Solubility Of Bi Research Articles

Electrochemical Reduction of Bi(III)/Sb(III)/Te(IV) with EDTA and Tartaric Acid in Sulfuric Acid Solution

The electrochemical reduction of Bi(III), Sb(III) and Te(IV) with EDTA and tartaric acid complexing agents in sulfuric acid solution were studied by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) separately. The results reveal that the addition of EDTA makes the reduction potential of Bi(III) shift negatively, but does not affect the reduction potential of Sb(III) and Te(IV), which makes the deposition potential of Bi(III), Sb(III) and Te(IV) close to each other. The addition of tartaric acid makes the reduction potential of Bi(III) negatively shift a little and the reduction potential of Sb(III) shift negatively, but does not affect the reduction potential of Te(IV), which makes the deposition potential of Bi(III), Sb(III) and Te(IV) far away from each other. Meanwhile, the role of EDTA is to increase the solubility of Bi(III), and tartaric acid is expected to improve the solubility of Sb(III), EDTA and tartaric acid could enhance the stability of Bi(III)-Sb(III)-Te(IV) ternary mixture.

Study of the solubility of Pb, Bi and Sn in aluminum by mixed CALPHAD/DFT methods: Applicability to aluminum machining alloys

The aim of this work is a formulation of a thermodynamic model for the development of new aluminum machining alloys. The three additives Bi, Pb and Sn have proven to help machining. Hence, a review of the literature showed that the liquid phase equilibria and thermodynamic data for the three binary systems Al-Bi, Al-Pb and Al-Sn is very thorough but the limited information for the FCC solution required the use of Density Functional Theory (DFT) to predict thermodynamic data. The partial heat of mixing of these three machining additives in Al(FCC) are obtained and the results helped to improve the thermodynamic model using the CALPHAD method. It was shown that for all three binary systems, the thermodynamic data obtained at three fixed compositions and that obtained for a very dilute solution gave different enthalpy curves. The thermodynamic model was used to compute the ternary systems Al-Bi-Pb, Al-Bi-Sn and Al-Pb-Sn and small adjustable parameters were added to reproduce the literature data.

Electrodeposition of Bismuth in a Choline Chloride/Ethylene Glycol Deep Eutectic Solvent under Ambient Atmosphere

The electrochemical behavior of bismuth(III) is investigated under ambient atmosphere in the ethaline deep eutectic solvent (DES) that is obtained by mixing 1 mol eq. of choline chloride and 2 mol eq. of ethylene glycol using Bi(NO3)3 as the Bi(III) source. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that the presence of water adsorbed from the atmosphere reduces the viscosity of the DES, and hence facilitates the reduction of Bi(III) to Bi. The presence of high water contents, however, suppresses the solubility of Bi(NO3)3 in the DES. Chronoamperometry experiments indicate that while the deposition of bismuth at a glassy carbon electrode involves with an overpotential-driven three dimensional instantaneous nucleation/growth process, the deposition of bismuth at the platinum, and nickel electrode involves with a progressive nucleation/growth. Crystalline bismuth films are deposited on Ni electrode by constant potential electrolysis. Scanning electron microscope images reveal that making the deposition potential more negative and/or increasing the temperature will reduce the deposited particle size. X-ray powder diffraction patterns suggest preferred orientation of the crystal growth. Bismuth coating can also be formed on copper substrate by galvanic displacement reaction between Bi(III) and Cu.

Recommended values for the βSn solidus line in Sn-Bi alloys

Sn-Bi is an industrially important system that is often incorporated into multicomponent solder alloys. Despite a large body of experimental work, the reported data are in significant disagreement over the βSn solidus line and maximum solubility of Bi in βSn. These inconsistencies are often adopted in thermodynamic assessments and databases and might result in the incorrect design of Bi-containing solders. The present study re-measures the βSn solidus line using DSC techniques, explores the origin of the inconsistencies in past measurements, and provides recommended values. The work highlights the importance of the equilibration methods used for solidus measurements and discusses methods to test for full homogenisation.

Electrodeposition of stoichiometric bismuth telluride Bi2Te3 using a piperidinium ionic liquid binary mixture

In this paper, we report the electrodeposition of stoichiometric Bi2Te3 compound using an ionic liquid binary mixture: 1-ethyl-1-octyl-piperidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide: 1-ethyl-1-octyl-piperidinium bromide (EOPipTFSI:EOPipBr 95:5 (mol%)). The use of this mixture allows to reach a higher solubility of Bi(III) and Te(IV) precursors compared to pure EOPipTFSI ionic liquid in which Te(IV) salts are not soluble. Moreover, this electrolyte presents an extended cathodic stability, allowing the study of electrochemical processes that occur at high cathodic potential values. A detailed voltammetric study of electrochemical systems was performed for electrolytes containing different [Bi(III)]/[Te(IV)] ratio, allowing the attribution of cathodic signals to electrochemical processes. Experimental conditions leading to the deposition of stoichiometric Bi2Te3 were then determined by varying deposition potential and electrolyte composition, using potentiostatic experiments followed by XRD and SEM-EDX analysis. By varying the concentration of precursors in the electrolyte, mirror-like coatings, adherent and homogeneous, were obtained. Electroplated Bi2Te3 presents n-type conductivity with a Seebeck coefficient equal to −70μVK−1 and an electrical resistivity of 133μΩm.

Bismuth incorporation and the role of ordering in GaAsBi/GaAs structures

The structure and composition of single GaAsBi/GaAs epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy were investigated by optical and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Firstly, the GaAsBi layers exhibit two distinct regions and a varying Bi composition profile in the growth direction. In the lower (25 nm) region, the Bi content decays exponentially from an initial maximum value, while the upper region comprises an almost constant Bi content until the end of the layer. Secondly, despite the relatively low Bi content, CuPtB-type ordering was observed both in electron diffraction patterns and in fast Fourier transform reconstructions from high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The estimation of the long-range ordering parameter and the development of ordering maps by using geometrical phase algorithms indicate a direct connection between the solubility of Bi and the amount of ordering. The occurrence of both phase separation and atomic ordering has a significant effect on the optical properties of these layers.PACS78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors; 68.55.Nq composition and phase identification; 68.55.Ln defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc; 64.75.St phase separation and segregation in

EFFECT OF Bi ADDITION ON THE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF Zr-4 IN SUPERHEATED STEAM AT 400 ℃/10.3 Mpa

The effect of Bi contents on the corrosion resistance of Zr-4+xBi(x=0.1%—0.5%, mass fraction) alloys,which were prepared by adding Bi to Zr-4,was investigated in superheated steam at 400℃and 10.3 MPa by autoclave tests.The microstructures of the alloys and fracture surface morphology of the oxide film formed on the alloys were observed by TEM,EDS and SEM. The results show that with the increase of Bi content,the second phase particles(SPPs) are almost the same in size and shape,but increase in amount and vary in composition,including Zr(Fe,Cr)_2, Zr-Fe-Cr-Bi,Zr-Fe-Sn-Bi and Zr-Fe-Cr-Sn-Bi.Even in the Zr-4+0.1Bi alloy,Bi-containing SPPs were detected.This indicates that the solid solubility of Bi in a-Zr matrix of Zr-4+xBi alloys is less than 0.1%at 580°C.Moreover,the addition of Bi promotes the precipitation of Sn which originally dissolved in theα-Zr matrix of Zr-4.Compared with Zr-4,the addition of Bi makes the corrosion resistance worse,and it becomes more obvious with the increase of Bi content.This illustrates that the addition of Bi can not improve the corrosion resistance,on the contrary,it brings a harmful influence. This may be related to the precipitation of the Bi-containing and Bi-Sn-containing SPPs.

Microstructure and Damping Capacity of Mg<sub>2</sub>Si/Mg–Al–Si–(Bi) Composites

Influences of Bi addition on microstructures and damping capacities of Mg2Si/Mg­Al­Si­(Bi) composites have been investigated. The Bi addition is beneficial to modify Mg2Si phase from coarse Chinese script shape to fine polygonal shape. Even though the Bi-containing alloy has modified polygonal Mg2Si compounds, its damping capacity shows similar level with that of the Bi-free alloy. This would be attributed to the increased solute concentration related to high solubility of Bi in Mg, which eventually offsets the damping increment in response to Mg2Si modification. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2012255]

Creep Behavior of Bi-Containing Lead-Free Solder Alloys

The creep behavior of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305), Sn-3.4Ag-1.0Cu-3.3Bi (SAC-Bi), and Sn-3.4Ag-4.8Bi (SnAg-Bi, all wt.%) was studied in constant-stress creep tests from room temperature to 125°C. The alloys were tested in two microstructural conditions. As-cast alloys had a composite eutectic-primary Sn structure, while in aged alloys the eutectic regions were replaced by a continuous Sn matrix with coarsened intermetallic (Cu6Sn5 and Ag3Sn) particles. After aging, Bi in SAC-Bi and SnAg-Bi was found as precipitates at grain boundaries and grain interiors. The creep resistance of of-cast SAC305 was higher than that of as-cast Bi-containing alloys, but after aging the SAC305 had the lowest creep resistance. The creep strain rates in SAC-Bi and SnAg-Bi were much less affected by aging. The apparent activation energy for creep was also changed more for SAC305 than for the other two alloys. The creep behavior of SAC-Bi and SnAg-Bi can be understood by considering the solubility of Bi in Sn. The difference in creep behavior between as-cast and aged SAC-Bi is greatly reduced when room-temperature test results are excluded from analysis. This suggests that the strongest influence on creep in these alloys is due to Bi solute interaction with moving dislocations during deformation.

Microstructure and Electrical Properties of (1−x)Bi(Li1/3Zr2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 Piezoelectric Ceramics

A new type of BiMeO3–PbTiO3 was prepared by using Li1+ as part of the Me site cations. Several (1−x)Bi(Li,Me″)O3–xPbTiO3 compositions were prepared with Me″ cations of a higher valence (Me″=Ti4+, Zr4+, Mn4+, Sn4+, Nb5+, and Ta5+). (1−x)Bi(Li,Me″)O3–xPbTiO3 exhibits a low solubility of Bi(Li,Me″)O3 in PbTiO3. Although there are many possible compositions of (1−x)Bi(Li,Me″)O3–xPbTiO3, no morphotropic phase boundary was found. After the initial screening, (1−x)Bi(Li1/3Zr2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 was identified as the most promising material for actuator applications due to its relatively large solubility limit (x=0.7) and low lattice distortion (c/a=1.036). It was then chosen for systematical study with respect to structure, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties. In addition, La was further added to improve the piezoelectric properties of (1−x)Bi(Li1/3Zr2/3)O3–xPbTiO3. The temperature dependence of 0.3Bi(Li1/3Zr2/3)O3−0.7PbTiO3 and 0.3(Bi0.9La0.1)(Li1/3Zr2/3)O3−0.7PbTiO3 was assessed by investigating the dielectric constant and large‐signal d33. 0.3Bi(Li1/3Zr2/3)O3−0.7PbTiO3 exhibits a dielectric constant with a low loss (0.025), ferroelectric properties (EC=5.9 kV/mm, Pr=20.8 μC/cm2, and Psat=25.9 μC/cm2), piezoelectric coefficients (small‐signal d33=78 pC/N and large‐signal d33=106 pm/V), and Curie temperature (TC=290°C). La (10 mol%) substitution for Bi acts as a soft role with an enhanced d33 (98 pC/N) and reduced TC (215°C).

Bismuth solubility through binding by various organic compounds and naturally occurring soil organic matter

The present study was performed to examine the effects of soluble organic matter and pH on the solubility of Bi in relation to inference with the behavior of metallic Bi dispersed in soil and water environments using EDTA, citric acid, tartaric acid, l-cysteine, soil humic acids (HA), and dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from the soil organic horizon. The solubility of Bi by citric acid, tartaric acid, l-cysteine, HA, and DOM showed pH dependence, while that by EDTA did not. Bi solubility by HA seemed to be related to the distribution of pKa (acid dissociation constant) values of acidic functional groups in their molecules. That is, HA extracted at pH 3.2 solubilized Bi preferentially in the acidic range, while HA extracted at pH 8.4 showed preferential solubilization at neutral and alkaline pH. This was related to the dissociation characteristics of functional groups, their binding capacity with Bi, and precipitation of Bi carbonate or hydroxides. In addition to the dissociation characteristics of functional groups, the unique structural configuration of the HA could also contribute to Bi-HA complex formation. The solubility of Bi by naturally occurring DOM derived from the soil organic horizon (Oi) and its pH dependence were different from those associated with HA and varied among tree species.

Experimental measurement of the solubility of bismuth phases in water vapor from 220°C to 300°C: Implications for ore formation

Abstract Preliminary measurements were carried out of the solubility of the O 2- buffering assemblage bismuth + bismite (Bi 2 O 3 ) in aqueous liquid–vapor and vapor-only systems at temperatures of 220, 250 and 300 °C. All experiments were carried out in Ti reaction vessels and were designed such that the Bi solids were contained in a silica tube that prevented contact with liquid water at any time during the experiment. Two blank (no Bi solids present) liquid–vapor experiments at 220 °C yielded Bi concentrations (±1 σ ) in the condensed liquid of 0.22 ± 0.02 mg/L, whereas the solubility measurements at this temperature yielded an average value of approximately 6 ± 9 mg/L, with replicate experiments ranging from 0.3 to 26 mg/L. Although the 6 mg/L value is associated with a considerable degree of uncertainty, the experiments do indicate transport of Bi through the vapor phase. Measured Bi concentrations in the condensed liquid at 250 °C were in the same range as those at 220 °C, whereas those at 300 °C were significantly lower (i.e., all below the blank value). Vapor-only experiments necessarily contained much smaller initial volumes of water, thereby making the results more susceptible to contamination. Single blank runs at 220 and 300 °C yielded Bi concentrations of 82 and 16 mg/L, respectively. Measured concentrations (±1 σ ) of Bi in the vapor-only solubility experiments at 220 °C were 235 ± 78 mg/L for an initial water volume of 0.5 mL, and at 300 °C were 56 ± 30 mg/L and 33 ± 21 for initial water volumes of 1 and 2 mL, respectively, suggesting strong preferential partitioning of Bi into the vapor. The results indicate a negative dependence of Bi solubility on temperature, but are inconclusive with respect to the dependence of Bi solubility on water density or fugacity. The experiments reported here suggest that significant Bi transport is possible in the vapor phase. Comparison of the liquid–vapor and vapor-only experiments further suggests that, at the conditions studied, the solubility of Bi in the vapor is significantly higher than that in the liquid phase (calculated distribution coefficients, i.e., C Vapor / C Liquid at 220 °C ranged from 81 to 168, where C is concentration in mg/L). The concentrations measured in the vapor-only experiments at 220 °C are approximately 11 orders of magnitude higher than those calculated from available thermodynamic data assuming no interaction between volatile Bi species and water molecules. This finding indicates that hydration of volatile Bi species probably occurs to a significant extent; similar to behavior observed previously in published vapor phase solubility studies of other metals. However, the interpretation of the results was complicated by the formation of Bi silicate phases and the lack of certainty that O 2 fugacity buffering was effective throughout the experiments.

Dissolution kinetics of nanoscale liquid Pb/Bi inclusions at a grain boundary in aluminum

In situ transmission electron microscopy is used to study dissolution of liquid single-phase Pb/Bi inclusions attached to a grain boundary in an alloy of Al99.29Pb0.65Bi0.06 at temperatures of 343, 370, and 389 °C, respectively. The initial size of the inclusions was smaller than 60 nm. Dissolution of the inclusions was observed until their complete disappearance. Digitized video recordings of the process of dissolution were used to obtain the dependence of the inclusion size with time. The kinetics of the dissolution of the grain boundary inclusions can be described with a model where it is assumed that grain-boundary diffusion of Pb and Bi is the controlling mechanism. The high value (2.3 eV) of the apparent activation enthalpy of dissolution indicates that the process is likely governed by the large negative enthalpies of solubility of Pb and Bi in Al.

The experimental study of the Bi–Sn, Bi–Zn and Bi–Sn–Zn systems

The binary Bi–Sn was studied by means of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy)/EDS (Energy-Dispersive solid state Spectrometry), DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis)/DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) and RT-XRD (Room Temperature X-Ray Diffraction) in order to clarify discrepancies concerning the Bi reported solubility in (Sn). It was found that (Sn) dissolves approximately 10 wt% of Bi at the eutectic temperature. The experimental effort for the Bi–Zn system was limited to the investigation of the discrepancies concerning the solubility limit of Zn in (Bi) and the solubility of Bi in (Zn). Results indicate that the solubility of both elements in the respective solid solution is approximately 0.3 wt% at 200 ∘C. Three different features were studied within the Bi–Sn–Zn system. Although there are enough data to establish the liquid miscibility gap occurring in the phase diagram of binary Bi–Zn, no data could be found for the ternary. Samples belonging to the isopleths with w(Bi) ∼ 10% and w(Sn) ∼ 5%, 13% and 19% were measured by DTA/DSC. The aim was to characterize the miscibility gap in the liquid phase. Samples belonging to the isopleths with w(Sn) ∼ 40%, 58%, 77/81% and w(Zn) ∼ 12% were also measured by DTA/DSC to complement the study of Bi–Sn–Zn. Solubilities in the solid terminal solutions were determined by SEM/EDS. Samples were also analyzed by RT-XRD and HT-XRD (High Temperature X-Ray Diffraction) confirming the DTA/DSC results for solid state phase equilibria.

Synthesis of Sub‐20‐nm‐Sized Bismuth 1‐D Structures Using Gallium—Bismuth Systems.

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Synthesis of Sub-20-nm-Sized Bismuth 1-D Structures Using Gallium−Bismuth Systems

Bismuth (Bi) nanowires are interesting one-dimensional systems due to the significant quantum confinement effects exhibited as a function of the wire diameters, and synthesizing Bi nanowires with sizes below 20 nm is of fundamental importance in understanding quantum effects. Here, we report a bulk synthesis method to synthesize ultrafine Bi nanowires and a new morphology of bismuth nanostructures, tapered whiskers. These tapered whiskers are about 10-20 mum in length and have diameters of 5-10 nm at the tip and 250-500 nm at the base. The synthesis method is based upon the multiple nucleation and basal growth of nanometer scale nuclei from molten gallium (Ga) melts that result from the low solubility of Bi in Ga and the low eutectic temperature of the Ga-Bi binary system. Adopting different methods of supplying bismuth and using variations in simple heating and cooling, we have synthesized a variety of bismuth nanostructures.

Exploratory studies on substitutions in the tetrahedrite-tennantite solid solution series Part III. The solubility of bismuth in tetrahedrite-tennantite containing iron and zinc

Bismuth-bearing tetrahedrite and tennanite were synthesized from dry runs in evacuated silica glass tubes at 350 °C, 450 °C and 520 °C, and studied by means of microprobe analyses on polished sections and X-ray powder diffraction. Charges were prepared with two Zn or Fe atoms p.f.u., with pure As, resp. Sb, or with As: Sb = 1:1 They were prepared with one and two atoms of Bi p.f.u., respectively, at all three temperatures. Separate sets of non-stoichiometric compositions were prepared in order to examine the influence of high- and low sulfur fugacity, respectively, on the solubility of Bi in tetrahedrite/tennantite. Our studies suggest that the solubility of Bi in tetrahedrite-tennanite is 0.8 atom p.f.u. at 350 °C and 1 atom p.f.u. at 450 °C and 520 °C, independent of the Sb/As ratio. It increases with the increase in S fugacity and vice versa. The average increment of the cubic lattice parameter a is 0.011A/1 Bi atom p.f.u. for tetrahedrite, that for tennantite is 0.036 A/ 1 Bi atom p.f.u. in the range investigated. The most prominent associated phases studied were Bi-bearing bornite, cuprobismutite, Phase Z, and wittichenite.

The Solidus Line of the Cu-Bi Phase Diagram

The solid solubility of Bi in Cu single crystals has been experimentally determined. It is shown that the solidus line is a retrograde curve without a monotectic transition. The solid and liquid phases are successfully described with simple thermodynamic models. The experimentally measured maximum solubility of 0.0207 at. % Bi at 975 °C correlates well with that from the model (0.0193 at. % Bi at 968 °C). A linear temperature dependence of the interchange energies is suggested, and the values of the optimized coefficients are in accordance with those estimated from the thermal expansion coefficients. The calculated thermodynamic functions are in good agreement with the assessed experimental data.

Physico-Chemical Computer Simulation of Arsenic Compounds Precipitation from Chloride Solutions

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine solubilities of arsenic compounds and to determine parameters of arsenic selective precipitation from chloride solutions of complicated composition. The following arsenic-containing systems were examined. MClm-HCl-CaCl2-H2S-H2O precipitation of As2S3 MClm-HCl-CaCl2-SnCl2-H2O precipitation of As MClm-HCl-CaCl2-Ca(OH)2,CaCO3-H2O precipitation of Mm(AsO3) n M = As, Sn, In, Pb, Bi, and Fe (metals present in solutions simultaneously). The free energy minimization method has been applied to determine an equilibrium composition of liquid, solid, and gaseous phases of multicomponent systems. The computations have been performed according to the program-package SELECTOR. Thermodynamic data for a number of Sn, Pb, In, and As sulfides, Chlorides and hydroxides, required for computations were obtained or precised by solving the so-called inverse problem; thermodynamic properties were computed on the basis of experimental solubility data for simple systems. The obtained thermodynamic data have been used in simulating industrial hydrometallurgical processes. Physico-chemical simulation resulted in determination of equilibrium phase composition of multisystems and the composition of each phase. It revealed the effect of hydrochloric acid, metals, chloride-ions concentrations as well as gaseous components partial pressure and temperature on solubility of As, Sn, In, Pb, Bi, and Fe compounds. In particular, the solubilities and stabilities of metal arsenates, chlorides, sulfides, carbonates, hydroxides, and oxides were predicted. Model analysis also made it possible to obtain quantitative characteristics on metals and arsenic speciation in aqueous solutions depending on pH. Eh, and chloride ion concentration. Parameters providing selective arsenic removal from chloride solutions comprising tin, lead, indium, and some other metals were determined with high extent of reliability.

The Ag-Bi (Silver-Bismuth) System

The solid solubility of Bi in (Ag) was estimated to be -3 at.% on the basis of X-ray work [31Bro]. Lattice parameter measurements of alloys at the temperature extremes of 200 and 259 ~ yielded solubilities of 0.312 and 0.784 at.% B i, respectively [40Chi]. More extensive studies of Bi solubility involving both micrographic and lattice parameter measurements between 266 and 900 ~ were conducted by [46Rau]. Bi solubility in (Ag) was studied by thermoelectric power and lattice parameter measurements over the temperature range 300 to 900 ~ [75Gla, 83Ako]. Recently, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of the Ag-rich phase quenched from 650 to 925 ~ in the two-phase region was reported [88Sch]. The solidus and solvus lines for the Ag side recommended in this evaluation are compared with all of the foregoing reported data in Fig. 3. The solidus line through the data points is based mainly on estimated thermodynamic data for the Ag solid solution. This is discussed in the "Thermodynamics" section. The projected solubility of Bi at 30 ~ is 0.004 at.%. On this basis, it appears that the solubility of 0.16 at.% reported by thermoelectric power measurement by [67Poi] at 30 ~ is excessive.