of PVP and ethylene glycol two ether, ethylene glycol two ether and ethylene glycol phenyl ether in the inhibition of gas hydrate, and the synergistic effect of ethylene glycol phenyl ether was the most significant.

General Route to Purin-2-ylmagnesium Halides by Metal–Halogen Exchange in Dichloromethane

Treatment of a solution of a 9-alkyl- or 9-aryl-2-iodopurine in dichloromethane with an ethereal solution of ethylmagnesium bromide at –5 °C generates the corresponding purin-2-ylmagnesium bromide, which reacts with aldehydes to give the corresponding 2-(hydroxyalkyl)purines in yields of 53–84%. The purin-2-yl Grignard reagents show good functional-group tolerance to ester and nitro groups, and the method permits the synthesis of the previously unknown 6-unsubstituted 2-magnesiopurines for the first time. Performing the same procedure in THF as solvent resulted either in extensive decomposition or rapid isomerization to give purin-8-ylmagnesium halides.

Correlation of hydrogen generation and optical emission properties of plasma in water photolysis on perovskite photocatalysts

Photocatalytic decomposition of organic materials-contained aqueous solution is assessed using a plasma discharged into the liquid directly. The correlation of H2 generation and optical emission spectroscopy is discussed in terms of photocatalytic H2 production using plasma and photocatalysts. Variations of the active species are evaluated according to the conditions of the plasma in the liquid phase. The optical emission spectra vary according to the plasma discharging conditions in the liquid phase. The intensities of the OH· peaks at 309 nm increase with the addition of ethanol or acetaldehyde in water. The highest intensities and rate of H2 evolution are observed at a 10% acetaldehyde concentration in the aqueous solution. The rates of H2 evolution in the ethanol or acetaldehyde solution correspond to the concentration of OH· in the solution. The photocatalytic reaction using liquid plasma generates hydrogen at the same time as the decomposition of the organic chemicals. The rate of hydrogen evolution in aqueous solutions containing the organic chemicals is higher than that in pure water. This is because hydrogen is further generated due to hydrogen generation by photolysis of the organic chemicals. CaTiO3 perovskite photocatalyst shows better photocatalytic activity than TiO2. Ni loading on the photocatalyst lead to an increase in H2 production.

Synthesis and structure of 9-hydroxy-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(11)

The oxidation of 1,2-C2B10H12 (1) with 100% nitric acid was studied in two solvents (CH2C12 and CCl4). Under the action of superacid (CF3SO3H), the compound 9-HO-1,2-C2B10H11 (2) gives the onium cation 9-H2O+-1,2-C2B10H11 involved in the salt [9-H2O+-1,2-C2B10Hn]-CF3SO3???, as demonstrated by uB NMR spectroscopy. The experimental and simulated uB NMR spectra of the cation 9-H2O+-1,2-C2B10H11 are in satisfactory agreement with each other. In the presence of a base, compound 2 is transferred from an ethereal solution to an aqueous alkaline solution giving the anion 9-O???- 1,2-C2B10H11. The structure of compound 2 was confirmed by 1H, 11B, 11B1H, 11B-11B COSY NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry and was additionally established by X-ray diffraction.

Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed α-Allylation with Aqueous Solutions of Acetaldehyde.

The enantioselective α-allylation of aqueous solutions of acetaldehyde using iridium- and amine-catalyzed substitution of racemic allylic alcohols is described. The method utilizes a readily available, safely handled aqueous solution of acetaldehyde and furnishes γ,δ-unsaturated aldehydes in good yields and greater than 99% enantiomeric excess. The synthetic potential of the method is demonstrated with the enantioselective formal syntheses of heliannuols C and E as well as heliespirones A and C.

Wet Chemical Synthesis of Non-solvated Rod-Like α'-AlH3 as a Hydrogen Storage Material.

Aluminum hydride (AlH3) is a promising candidate for hydrogen storage due to its high hydrogen density of 10 wt%. Several polymorphs of AlH3 (e.g., α, β, and γ) have been successfully synthesized by wet chemical reaction of LiAlH4 and AlCl3 in ether solution followed by desolvation. However, the synthesis process of α'-AlH3 from wet chemicals still remains unclear. In the present work, α'-AlH3 was synthesized first by the formation of the etherate AlH3 through a reaction of LiAlH4 and AlCl3 in ether solution. Then, the etherate AlH3 was heated at 60°C under an ether gas atmosphere and in the presence of excess LiAlH4 to remove the ether ligand. Finally, α'-AlH3 was obtained by ether washing to remove the excess LiAlH4. It is suggested that the desolvation of the etherate AlH3 under an ether gas atmosphere is essential for the formation of α'-AlH3 from the etherate AlH3. The as-synthesized α'-AlH3 takes the form of rod-like particles and can release 7.7 wt% hydrogen in the temperature range 120–200°C.

Свойства сополимеров бутилакрилата с винилизо-бутиловым эфиром, полученных с использованием инициирующей системы триэтилборан – кислород компенсационным способом

The synthesis of copolymers of butyl acrylate with vinyl isobutyl ether was carried out by adding the active monomer to the excess of the comonomer when boiling in the presence of triethylborane. An organoelement co-initiator was isolated from a complex with hexamethylenediamine in a solution of vinyl butyl ether, with addition of methacrylic acid in an amount proportional to the amount of amine in moles, together with butyl acrylate. As a co-initiator of triethylborane, air oxygen was present in the reaction mixture at boiling of the vinyl butyl ether. The introduction of butyl acrylate was completed within 20 minutes. After that, the process was stopped (in the first series of samples), or else the reaction mixture was thermostated for another 40 minutes (in the second series of samples). At the end of polymerization, the liquid fraction was distilled off. The copolymer samples were isolated by removing the monomers under vacuum, and their conversion was evaluated gravimetrically by the dry residue. Molecular weight parameters for the samples were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The composition of the copolymers was determined by IR spectroscopy using a calibration graph based on the area of the characteristic peak. The obtained data suggest that during the copolymerization of butyl acrylate with vinyl isobutyl ether, a macromolecular chain is formed along two centers: oligomeric and low-molecular. The formation of an oligomer along with a low-molecular polymer, usually formed under such conditions at traditional radical initiation, is explained by the presence of boroxyl radicals in the reaction mixture, which are known in the oxidation of trialkylboranes. Due to the interaction of the latter with initiating R• or RO• radicals, which are also observed during the oxidation of trialkylboranes, or with oligomeric growing radicals, a growth center of the polymer chain is formed by the mechanism of reversible inhibition with a very low degree of polymerization. Continued thermostating of the reaction mixture after dosing butyl acrylate with methacrylic acid leads to a shift in the oligomeric mode in the direction of increasing the value of molecular weight; accordingly, M n increases and M w /M n decreases. This occurs because the copolymerization process continues in the absence of the initiator due to the reversible inhibition reaction. The time-dependent conversion rate is characterized by an abrupt decrease in the conversion rate by 40–60 %, which is also associated with the transition of the method of forming macromolecules with the predominantly high-speed bimolecular break to a process following the reversible inhibition mechanism according to the scheme, which runs at a much lower rate. The composition of the copolymers is characterized by a slightly higher equimolar content of acrylate, with a higher value of the relative activity of vinyl isobutyl ether, paired with butyl acrylate during copolymerization (r BA = 1.45 ± 0.07; r VBE ≈ 0; r BA = 5.2 ± 1.5; r ViBE ≈ 0).

Study on Restoration Materials for Historical Silty Earthen Sites Based on Lime and Starch Ether

The relics built with soil are called earthen archaeological sites. Many silt earthen sites exposed to natural environment get seriously damaged and thus require urgent restoration with suitable materials. Previously, lime and glutinous rice slurry were used in the construction of earthen sites. However, lime is usually used in clay, and glutinous rice pulp is difficult to prepare and use on a large scale. Therefore, in this study, starch ether was selected to replace glutinous rice pulp. Lime and starch ether were added to silt as single or double additives, respectively, to prepare the corresponding single‐mixed and multiple‐mixed modified soil samples. Furthermore, the direct shear test and compression test were carried out and the optimum content was determined. The strength and durability of optimum modified materials were compared with those of the original site soil. When the lime content was 9% or the concentration of starch ether solution was 5%, the shear strength and compression resistance ability of single‐mixed modified soil were improved significantly. When lime content was 6% and starch ether solution was 5%, the strength of multiple‐mixed modified soil was the best, and the maximum cohesion and internal friction angle were 51.1 and 3.37% higher than those of single‐mixed soil, respectively. The strength and durability of the optimum modified soil were similar to or higher than those of the site soil. Thus, it is feasible and effective to use lime together with starch ether as restoration material for silty earthen sites.

Preparation and electrochemical performance of TEMPO-modified polyterthiophene electrode obtained by electropolymerization

A novel monomer of terthiophene with a side chain TEMPO, 4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)thiophen-3-yl)acetyl-oxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy (TT-TEMPO) was successfully synthesized. Its corresponding polymer PTT-TEMPO was prepared via electrochemical polymerization on Pt electrode in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate solution. PTT-TEMPO film showed a uniform network structure. Compared with bare Pt electrode, PTT-TEMPO electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic performance for oxidation of benzyl alcohol in the presence of 2,6-lutidine under similar conditions. Benzyl alcohol was selectively oxidized to benzaldehyde based on in situ FTIR analysis.

Reduced graphene oxide resistance in composites with polystyrene of different molecular masses

Multi-layered reduced graphene oxide after UV-perforation (RGOp) flakes of large areas, some of them up to 1 mm in diameter, have been produced on polystyrene surface during special precipitation method of RGOp/polystyrene composites from benzene solution. For this, composites on the base of polystyrenes of different molecular masses: 4500 Da; 6000 Da; 9000 Da; and 45,000 Da were synthesized. Very low resistances at the room temperature for some RGOp flakes deposited from benzene-petroleum ether solution of composite of 9000 Da molecular mass were obtained. The absolute values of measured resistances turned out to be almost 3 orders lower than copper resistance. This result can be related to formation a high conductive phase in the reduced graphene oxide bilayer inclusions. In the case of RGOp flakes produced from our highest molecular mass polystyrene composite (45,000 Da) resistance was high and varying from semiconducting values to non-conductive state.

Silver catalyzed proto- and sila-Nakamura-type α-vinylation of silyl enol ethers with dichloroacetylene. Divergent formation of stereochemically pure tri- and tetrasubstituted olefins

The silver-catalyzed reaction of silyl enol ethers with dichloroacetylene (DCA) is described. When DCA was used as a solution in diethyl ether, we found that the silyl group was transferred to the vinyl group, resulting in stereochemically pure tetrasubstituted olefins. However, when DCA was used as a solution in the more polar acetonitrile, protonation was the major pathway, and trisubstituted olefins were the dominant products.

Crosslinking of Polybenzodioxane PIM-1 for Improving Its Stability in Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Crosslinking of polybenzodioxane PIM-1 with polyethylenimine and aluminum chloride to improve the polymer stability in aromatic hydrocarbons for its use in the processes of membrane separation of mixtures of arenes and polar solvents has been carried out and studied. Crosslinking with polyethylenimine has been realized with the use of two methods: by keeping PIM-1 films involving 4–20 wt % polyethylenimine in a poly(ethylene glycol glycidyl ether) solution or by heating. The obtained crosslinked samples have been examined using FTIR spectroscopy. It has been found that, in samples crosslinked thermally or with the use of aluminum chloride, amide crosslinks and noncovalent association are produced. The values of sorption and degree of swelling in toluene, triethylene glycol, and dimethylsulfoxide were determined for evaluating the promise of further separation of toluene–polar solvent mixtures. The optimum properties have been shown by thermally crosslinked PIM-1 films containing 16 wt % polyethylenimine and films crosslinked with aluminum chloride.

Nickel (II) complex [NiCl2(DMF)2L2] bearing diaminobenzene and sulfonamide: Crystal structure and catalytic application in the reduction of nitrobenzenes

A new Bis[N-(2-aminophenyl)benzenesulfonamide]-di-chloro-Bis[O′-N,N-dimethyl-formamide]-nickel(II) complex [NiCl2(DMF)2L2] was synthesized in DMF solution in reflux media with NiCl2.2H2O and the pre-prepared N-(2-aminophenyl)benzenesulfonamide and the [NiCl2(DMF)2L2] complex was crystallized in DMF/diethyl ether solution, for its single crystal. The complex characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, TG-DTA and UV–Vis spectrophotometry methods, and its single crystal study were also performed by X-ray spectroscopy. Additionally, the catalytic efficiency of the fabricated [NiCl2(DMF)2L2] complex was determined by UV–Vis spectrophotometry in the reduction reaction of 2-nitroaniline (2-NA), 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) and nitrobenzene (NB) in presence of NaBH4 in water. The best conversion obtained as a result of the reduction of nitroarenes in the short time of 10 min. was 62.5 %, which was obtained at the 2-NA reduction. The conversion obtained from of the reduction of nitroarenes, are sequenced as 2-NA (62.5 %) > NB (56.5 %) > 4-NA (25.5%) in 10 min. In addition, the reaction products, both aqueous and short-term, are harmless to the environment, which will provide a significant reaction variety in terms of green chemistry.