Trace Metal Solubility Research Articles

Atmospheric trace metal concentrations, solubility and deposition fluxes in remote marine air over the south-east Atlantic

Total and soluble trace metal concentrations were determined in atmospheric aerosol and rainwater samples collected during seven cruises in the south-east Atlantic. Back trajectories indicated that the samples all represented remote marine air masses, consistent with climatological expectations. Aerosol trace metal loadings were similar to previous measurements in clean, marine air masses. Median total Fe, Al, Mn, V, Co and Zn concentrations were 206, 346, 5, 3, 0.7 and 11pmolm−3 respectively. Solubility was operationally defined as the fraction extractable using a pH4.7 ammonium acetate leach. Median soluble Fe, Al, Mn, V, Co, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb concentrations were 6, 55, 1, 0.7, 0.06, 24, 2, 1, 0.05 and 0.3pmolm−3 respectively. Large ranges in fractional solubility were observed for all elements except Co; median solubility values for Fe, Al and Mn were below 20% while the median for Zn was 74%. Volume weighted mean rainwater concentrations were 704, 792, 32, 10, 3, 686, 25, 0.02, 0.3 and 10nmolL−1 for Fe, Al, Mn, V, Co, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb respectively (n=6). Wet deposition fluxes calculated from these values suggest that rain makes a significant contribution to total deposition in the study area for all elements except perhaps Ni.

Rapid and gradual modes of aerosol trace metal dissolution in seawater.

Atmospheric deposition is a major source of trace metals in marine surface waters and supplies vital micronutrients to phytoplankton, yet measured aerosol trace metal solubility values are operationally defined, and there are relatively few multi-element studies on aerosol-metal solubility in seawater. Here we measure the solubility of aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) from natural aerosol samples in seawater over a 7 days period to (1) evaluate the role of extraction time in trace metal dissolution behavior and (2) explore how the individual dissolution patterns could influence biota. Dissolution behavior occurs over a continuum ranging from rapid dissolution, in which the majority of soluble metal dissolved immediately upon seawater exposure (Cd and Co in our samples), to gradual dissolution, where metals dissolved slowly over time (Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al in our samples). Additionally, dissolution affected by interactions with particles was observed in which a decline in soluble metal concentration over time occurred (Fe and Pb in our samples). Natural variability in aerosol chemistry between samples can cause metals to display different dissolution kinetics in different samples, and this was particularly evident for Ni, for which samples showed a broad range of dissolution rates. The elemental molar ratio of metals in the bulk aerosols was 23,189Fe: 22,651Al: 445Mn: 348Zn: 71Cu: 48Ni: 23Pb: 9Co: 1Cd, whereas the seawater soluble molar ratio after 7 days of leaching was 11Fe: 620Al: 205Mn: 240Zn: 20Cu: 14Ni: 9Pb: 2Co: 1Cd. The different kinetics and ratios of aerosol metal dissolution have implications for phytoplankton nutrition, and highlight the need for unified extraction protocols that simulate aerosol metal dissolution in the surface ocean.

Oxidative potential of coarse particulate matter (PM(10-2.5)) and its relation to water solubility and sources of trace elements and metals in the Los Angeles Basin.

In this study, potential sources of water-soluble (WS) and water-insoluble (WI) fractions of metals and trace elements in coarse particulate matter (CPM) (PM(10-2.5), 2.5 < dp < 10 μm) were identified and their association with the redox properties of CPM, measured by means of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was explored. CPM was collected during 2012-2013 in Central Los Angeles (LA) and 2013-2014 in Anaheim, CA. Generally, WI components contributed to a larger fraction of CPM ROS activity (as much as 64% and 54% at Central LA and Anaheim, respectively). Two major source factors were identified by principal component analysis for both the WS and WI fractions: vehicular abrasion and re-suspended road dust. Univariate analysis indicated that several species were correlated with CPM ROS activity: in WS fraction, metals such as Mn, Fe, Cd and Zn were associated with WS ROS, while in WI fraction Ti, Fe, Ni, Pb and Cr had the highest correlations with WI ROS activity. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that both vehicular abrasion and re-suspension of road dust were associated with WS ROS activity, while only vehicular abrasion contributed significantly to the WI ROS activity. Moreover, comparison with previous studies indicated that the ROS activity of CPM has increased in the past 5 years in Central LA. We attribute this increase mainly to the elevated levels of re-suspension of road dust caused by the increase in vehicle speed and number of trucks in recent years in this area, reaffirming the growing importance of non-tailpipe traffic emissions on CPM toxicity.

Spatial gradients in trace metal concentrations in the surface microlayer of the Mediterranean Sea

The relationship between dust deposition and surface water metal concentrations is poorly understood. Dissolution, solubility, and partitioning reactions of trace metals from dust particles are governed by complex chemical, biological, and physical processes occurring in the surface ocean. Despite that, the role of the sea surface microlayer (SML), a thin, but fundamental component modulating the air-sea exchange of materials has not been properly evaluated. Our study revealed that the SML of the Mediterranean Sea is enriched with bioactive trace metals (i.e., Cd, Co, Cu and Fe), ranging from 8 (for Cd) to 1000 (for Fe) times higher than the dissolved metal pool in the underlying water column. The highest enrichments were spatially correlated with the atmospheric deposition of mineral particles. Our mass balance results suggest that the SML in the Mediterranean Sea contains about 2 tonnes of Fe. However, we did not detect any trends between the concentrations of metals in SML with the subsurface water concentrations and biomass distributions. These findings suggest that future studies are needed to quantify the rate of metal exchange between the SML and the bioavailable pool and that the SML should be considered to better understand the effect of atmospheric inputs on the biogeochemistry of trace metals in the ocean.

Thermodynamic modeling of iron and trace metal solubility and speciation under sulfidic and ferruginous conditions in full scale continuous stirred tank biogas reactors

We investigated the equilibrium chemistry and chemical speciation of S, Fe and metals (Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in eight full scale Continuous Stirred Tank Biogas Reactors (CSTBR). Five reactors were digesting mixtures of different organic wastes (referred to as Co-Digester; CD) and three were digesting Sewage Sludge (SS). Iron was continuously added to the CD reactors to remove sulfide produced during anaerobic digestion and SS was rich in Fe, amended for phosphate removal in wastewater treatment plants prior to anaerobic digestion. As a consequence of different S:Fe molar ratios (0.3–2.8), ferruginous (Fe(II)-dominated) conditions prevailed in SS reactors and sulfidic (S(-II)-dominated) conditions in CD reactors. In all reactors, the chemical speciation of S, as determined by S K-edge X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure spectroscopy, was dominated by FeS(s). Reduced organic S forms, consisting of RSH (thiol) and RSR (organic sulfide), were the second most abundant S species. Zero-valent S (elemental S, polysulfides, and possible traces of pyrite) was detected in all reactors, ranging between 6% and 26% of total S, with the highest proportion formed under ferruginous conditions. Thermodynamic modeling suggested that Fe in the aqueous phase was dominated by Fe(II)-thiol complexes under sulfidic conditions (CD reactors) and by Fe(II)-phosphate complexes under ferruginous conditions (SS reactors). Thiols, representing organic functional groups, and sulfide complexes were the major aqueous species of Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) under sulfidic conditions. Under ferruginous conditions thiol complexes were still important, but carbonate and phosphate complexes in particular dominated the aqueous phase speciation of Co(II) and Ni(II). The aqueous phase speciation of Zn and Cu was dominated by Zn(II)-sulfide and Cu(I)-polysulfide complexes, respectively. The results highlights the importance of S:Fe molar ratio as a regulating factor for the chemical speciation of metals in biogas reactors which in turn is important for microbial trace metal uptake and growth as well as potential metal toxicity. Both these aspects are critical for a successful performance of biogas production process.

Long-term particle measurements in Finnish Arctic: Part I – Chemical composition and trace metal solubility

Week-long total suspended particle filter samples collected between 1964 and 2010 from Kevo, Finland were analyzed for trace metals, soluble trace metals and major ions. Ion chromatography was used to measure major ions. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to measure the trace metal and soluble trace metal concentrations. Species of anthropogenic origin (V, Co, Cu, Ni, As, Cd, Pb, SO42−) have significantly higher concentrations compared with other Arctic locations. A clear seasonal trend with winter/spring maxima and summer minima is observed for most species, although it is less pronounced than those found in the high Arctic due to the relative proximity to Eurasian pollution sources. High concentrations of Cu (14.1 ng/m3), Ni (0.97 ng/m3), and Co (0.04 ng/m3) indicate the influence of non-ferrous metal smelters on the Kola Peninsula, although Cu unexpectedly did not correlate with Ni or Co. Ni and Co were highly correlated. Cu, Re, Tl, As, W, and V had high solubilities (61%–87%), Co and Ni had solubility's of ∼33%, and Pb had a solubility of 22.9%. The solubility of metals can help determine if the source is natural or anthropogenic. It also dictates the bioavailability of metals once introduced to the environment.

Effects of sewage sludge biochar on plant metal availability after application to a Mediterranean soil

Pyrolytic conversion of sewage sludge into biochar could be a sustainable management option for Mediterranean agricultural soils. The aim of this work is to evaluate the effects of biochar from sewage sludge pyrolysis on soil properties; heavy metals solubility and bioavailability in a Mediterranean agricultural soil and compared with those of raw sewage sludge. Biochar (B) was prepared by pyrolysis of selected sewage sludge (SL) at 500°C. The pyrolysis process decreased the plant-available of Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb, the mobile forms of Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb and also the risk of leaching of Cu, Ni, Zn and Cd. A selected Mediterranean soil was amended with SL and B at two different rates in mass: 4% and 8%. The incubation experiment (200d) was conducted in order to study carbon mineralization and trace metal solubility and bioavailability of these treatments. Both types of amendments increased soil respiration with respect to the control soil. The increase was lower in the case of B than when SL was directly added. Metals mobility was studied in soil after the incubation and it can be established that the risk of leaching of Cu, Ni and Zn were lower in the soil treated with biochar that in sewage sludge treatment. Biochar amended samples also reduced plant availability of Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb when compared to sewage sludge amended samples.

Enrichment and solubility of trace metals associated with magnetic extracts in industrially derived contaminated soils

Magnetic fractions (MFs) in industrially derived contaminated soils were extracted with a magnetic separation procedure. Total, soluble, and bioaccessible Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in the MFs and non-magnetic fractions (NMFs) were analyzed using aqua regia and extraction tests, such as deionized water, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), and gastric juice simulation (GJST) test. Compared with the non-magnetic fractions, soil MFs were enriched with Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Ni. Extraction tests indicated that soil MFs contained higher water, TCLP, and GJST-extractable Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations than the soil NMFs. The TCLP-extractable Pb concentration in the MFs exceeded the USEPA hazardous waste criteria, suggesting that soil MFs have a potentially environmental pollution risk. Solubility of trace metals was variable in the different extraction tests, which has the order of GJST>TCLP>water. TCLP test showed Cu and Zn were more mobile than Cr and Pb while bioaccessibility of trace metal defined by GJST test showed the order of Cu≈Cr≈Zn>Pb. These findings suggested that the MFs in the industrially derived contaminated soils had higher possibility of polluting water bodies, and careful environmental impact assessment was necessary.

Concentrations and properties of airborne particles in the Mexico City subway system

Samples of PM 10 and PM 2.5 were collected using High Vol and MiniVol devices on the platform of a subway station in Mexico City and in an outdoor location close to it, using such devices. Soluble extractable organic matter (SEOM) and water solubility of metals were determined. Elemental composition and solubility of trace metals were determined and individual aerosol particles were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The concentration levels in both sizes were similar during all days with the exception of weekends, especially on Sunday when activity decreases due to lower trains’ frequency. The largest particles concentrations in the subway were found from 06:00 to 14:00 and the lowest concentrations were registered from 22:00 to 06:00. Concentrations of PM 2.5 ranging between 60 μg m −3 and 93 μg m −3 (10% and 90% percentile) in the subway were 6% larger than outside, whereas PM 10 were 20% larger than outside ranging from 88 μg m −3 to 145 μg m −3 . Greater Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr and Mn concentrations were quantified in the subway samples as compared to the airborne particles by up to 2.5, 9, 1.8, 2.0 and 2.6 times, respectively. Even when the solubility percent of these metals in the subway PM was smaller than in the outdoor airborne particles, metals’ concentrations were greater. SEM and EDS exhibit the presence of many individual particles with a large metal content in the subway samples. Correlation analysis showed the influence of outdoor PM in the subway aerosols, but characterization revealed also important differences in the presence of metals and SEOM, due to underground sources such as friction, brake system, and metals from sparking. This means that a large number of commuters are exposed during labor days to large toxic metals concentrations as they transit. ► First attempt to study in depth the air quality in the underground system in Mexico. ► Elemental speciation was done to assess the underground’s microenvironment. ► This is a comparative study broaching several world underground systems. ► Water solubility of the metals incorporated into the PM particles was determined. ► SEM micrographs and EDX analysis revealed important aspects of morphology.

Mechanisms of enhanced mobilisation of trace metals by anionic surfactants in soil

Long-term applications of small concentrations of surfactants in soil via wastewater irrigation or pesticide application may enhance trace metal solubility. Mechanisms by which anionic surfactants (Aerosol 22, SDS and Biopower) affect trace metal solubility were assessed using batch, incubation and column experiments. In batch experiments on seven soils, the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Ni and Zn in the dissolved fraction of soils increased up to 100-fold at the high application rates, but increased less than 1.5-fold below the critical micelle concentration. Dissolved metal concentrations were less than 20% affected by surfactants in long-term incubations (70 days) up to the largest dose of 200 mg C kg −1 soil. Leaching soil columns with A22 (100–1000 mg C L −1) under unsaturated conditions increased trace metal concentrations in the leachates 2–4 fold over the control. Correlation analysis and speciation modelling showed that the increased solubility of metals upon surfactant application was more related to the solubilisation of soil organic matter from soil than to complexation of the metals with the surfactant. Organic matter from soil was solubilised in response to a decrease of solution Ca 2+ as a result of Ca–surfactant precipitation. At environmentally relevant concentrations, surfactant application is unlikely to have a significant effect on trace metal mobility.

Modelling trace metal extractability and solubility in French forest soils by using soil properties

Soil/solution partitioning of trace metals (TM: Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sb, Pb and Zn) has been investigated in six French forest sites that have been subjected to TM atmospheric inputs. Soil profiles have been sampled and analysed for major soil properties, and CaCl2‐extractable and total metal content. Metal concentrations (expressed on a molar basis) in soil (total), in CaCl2 extracts and soil solution collected monthly from fresh soil by centrifugation, were in the order: Cr &gt; Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Cu &gt; Pb &gt; Co &gt; Sb &gt; Cd , Zn &gt; Cu &gt; Pb = Ni &gt; Co &gt; Cd &gt; Cr and Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Cu &gt; Pb &gt; Co &gt; Cr &gt; Cd &gt; Sb , respectively. Metal extractability and solubility were predicted by using soil properties. Soil pH was the most significant property in predicting metal partitioning, but TM behaviour differed between acid and non‐acid soils. TM extractability was predicted significantly by soil pH for pH &lt; 6, and by soil pH and Fe content for all soil conditions. Total metal concentration in soil solution was predicted well by soil pH and organic carbon content for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Zn, by Fe content for Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Sb and total soil metal content for Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Sb, with a better prediction for acidic conditions (pH &lt; 6). At more alkaline pH conditions, solute concentrations of Cu, Cr, Sb and Pb were larger than predicted by the pH relationship, as a consequence of association with Fe colloids and complexing with dissolved organic carbon. Metal speciation in soil solutions determined by WHAM‐VI indicated that free metal ion (FMI) concentration was significantly related to soil pH for all pH conditions. The FMI concentrations of Cu and Zn were well predicted by pH alone, Pb by pH and Fe content and Cd, Co and Ni by soil pH and organic carbon content. Differences between soluble total metal and FMI concentrations were particularly large for pH &lt; 6. This should be taken into account for risk and critical load assessment in the case of terrestrial ecosystems.

Effects of experimental CO 2 leakage on solubility and transport of seven trace metals in seawater and sediment

The impact of CO 2 leakage on solubility and distribution of trace metals in seawater and sediment has been studied in lab scale chambers. Seven metals (Al, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) were investigated in membrane-filtered seawater samples, and DGT samplers were deployed in water and sediment during the experiment. During the first phase (16 days), “dissolved” (< 0.2 µm) concentrations of all elements increased substantially in the water. The increase in dissolved fractions of Al, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in the CO 2 seepage chamber was respectively 5.1, 3.8, 4.5, 3.2, 1.4, 2.3 and 1.3 times higher than the dissolved concentrations of these metals in the control. During the second phase of the experiment (10 days) with the same sediment but replenished seawater, the dissolved fractions of Al, Cr, Cd, and Zn were partly removed from the water column in the CO 2 chamber. DNi and DCu still increased but at reduced rates, while DPb increased faster than that was observed during the first phase. DGT-labile fractions (Me DGT) of all metals increased substantially during the first phase of CO 2 seepage. DGT-labile fractions of Al, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were respectively 7.9, 2.0, 3.6, 1.7, 2.1, 1.9 and 2.3 times higher in the CO 2 chamber than that of in the control chamber. Al DGT, Cr DGT, Ni DGT, and Pb DGT continued to increase during the second phase of the experiment. There was no change in Cd DGT during the second phase, while Cu DGT and Zn DGT decreased by 30% and 25%, respectively in the CO 2 chamber. In the sediment pore water, DGT labile fractions of all the seven elements increased substantially in the CO 2 chamber. Our results show that CO 2 leakage affected the solubility, particle reactivity and transformation rates of the studied metals in sediment and at the sediment–water interface. The metal species released due to CO 2 acidification may have sufficiently long residence time in the seawater to affect bioavailability and toxicity of the metals to biota.

Modelling the effects of ageing on Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu solubility in soils using an assemblage model

SummaryAgeing reactions can reduce trace metal solubility and can explain natural attenuation of contaminated soils. We modelled ageing reactions in soil with an assemblage model that considers slow reactions in Fe‐oxyhydroxides and reversible sorption on organic matter and clay minerals. Metal adsorption kinetics on Fe‐oxyhydroxides was obtained from data with synthetic oxyhydroxides. Metal solubility and isotopic exchangeability data were obtained from 28 soils amended with Ni, Zn, Cu and Cd metal salts and monitored for 850 days. The assemblage model was constructed in WHAM 6.0 and used soil properties and dissolved organic matter as input data. The model was first validated to predict dissolved metal concentrations, based on the concentration of isotopic exchangeable metals. The model overestimated metal solubility without parameter adjustment by mean factors of 4–7, and successful fits were obtained by increasing the specific surface area of Fe‐oxyhydroxides from measured values of synthetic systems to a value of 600 m2 g−1 recommended by other authors. The effect of ageing on the isotopic exchangeable metal fraction was subsequently modelled starting from the predicted fraction of metals present on Fe‐oxyhydroxides immediately after soil spiking. The observed isotopic exchangeable metal fractions of Ni, Zn and Cd agreed reasonably well with predicted values. The model predicts that ageing reactions are more pronounced at higher pH because metal sorption is increasingly directed to oxyhydroxide surfaces with increasing soil pH. Modelling fixation of Cu requires more information on fixation of that metal in organic matter.

Solubility of ion and trace metals from stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and alkaline mine tailing

Stabilized sewage sludge (SS) by fly ash (FA) and alkaline mine tailing as artificial soil, to be applied on the ecological rehabilitation at mining junkyards, offers a potentially viable utilization of the industrial by-product, as well as solves the shortage of soil resource in the mine area. An incubation experiment with different ratios of SS and FA was conducted to evaluate the solubility of ions and trace elements from stabilized sewage sludge. Results showed that fly ash offset a decrease in pH value of sewage sludge. The pH of (C) treatment (FA:SS = 1:1) was stable and tended to neutrality. The SO4(2-) and Cl- concentrations of the solution in the mixture were significantly decreased in the stabilized sewage sludge by alkaline fly ash and mine tailing, compared to the single SS treatment. Stabilized sewage sludge by FA weakened the nitrification of total nitrogen from SS when the proportion of FA in the mixture was more than 50%. The Cr, Ni, and Cu concentrations in the solution were gradually decreased and achieved a stable level after 22 days, for all treatments over the duration of the incubation. Moreover stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and/or mine tailing notably decreased the trace metal solubility. The final Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations in the solution for all mixtures of treatments were lower than 2.5, 15, and 50 microg/L, respectively.

The long-term effect of sludge application on Cu, Zn, and Mo behavior in soils and accumulation in soybean seeds

A long-term greenhouse column experiment using two soils of different textures amended with dewatered, composted and alkaline-stabilized sludges (biosolids) tested the effect of aging on trace metal solubility, mobility and crop uptake over 15 cropping cycles. Specifically, soil chemical properties and extractability of Cu, Zn and Mo were measured after each cropping cycle, and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) grown as the final crop were analyzed for those metal concentrations in the seeds. Significant Cu loss from the surface soil through leaching, and increased Zn extractability resulting from soil acidification were evident in the early cropping cycles shortly after sludge application, with the degree of Cu mobilization and soil acidification strongly dependent on the type of soil and sludge. Liming to counter acidification in later cycles enhanced Mo extractability and bioavailability substantially, with some sludge treatments producing soybean seeds with Mo concentrations up to 5 times greater than the control. Aging effects were difficult to discern for trace metals in this long-term study, since soil pH changes caused by sludge and liming amendments dominated metal solubility and crop uptake.

Trace metals in cyanobacterial mats, phytoplankton and sediments of the Lake Vanda region, Antarctica

AbstractThe degree and nature of association between trace metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Ag, &amp; Cd) and cyanobacterial mats, phytoplankton and sediments has been assessed in the Lake Vanda region of the Wright Valley, Victoria Land. Trace metal:Fe ratios and SEM imaging confirmed that apparent trace metal enrichment in cyanobacterial mats, relative to the sediment beneath, was due to incorporation of fine (sub-micron) sediment particles in the muciligenous matrix of the mat. In suspended particulate material (SPM) filtered from the oxic water of Lake Vanda and the Onyx River, the degree of trace metal binding to the SPM did not appear to correlate with phytoplankton content. Instead a positive correlation was observed between Fe and trace metal content. The SPM at the top of the lake water column, where only the finest sediment remains suspended, had the highest trace metal concentrations. It is concluded that the trace metal content of cyanobacterial mats and phytoplankton samples is primarily due to incorporation of fine sediment particles of high surface area which therefore enhance trace metal adsorption capacity. This reinforces the existing hypothesis that trace metal solubility in this environment is primarily controlled by abiotic processes.

Chemical composition of rainwater collected at a southwest site of Mexico City, Mexico

Measurements of the trace metals Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Al in soluble and insoluble rain fractions and SO 4 − 2 , NO 3 −, Cl −, HCO 3 −, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Na +, K +, NH 4 + and H + in soluble fractions were performed in rainwater collected at a southwest site of Mexico City during the rainy seasons of 2001 and 2002. Aluminum presented the highest volume-weighted mean concentration (VWMC) in both insoluble and soluble fractions. In the insoluble fractions, the VWM of the other trace metals decreased in the order Mn, Pb, Ni, V, Cr and Cd, and in the soluble fractions in the order Mn, V, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cr. Ammonium presented the higher VWMC, followed by SO 4 2−, NO 3 −, HCO 3 −, Ca 2+, Cl −, H +, Na +, Mg 2+ and K +. Air mass back trajectories were associated to the concentrations of trace metals and of SO 4 2−, Ca 2+, Mg 2+, NH 4 + and H + observed during each rainy day. Trace metal concentrations were not clearly related to wind direction. Enrichment factors related to the relative abundance of elements in crustal material were calculated using Mg as reference. The high enrichment factors (EF c) suggested that, in general, trace metals and major ions had an anthropogenic origin. Aluminum, K +, and Ca 2+ were the only elements that had a significant crustal source. Factor analysis (Principal Component Analysis) with Varimax normalized rotation grouping the elements analyzed into three factors. Factor 1 indicated a crustal contribution for Ca 2+, K +, Mg 2+ and anthropogenic sources for SO 4 2−, NH 4 + and V. Factor 2 indicated a high loading for Al, Ni and Mn, that indicate possible contribution of anthropogenic sources but with a significant crustal contribution for Al. Factor 3 indicated an anthropogenic origin for H + and NO 3 −. Pearson's correlations show that Al correlated with all the metals, including Ca 2+ and Mg 2+. The solubility of trace metals did not depend on rainwater pH. As it was expected, Al presented the highest wet deposition flux.

Solubility of major cations and Cu, Zn and Cd in soil extracts of some contaminated agricultural soils near a zinc smelter in Norway: modelling with a multisurface extension of WHAM

SummaryMechanistic modelling offers a means of simulating the speciation and solubility of trace metals in soils. The WHAM/Model VI model has previously been used to simulate pH buffering and Al solubility in acid soils, and metal partitioning in very organic soils, but has not previously been applied to agricultural soils. Here we have extended the WHAM/Model VI framework to include surface complexation to oxides, and cation exchange, and applied it to batch titrations of limed agricultural soils contaminated by emissions of Cd and Zn from a metal smelter. In contrast to previous studies on forest soils, model predictions were most sensitive to the size of the geochemically ‘active’ soil Ca pool. Following optimization of this pool the model reproduced trends in pH and major cations well. Blind predictions of soil metal concentrations (Cu, Zn and Cd), from estimates of the active soil metal concentrations obtained by extraction with 0.22 m HNO3, were mostly very reasonable. Where predicted metal solubility was different, the model could be fitted to the data by optimizing the size of the active metal pool. In some cases the optimized metal pool was unrealistically large, which indicates a possible deficiency in the way the model considers binding activity and competition. Organic matter was the dominant binding phase in these soils. These results support the contention that speciation modelling has great promise in providing a holistic description of ion chemistry in soils for both major and trace elements.

Trace metal contamination of sediments in an e-waste processing village in China

This study examined trace metal contamination of sediments in Guiyu, China where primitive e-waste processing activities have been carried out. It was found that some river sediments in Guiyu were contaminated with Cd (n.d.–10.3 mg/kg), Cu (17.0–4540 mg/kg), Ni (12.4–543 mg/kg), Pb (28.6–590 mg/kg), and Zn (51.3–324 mg/kg). The 206Pb/ 207Pb and 208Pb/ 207Pb ratios of the Pb-contaminated sediments of Lianjiang (1.1787 ± 0.0057 and 2.4531 ± 0.0095, respectively) were lower than those of Nanyang River (1.1996 ± 0.0059 and 2.4855 ± 0.0082, respectively), indicating a significant input of non-indigenous Pb with low 206Pb/ 207Pb and 208Pb/ 207Pb ratios. Copper, Pb and Zn in the non-residual fractions noticeably increased in the contaminated sediments compared to those in the uncontaminated sediments. A genuine concern is associated with potential transport of the contaminated sediments downstream and enhanced solubility and mobility of trace metals in the non-residual fractions.

Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments at the Corona stream, Lousal mine (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Southern Portugal)

This study investigates the geochemical characteristics of the acid mine drainage discharged from the abandoned mine adits and tailing piles in the vicinity of the Lousal mine and evaluates the extent of pollution on water and on the stream sediments of the Corona stream. Atmospheric precipitation interacting with sulphide minerals in exposed tailings produces runoff water with pH values as low as 1.9–2.9 and high concentrations of \( {\text{SO}}^{{{\text{2}} - }}_{{\text{4}}}\)(9,249–20,700 mg l−1), Fe (959–4,830 mg l−1) and Al (136–624 mg l−1). The acidic effluents and mixed stream water carry elevated Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and As concentrations that exceed the water quality standards. However, the severity of contamination generally decreases 4 km downstream of the source due to mixing with fresh waters, which causes the dilution of dissolved toxic metals and neutralization of acidity. Some natural attenuation of the contaminants also occurs due to the general reduced solubility of most trace metals, which may be removed from solution, by either co-precipitation or adsorption to the iron and aluminium precipitates.