Peracetic Acid Solution Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОХЛАЖДЕНИЯ ТУШЕК В РАСТВОРАХ НАДУКСУСНОЙ КИСЛОТЫ НА ПИЩЕВУЮ ЦЕННОСТЬ МЯСА ЦЫПЛЯТ-БРОЙЛЕРОВ

The paper is devoted to studying the effect of broiler carcasses chilling in technological aid agent solutions at the base of peracetic acid on broiler meat nutritional value and amino acid composition. Meat nutritional value has been determined by standard methods usage/ Amino acid composition has been studied chromatografically with Sykam S-433-DS amino acid analyzer. The research has been shown that peracetic acid solutions (0.05–0.07% peracetic acid) usage for carcasses chilling (during 25 minutes) does not influence negatively on broiler meat nutrition and biologic value. Sensory meat quality doesn’t change excluding lighter surface color.

The effects of peracetic acid solution on the treatment of otomycosis in an animal model: a new antifungal drug?

This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of 1 per cent and 0.01 per cent peracetic acid as an antifungal agent in animal otomycosis. After creating a superficial scratch in the external auditory canal of guinea pigs, a suspension of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and candida were inoculated into the ears of the animals. After otomycosis, the effect of 1 per cent or 0.01 per cent peracetic acid on otomycosis was evaluated by otomicroscopy and culture at 10 days post-treatment and compared with 2 per cent acetic acid as the control. A 10-day treatment with 1 per cent peracetic acid and 2 per cent acetic acid (control) showed normal otomicroscopy and negative cultures compared with 0.01 per cent peracetic acid. Drug sedimentation or other side effects in the external auditory canal or tympanic membrane were not observed during treatment with peracetic acid. The findings of this study confirm that the treatment of otomycosis with 1 per cent peracetic acid in an animal model is beneficial and may be a novel therapeutic treatment for otomycosis.

Ultrasound-activated peracetic acid to degrade tetracycline hydrochloride: Efficiency and mechanism

The removal of pollutants by peraceticacid (PAA) has attracted much attention. However, such removal is not achievable solely by PAA without activation. This paper investigated the efficiency and mechanism of ultrasound-activated peracetic acid (US/PAA) to remove tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). The results indicated that US/PAA process could successfully remove organic contaminants from water, and the degradation efficiency of TCH could reach 99.4% within 30 min. Adding ultrasonic radiation into the PAA solution could effectively activate PAA, and the US/PAA process increased the degradation efficiency of TCH by 4.88 times compared to the PAA process. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiment and the radical quenching experiment both demonstrated that singlet oxygen (1O2) and organic radicals (RO·) played an important role in the degradation of TCH during US/PAA process. The effects of the PAA dose, pH, ultrasound power, and initial TCH concentration on the removal of TCH in US/PAA process were investigated. The pH was the main factor, and the highest degradation efficiency was reached at a neutral pH (6.5–8.0). Additionally, the influence of water components (Cl−, HCO3−, SO42−, and humic acid) on the removal of TCH by US/PAA process was studied. The results showed that all water components inhibited the elimination of TCH, except 5 mmol/L HCO3−. Finally, the possible degradation products of TCH were identified by high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, and the potential degradation pathways mainly involved hydroxylation, demethylation, dehydration, and ring cleavage reaction.

Efficiency of Using the Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Generator “Fhileas 75” for Disinfection of the Air Ducts of separately Ventilated system for Infected Animal Housing

The aim of the work was to evaluate the efficiency of using the “Fhileas 75” hydrogen peroxide vapor generator for decontaminating the air ducts of the individually ventilated system, “Bio A.S.”, for housing of infected animals.Materials and methods. The hydrogen peroxide vapor generator “Fhileas 75” (France), a disinfectant manufactured by “FHILEASAFE” (7 % hydrogen peroxide solution and 0.15 % peracetic acid solution), separately ventilated system “Bio A.S.” (Germany) for the infected animal housing were applied in the work. Serratia marcescens 9 was used as test-culture.Results and discussion. The efficiency of using the hydrogen peroxide vapor generator “Fhileas 75” for decontamination of air ducts and internal surfaces of the rack of the individually ventilated system “Bio A.S.” on the test-culture S. marcescens 9 at 1·106 mc/ml concentration has been established (operation parameters of the individually ventilated system unit are as follows: air exchange rate – 60 changes per hour, air flow volume – 28 m3/hour, number of disinfection cycles – 5, disinfectant spraying time – 97 min, exposure time – 24 hours).

Effect of peracetic acid solution on a nitrifying culture: Kinetics, inhibition, cellular and transcriptional responses

Peracetic acid (PAA) has been widely used as a disinfectant in many industries. However, information related to the potential inhibitory effect of PAA solutions (PAA and H2O2) on biological wastewater treatment processes is very limited. The work reported here assessed the effect of PAA and H2O2 solutions on nitrification kinetics and inhibition, cellular level responses and gene expression of a suspended-growth nitrifying culture. The initial ammonia removal and nitrate production rates significantly decreased at 1/0.14 to 3/0.42 mg/L PAA/H2O2. H2O2 up to 3 mg/L did not impact nitrification, cell viability or related respiratory activities; thus, the impact of the PAA solution is attributed to PAA alone or in some combination with H2O2. Nitrification inhibition by PAA was predominantly related to enzyme inhibition, rather than to loss of cell viability and/or cell lysis. PAA and H2O2 negatively affected Nitrosomonas but resulted in Nitrosospira enrichment. Most nitrogen metabolism-related genes (e.g., hydroxylamine oxidoreductase and nitrite oxidoreductase genes) as well as oxidase genes (e.g., cytochrome c oxidase, catalase-peroxidase, and peroxidase genes) were upregulated in PAA- and H2O2-amended cultures. Major ATPase genes were downregulated while ATP synthase genes upregulated under the effect of PAA and/or H2O2. Upregulation of ATP-dependent protease genes indicates protein damage predominantly caused by PAA rather than H2O2. The transcriptional level of genes related to cell division and DNA repair did not show a particular pattern; thus, cell division functionality and DNA integrity were not significantly affected by PAA or H2O2. The results of this study have significant implications in the design and operation of effective biological nitrogen removal systems for the treatment of PAA-bearing wastewater.

Evaluation of the effect of peracetic acid solution on the performance of a continuous-flow biological nitrogen removal (BNR) system

• PAA addition directly to the anaerobic reactor did not affect BNR system performance. • PAA-bearing wastewater at 200 mg/L residual PAA fed to the anaerobic reactor resulted in BNR system upset. • The BNR system was more susceptible to residual PAA without the anaerobic reactor. • Fast, complete BNR system recovery within one HRT feeding with PAA-free wastewater. • Betaproteobacteriales, Sphingobacteriales and Rhodobacterales were affected by PAA. Peracetic acid (PAA) has been extensively used in poultry processing plants as an effective disinfectant alternative to chlorine-based products. However, PAA-bearing poultry processing wastewater, as part of the regular disinfection process and/or in case of accidental spills, can lead to severe upsets of biological wastewater treatment processes. The objective of this study was to assess the short- and long-term effect of PAA solution (PAA and hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2 ) on the performance of a continuous-flow biological nitrogen removal (BNR) system, fed with poultry processing wastewater. The system consisted of three reactors in series: anaerobic (R1), anoxic (R2), and aerobic (R3). Continuous, direct addition of PAA solution up to 200/28.6 mg/L PAA/H 2 O 2 (feed-based concentration) to the anaerobic reactor (R1) did not affect the performance of the BNR system, which achieved over 90 and 82% COD and N removal, respectively. However, both COD and N removal were negatively affected by continuous feeding with residual PAA-bearing wastewater at 80 and 200 mg/L. PAA was self-decomposed or by reaction with other wastewater components, such as proteins and transition metals, rather than being biodegraded. Fast recovery of COD and N removal was achieved within three retention times feeding with PAA/H 2 O 2 -free wastewater. The BNR system was more susceptible to residual PAA without the R1, i.e., two-reactor system. Complete recovery from the impact of residual PAA was achieved, suggesting the effect of PAA on system performance was fast reversed and not lasting. The impact on the BNR system was a combination of enzyme inhibition and cell lysis leading to biomass loss. The PAA impact in R1 (anaerobic) on Synergistales and Bacteroidales was reversed, but not on Lactobacillales and Pseudomonadales. Campylobacterales and Sphingomonadales were enriched when PAA was fed to the BNR system. Betaproteobacteriales, Sphingobacteriales and Rhodobacterales in R2 (anoxic) and R3 (aerobic) reactors were negatively affected by PAA, but the impact was fast reversed when PAA addition was ceased.

Is Peracetic Acid Fumigation Effective in Public Transportation?

The COVID-19 pandemic made more people aware of the danger of viruses and bacteria, which is why disinfection began to be used more and more often. Epidemiological safety must be ensured not only in gathering places, but also in home and work environments. It is especially challenging in public transportation, which is a perfect environment for the spread of infectious disease. Therefore, the aim of the study was the identification of bacteria in crowded places and the evaluation of the effect of fumigation with peracetic acid (PAA) in public transportation. Inactivation of microorganisms in buses and long-distance coaches was carried out using an automatic commercial fogging device filled with a solution of peracetic acid stabilized with acetic acid (AA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Before and after disinfection, samples were taken for microbiological tests. The most prevalent bacteria were Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus licheniformis. Staphylococcus epidermidis was only present in buses, whereas Staphylococcus hominis and Exiguobacterium acetylicum were only present in coaches. Statistical analysis showed a significant reduction in the number of microorganisms in samples taken from different surfaces after disinfection in vehicles. The overall effectiveness of disinfection was 81.7% in buses and 66.5% in coaches. Dry fog fumigation with peracetic acid is an effective method of disinfecting public transport vehicles.

Long-term evaluation of the effect of peracetic acid solution on anaerobic wastewater treatment: Process performance and microbial community structure

Peracetic acid (PAA) has been extensively used in poultry processing as an effective disinfectant. However, PAA-bearing poultry processing wastewater can lead to severe upsets of biological wastewater treatment processes. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effect of PAA solution (PAA and hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) on the anaerobic treatment of poultry processing wastewater. Five reactors were operated for 177 d, semi-continuously fed with poultry processing wastewater and gradually increased levels of H2O2 or PAA solution, added either to the wastewater before feeding (indirect addition), or to the reactors immediately after feeding (direct addition). Indirect, well pre-decomposed H2O2 and PAA had limited effect on biogas production and COD destruction. Biogas production was completely inhibited with direct addition of H2O2 at 227 mg/L, but recovered in ca. 2 d. Direct addition of PAA solution at 500/100 mg/L PAA/H2O2 completely inhibited biogas production and required ca. 18 d incubation for recovery. Methanogenesis was more impacted than fermentation. Long-term H2O2 or PAA solution addition led to a relatively low shift in both bacterial and archaeal communities. The major methanogenic orders were Methanosarcinales and Methanomicrobiales. Direct PAA solution addition decreased both acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic activity; acetoclastic methanogenesis was affected the most.

A New Process for Peracetic Acid Production from Acetic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide Based on Kinetic Modeling and Distillation Simulation

The reaction kinetics of peracetic acid from acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in a helical capillary microreactor was investigated and modeled via regression of the measured conversion rate of hydrogen peroxide. It was found that the activity of the proton in the sulfuric acid solution played a significant role in the synthesis as a catalyst. The activities of the proton were calculated with the ELECNRTL equation and used to obtain a kinetic model with apparent activation energies of peracetic acid synthesis and hydrolysis of 53.63 and 54.45 kJ/mol, respectively. A new continuous process for industrial manufacture of peracetic acid solution (30 wt %) was proposed, where the reacted solution from the microreactor is distilled to separate unreacted reactants and sulfuric acid, which are recycled as a feed. The feasibility of the new process was validated by Aspen Plus simulation and economic assessment.

Comparative Degradation Kinetics Study of Polyamide Thin Films in Aqueous Solutions of Chlorine and Peracetic Acid Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance.

Polyamide thin film composite membranes are widely used in water reclamation. Peracetic acid (PAA) is an emerging wastewater disinfectant with a potential for membrane cleaning and disinfection; however, its interaction with polyamide remains poorly understood. This study employs quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) to determine the PAA-induced degradation kinetics of polyamide thin films, in comparison with the conventional disinfectant-free chlorine (HOCl). Polyamide films showed a sorption phase followed by a degradation phase when exposed to PAA (1000 mg L-1) and HOCl (100 mg L-1) solutions. While the sorption phase in HOCl experiments was short (1.4-3.5 min) and followed a Boltzmann-sigmoidal model, it spanned over 3-33 h in PAA experiments and displayed a two-stage behavior. The latter kinetics are attributed to sequential processes of the physical sorption of PAA in polyamide films followed by PAA-induced polyamide oxidation. In the degradation phase, the HOCl-exposed films followed a rapid, two-step exponential decay reaching an equilibrium mass of ∼50% of the initial (wet) mass after ∼5 h of exposure. In contrast, the PAA-exposed films followed a Boltzmann-sigmoidal decay, with ∼80% of the initial (wet) mass remaining intact after >10 h of exposure. Fast force maps generated using atomic force microscopy showed a progressive increase in the morphological heterogeneity of the polyamide films in HOCl solution due to pitting, cracking, bulging, and eventual delamination under both flow and no-flow conditions. In contrast, PAA only formed small pits on the polyamide film under flow; in a stagnant PAA solution, the film had no visible changes even after ∼148 h of exposure. This is the first comparative study on the chemical and morphological changes in polyamide films induced by PAA and HOCl. The much higher compatibility of polyamide with PAA than with chlorine supports the potential of PAA being used as a halogen-free membrane cleaning/disinfecting agent.

Laser induced degradation of bacterial spores during micro-Raman spectroscopy

Micro-Raman spectroscopy combined with optical tweezers is a powerful method to analyze how the biochemical composition and molecular structures of individual biological objects change with time. In this work we investigate laser induced effects in the trapped object. Bacillus thuringiensis spores, which are robust organisms known for their resilience to light, heat, and chemicals are used for this study. We trap spores and monitor the Raman peak from CaDPA (calcium dipicolinic acid), which is a chemical protecting the spore core. We see a correlation between the amount of laser power used in the trap and the release of CaDPA from the spore. At a laser power of 5 mW, the CaDPA from spores in water suspension remain intact over the 90 min experiment, however, at higher laser powers an induced effect could be observed. SEM images of laser exposed spores (after loss of CaDPA Raman peak was confirmed) show a notable alteration of the spores’ structure. Our Raman data indicates that the median dose exposure to lose the CaDPA peak was ∼60 J at 808 nm. For decontaminated/deactivated spores, i.e., treated in sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid solutions, the sensitivity on laser power is even more pronounced and different behavior could be observed on spores treated by the two chemicals. Importantly, the observed effect is most likely photochemical since the increase of the spore temperature is in the order of 0.1 K as suggested by our numerical multiphysics model. Our results show that care must be taken when using micro-Raman spectroscopy on biological objects since photoinduced effects may substantially affect the results.

Synergistic Effects of Lauric Arginate and Peracetic Acid in Reducing Listeria monocytogenes on Fresh Apples.

Apples are naturally coated with a water-repelling hydrophobic wax layer, which may limit the antimicrobial efficacies of surface sanitizer solutions. Lauric arginate (LAE) is a cationic surfactant with antimicrobial efficacy against Listeria monocytogenes. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial and the wettability effects of LAE in enhancing anti-L. monocytogenes efficacy of peracetic acid (PAA) and further verified the optimized treatment combinations in a pilot spray-bar brush bed system. Apples after 48 h of inoculation were treated with PAA surface sanitation in combination with different concentrations of LAE at 22 or 46°C. The effectiveness of PAA with LAE solutions in decontaminating L. monocytogenes significantly increased with the increased concentration of PAA (60–80 ppm) or LAE (0.01–0.05%) or the treatment temperature (from 22 to 46°C). A 30–120-sec wash by 80 ppm PAA with 0.01 and 0.05% LAE at 22°C reduced L. monocytogenes on apples by 2.10–2.25 and 2.48–2.58 log10 CFU/apple, respectively. Including LAE in the PAA solution decreased contact angles on apple surfaces. However, the increased wettability of the sanitizer solution may not be the main contributor to the enhanced antimicrobial efficacy of the PAA solution, given that the addition of Tween 80 or Tween 85 only slightly boosted the anti-L. monocytogenes efficacy of PAA solutions though both increased the wettability of the PAA solutions. The synergistic effects of PAA and LAE were further validated in a pilot spray-bar brush bed packing system, where a 30-sec spray wash with 80 ppm PAA and 0.05% LAE at 22 and 46°C caused 1.68 and 2.08 log reduction of Listeria on fresh apples, respectively. This study provides an improved PAA process/preventive strategy for ensuring microbial food safety of fresh apples that is applicable to commercial apple packing lines.

Long-term evaluation of the effect of peracetic acid on a mixed anoxic culture: Organic matter degradation, denitrification, and microbial community structure

The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effect of peracetic acid (PAA) solution on anoxic organic matter degradation and denitrification. Three bioreactors (R1, R2, and R3) were operated for 166 d, fed with poultry processing wastewater and gradually increased H2O2 (R2) or PAA solution (i.e., PAA + H2O2)(R3). Organic matter degradation, quantified as the extent of COD removal, and denitrification were assessed. COD removal and denitrification were not affected by H2O2 and PAA solutions added to the wastewater before feeding (indirect addition). However, both processes were significantly affected by high levels of H2O2 (i.e., 27 mg/L) and PAA solution (i.e., 60/8.4 mg/L PAA/H2O2) directly added to the reactors, but fast recovery was observed when direct addition of H2O2 and PAA solution ended. The negative impact on denitrification was the combined result of enzyme inhibition and loss of cell viability, both related to increased intracellular ROS levels. Partial acclimation to PAA solution took place during the long-term operation, resulting in higher denitrification activity, higher cell viability and lower intracellular ROS than in a short-term batch assay with one-time PAA addition. Microbiome analysis showed major shift in community composition during the long-term operation with PAA solution addition, but no significant shift after the long-term operation with H2O2 addition. Among the main denitrifying genera, Thauera and unclassified Chitinophagaceae were negatively impacted while Chryseobacterium and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae were enriched during the long-term operation with PAA addition.

In vitro comparison of peracetic acid and autoclave sterilization in the corrosion of orthodontic pliers: a pilot study.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The most currently recommended method for sterilization of orthodontic pliers is the autoclave, while peracetic acid has also been shown to be effective in the chemical sterilization process. Objective: This study sought to compare the corrosive effects of peracetic acid and autoclave sterilization process of orthodontic pliers. Methods: Four active tungsten carbide (WC) stainless steel tie-cutting pliers from the manufacturers Quinelato (Rio Claro, SP, Brazil) and ICE (Cajamar, SP, Brazil) were selected. The active ends of the pliers were sectioned, and six active tips were obtained and distributed into the following groups: 1) control group (no sterilization); 2) AC group (two active pliers tips submitted to 100 autoclave sterilization cycles); and 3) AP group (two active pliers tips submitted to 100 cycles of sterilization by immersion in 2% peracetic acid solution for 30 minutes). Results: Chemical analysis using X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy showed that after autoclave sterilization, only the ICE pliers presented oxidation corrosion (Δ[O] = +24.5%; Δ[Fe] = +5.8%; Δ[WC] = -1.9%). In comparison, following peracetic acid sterilization, both manufacturers ICE (Δ[O] = +1.8%; Δ[Fe] = +18.0%; Δ[WC] = -1.1%) and Quinelato (Δ[O] = +5.3%; Δ[Fe] = -10.4%; Δ[WC] = -15.2%) showed corrosion. The morphological analysis revealed that peracetic acid caused a pitting and localized corrosion in both brands, while the autoclave caused uniform surface corrosion on the ICE pliers. Conclusion: Autoclave application was the sterilization method that generated less corrosive damage to the orthodontic cutting pliers, when compared to the immersion in 2% peracetic acid.

Long-Term Evaluation of the Effect of Peracetic Acid Solution on Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment: Process Performance and Microbial Community Structure

Long-Term Evaluation of the Effect of Peracetic Acid Solution on Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment: Process Performance and Microbial Community Structure

Controlled generation of peracetic acid atmospheres for the evaluation of chemical samplers.

A system for controlled generation of peracetic acid (PAA) atmospheres used to test and evaluate sampling and measurement devices was developed and characterized. Stable atmospheric conditions were maintained in a dynamic flow system for hours while multiple sensors were simultaneously exposed to equivalent atmospheres of PAA vapors. Atmospheres characterized by a range of PAA concentrations at a controlled flow rate, temperature, and humidity were generated. Presented herein is a system for vaporization of PAA solutions to generate controlled atmospheres with less than 3% relative standard deviation (RSD) of the PAA concentrations over time.

DELIGNIFICATION OF PLANT RAW MATERIALS UNDER MICROWAVE IRRADIATION. IR SPECTRA AND ORDERING INDICES OF THE CELLULOSE

The effect of plant raw materials delignification with an 18% solution of peracetic acid under microwave irradiation at a frequency of 2450 MHz on the degree of ordering of the cellulose supramolecular structure was studied. The samples of the obtained cellulose were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that microwave heating reduces the rate of ordering of the cellulose supramolecular structure in the process of delignification of wood and straw of annual plants with peracetic acid. In general, the delignification products obtained under microwave irradiation with a treatment time of 30 min are characterized by lower values of the ordering index (0.64–0.79) compared to cellulose samples obtained using heating by thermal conductivity (water bath, 100 °С) at processing time 60 min (0.70–0.86). The IR spectra of cellulose samples obtained with the use of heat conduction heating are characterized by a slightly higher intensity of the band at 1372 cm-1 in comparison with the delignification products obtained under microwave irradiation. It has been shown that the degree of ordering of the cellulose supramolecular structure under the studied delignification conditions is determined by the peculiarities of the composition of the feedstock and the polysaccharides supramolecular organization in the native state. For cellulose obtained from wood and straw, different dependences of the values of the ordering index on the heating method and the residual content of hemicelluloses are characteristic.

Long-term evaluation of the effect of peracetic acid on a mixed aerobic culture: Organic matter degradation, nitrification, and microbial community structure

Peracetic acid (PAA) has been widely used as a disinfectant in many industries; its use in poultry processing is steadily increasing. However, information related to the potential inhibitory effect of PAA solutions (PAA and H2O2) on biological wastewater treatment processes used by the poultry processing industry is extremely limited. The work reported here assessed the long-term effect of PAA solution on aerobic degradation and nitrification in three bioreactors fed with poultry processing wastewater by quantifying the extent of COD removal and nitrification rates. Changes in culture viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and microbial community structure were also evaluated. COD removal and nitrification were not affected by H2O2 and PAA solutions added to the wastewater before feeding (indirect addition). However, both processes were significantly affected by high levels of H2O2 (i.e., 27 mg/L) and PAA solution (i.e., 60/8.4 mg/L PAA/H2O2) directly added to the reactors. Directly added PAA/H2O2 at 40/5.6 mg/L was the lowest dose resulting in nitrification inhibition. Fast recovery of COD removal and nitrification was observed when direct addition of H2O2 and PAA solution ended. Cell viability measurements revealed that the negative impact on nitrification was predominantly attributed to enzyme inhibition rather than to loss of cell viability. The impact on nitrification was not related to intracellular ROS levels. Microbiome analysis showed major shifts in community composition during the long-term addition of H2O2 and even more with PAA addition. No significant time-trend change in the relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria or nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was observed, further supporting the conclusion that the negative impact on nitrification was attributed mainly to enzyme inhibition.

The Basis of Peracetic Acid Inactivation Mechanisms for Rotavirus and Tulane Virus under Conditions Relevant for Vegetable Sanitation.

We determined the disinfection efficacy and inactivation mechanisms of peracetic acid (PAA)-based sanitizer using pH values relevant for vegetable sanitation against rotavirus (RV) and Tulane virus (TV; a human norovirus surrogate). TV was significantly more resistant to PAA disinfection than RV: for a 2-log10 reduction of virus titer, RV required 1 mg/liter PAA for 3.5 min of exposure, while TV required 10 mg/liter PAA for 30 min. The higher resistance of TV can be explained, in part, by significantly more aggregation of TV in PAA solutions. The PAA mechanisms of virus inactivation were explored by quantifying (i) viral genome integrity and replication using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and (ii) virus-host receptor interactions using a cell-free binding assay with porcine gastric mucin conjugated with magnetic beads (PGM-MBs). We observed that PAA induced damage to both RV and TV genomes and also decreased virus-receptor interactions, with the latter suggesting that PAA damages viral proteins important for binding its host cell receptors. Importantly, the levels of genome-versus-protein damage induced by PAA were different for each virus. PAA inactivation correlated with higher levels of RV genome damage than of RV-receptor interactions. For PAA-treated TV, the opposite trends were observed. Thus, PAA inactivates each of these viruses via different molecular mechanisms. The findings presented here potentially contribute to the design of a robust sanitation strategy for RV and TV using PAA to prevent foodborne disease.IMPORTANCE In this study, we examined the inactivation mechanisms of peracetic acid (PAA), a sanitizer commonly used for postharvest vegetable washing, for two enteric viruses: Tulane virus (TV) as a human norovirus surrogate and rotavirus (RV). PAA disinfection mechanisms for RV were mainly due to genome damage. In contrast, PAA disinfection in TV was due to damage of the proteins important for binding to its host receptor. We also observed that PAA triggered aggregation of TV to a much greater extent than RV. These studies demonstrate that different viruses are inactivated via different PAA mechanisms. This information is important for designing an optimal sanitation practice for postharvest vegetable washing to minimize foodborne viral diseases.

Effect of Peracetic Acid Solutions and Lactic Acid on Microorganisms in On-Line Reprocessing Systems for Chicken Slaughter Plants

During poultry slaughter and processing, microbial cross-contamination between individual chickens is possible, as well as from one slaughter animal to the next without direct contact. One option for reducing the risk of cross-contamination is to decrease the number of microorganisms on contact surfaces by using disinfectants. The aim is to decontaminate the surfaces coming into direct contact with the carcasses. In the present study, the effectiveness of different disinfectants was investigated in laboratory settings, simulating the conditions in the slaughterhouses and in a chicken slaughterhouse. For this, an artificial residue substance (consisting of yeast extract, albumin, and agar) was developed, tested, and included in the assays. Two disinfectants were tested under laboratory conditions: lactic acid (5 and 6.67%) and peracetic acid (0.33 and 0.5%). At the slaughterhouse, peracetic acid (0.021%) was used. In the laboratory tests, it was found that the peracetic acid solution had the highest disinfection potential with respect to an Escherichia coli strain (reduction >4 log CFU mL-1) at 0.5% without an artificial residue substance. The tested lactic acid solutions also showed the highest disinfection potential against a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, without an artificial residue substance. When applying the artificial residue substance, the reduction potential of lactic acid and peracetic acid was decreased to less than 1.4 log CFU mL-1. Application of peracetic acid in the slaughterhouse reduced the number of total aerobic bacteria by more than 4 log CFU mL-1 and the number of Enterobacteriaceae by more than 3 log CFU mL-1, depending on the place of sampling.