Solid Solution Layer Research Articles

Microstructure, Mechanical, and Tribological Properties of SiC-AlN-TiB2 Multiphase Ceramics

SiC multiphase ceramics were prepared via spark plasma sintering using AlN and TiB2 as the second phase and Y2O3 as a sintering additive. The effects of TiB2 content (10 vol.% and 20 vol.%) and sintering temperature (1900 °C to 2100 °C) on the phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical and tribological properties of SiC multiphase ceramics were investigated. The results showed that Y2O3 reacts with Al2O3 on the surface of AlN to form the intercrystalline phase Y4Al2O9 (YAM), which promotes the densification of the multiphase ceramics. The highest density of SiC multiphase ceramics was achieved at 10 vol.% TiB2 content. Moreover, TiB2 and SiC exhibited good interfacial compatibility. In turn, a thin solid-solution layer (~50 nm) was formed by SiC and AlN at the interface. The periodic structure of SiC prevented the dislocation movement and inhibited the base plane slip. The most optimal mechanic characteristics (a density of 98.3%, hardness of 28 GPa, fracture toughness of 5.7 MPa·m1/2, and bending strength of 553 MPa) were attained at the TiB2 content of 10 vol.%. The specific wear rates of SiC multiphase ceramics were (4–8) × 10−5 mm3/N·m at 25 °C and 2.5 × 10−5 mm3/N·m at 600 °C. The wear mechanism changed from abrasion at 25 °C to a tribo-chemical reaction at 600 °C. Therefore, adding lubricious oxides of TiB2 is beneficial for the improvement in wear resistance of SiC ceramics at 600 °C.

Step flow mechanism in dissolutive wetting Cu/Ni systems

The Cu-Ni system is a typical dissolutive system due to its mutual dissolution across a wide range of temperatures and compositions. We characterized the effects of Ni dissolution on the wetting behavior of liquid Cu by combining high-temperature wetting experiments, in-situ observation of spreading and solidification, microstructure analysis of the quenched droplets, and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. In the very early moment, at 1100 °C, when the Cu droplet is brought in contact with the Ni substrate, it oscillates due to capillarity and is dampened by inertial effects, while the significant Ni dissolution at 1150 °C largely reduced the initial oscillations. Later, a peculiar spreading behavior is observed and we propose to describe it through a 4-step mechanism: pinning of the contact line by a newly formed solid solution layer at the interface acting as a physical barrier, driving of liquid towards the solidified edge due to a Ni-concentration induced Marangoni flow, forming of a precursor film ahead of the solidified edge caused by the strong Cu-Ni interactions and Marangoni flow, and finally depinning due to overflow as a result of liquid accumulation at the solidified edge. The formation of a solid solution layer is confirmed by in-situ observation and quenching. The Ni-concentration induced Marangoni flow is characterized experimentally and further investigated by CFD simulations. The proposed step flow mechanism can be potentially relevant to other dissolutive wetting systems (e.g. Bi/Sn, Ag/Cu and Cu/Fe systems), which are crucial for high-temperature processing techniques.

Influence of Ni‐Coating Thickness on Interface Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg/Ti Bimetal via Compound Casting

In this article, the influence of Nickel (Ni)coating thickness on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91D/Ti–6Al–4 V bimetal fabricated by compound casting is investigated. In the results, it is shown that the Ni coating and its thickness have a significant effect on the interfacial phase compositions and mechanical properties of AZ91D/Ti–6Al–4 V bimetal. At a Ni‐coating thickness of 6.5–27.3 μm, it transforms into α‐Mg + Mg2Ni eutectic structures + blocky τ‐Ni2Mg3Al ternary compounds at the interface zone. When the Ni‐coating thickness increases to 36.1 μm, part of the Ni coating remains, and the interface layer forms, comprising the Ni solid solution layer, Mg2Ni layer, τ‐Ni2Mg3Al ternary compounds, and α‐Mg + τ‐Ni2Mg3Al particles from Ti–6Al–4 V to AZ91D side in sequence. The microhardness of the interface zone is lower than that of the Ti–6Al–4 V but higher than AZ91D. The bimetal shear strength reaches a maximum value of 87.6 MPa at a Ni‐coating thickness of 19.7 μm enhanced by 78.5% in comparison with that of the bimetal without Ni coating. The results are helpful to further enrich the interface control method of compound casting of Ti/Mg bimetal and determine the ideal interlayer thickness for maximizing interface strength.

Combustion synthesis of the (Ti,Zr)B2-(Zr,Ti)C eutectic composites: Structure formation and properties

The macrokinetic characteristics of combustion of the quaternary Ti-Zr-B-C mixture as well as the mechanism and stages of phase formation for the synthesis products were investigated. The mechanical and thermophysical properties of the hot-pressed boride/carbide ceramics with eutectic composition (Ti,Zr)B2-43%at.(Zr,Ti)C were measured. Preliminary mechanical alloying (MA) of the (Zr + Ti) mixture was shown to yield Ti/Zr granules having a laminar structure and consisting of alternating layers of titanium, zirconium, and (Zr,Ti)ss solid solution. The method used to prepare reaction mixtures and the initial temperature T0 increased within the range of 20–370 °C have virtually no effect on combustion temperature, which is 2260–2400 °C, while higher T0 increases the combustion rate by a factor of 1.5–2. The use of MA Ti/Zr granules reduces the combustion rate as well as the specific heat release amount and the heat release rate. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction data showed that binary carbides (Zr1-xTix)C and diborides (Ti1-yZry)B2 of variable stoichiometry are formed in the combustion wave of the Ti-Zr-B-C reaction mixtures within less than 0.25 s. The carbide and diboride phases are formed simultaneously; the use of MA Ti/Zr granules in the reaction mixtures reduces the content of solid solutions of variable stoichiometry among the reaction products. The ceramics fabricated using a combination of combustion synthesis and hot pressing have a dense and homogeneous structure that consist of bonded grains of the diboride (Ti0.80Zr0.20)B2 and carbide (Zr0.83Ti0.17)C phases having the following properties: density, 5.3 g/cm3; hardness, 22.9 GPa; fracture toughness, 4.7 MPa m0.5; heat capacity, 0.52 J/(g·K); thermal diffusivity, 11.67 mm2/s; and thermal conductivity, 33.28 W/(m·K).

Photoelectric Characteristics of the Heterojunction n-GaAs-p-(GaAs)1-x-y(Ge2)x(ZnSe)y

The photoelectric properties of n-GaAs – p-(GaAs)1–x–y(Ge2)x(ZnSe)y heterostructures have been investigated both in photodiode and photovoltaic modes. It has been revealed that the spectral dependence of the photocurrent covers a wide range of energy intervals, ranging from 1.07 eV to 3 eV. It has been demonstrated that as the temperature of the crystallization onset (Toc) increases, the peaks of the spectral dependencies of the photoelectromotive force (photo-EMF) shift towards shorter wavelengths. It has been observed that as the crystallization onset temperature (Toc) of the solid solution layer (GaAs)1–x–y(Ge2)x(ZnSe)y increases, the lifetime of photo carriers increases from 10-7 s at Toc=650°C to 5·10-5 s at Toc=730°C. It is demonstrated that the peaks of the intrinsic photoluminescence band shift towards shorter wavelengths with an increase in the temperature of the crystallization onset. Additionally, the study of the intrinsic spectral region of photoluminescence in samples across the thickness of the epitaxial layer confirms the variability of the obtained structures.

The Mechanism of Current Transfer in n-GaAs – p(ZnSe)1-x-y(Ge2)x(GaAs1–δBiδ)y Heterostructures

The I-V characteristics of heterostructures n-GaAs – p-(ZnSe)1–x–y(Ge2)x(GaAs1–δBiδ) exhibit a characteristic quadratic law - J~V2 I-V curve, followed by a sharp pre-breakdown current growth, which well explains the observed straight branch of the I-V characteristics and this regularity remains unchanged at different temperatures. The analysis of the I-V characteristics of n‑GaAs‑p‑(ZnSe)1‑x‑y(Ge2)x(GaAs1–δBiδ) heterostructures with an extended intermediate solid solution layer shows that the drift mechanism of charge transport predominates under forward bias conditions.

Improvement on interfacial properties of CuW and CuCr bimetallic materials with high-entropy alloy interlayers via infiltration method

Abstract In order to achieve metallurgical bonding in the form of solid solution at the Cu/W interface and avoid the formation of intermetallic compounds, the novel high entropy alloys (HEAs) were designed on the basis of the mature high entropy alloy criteria. The CuCrCoFeNi x Ti high entropy alloys interlayers were applied to weld the CuW and CuCr bimetals by sintering–infiltration technology. Scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction were used to explore the interfacial microstructure evolutions and strengthening mechanism of CuW/CuCr joints with applied HEA interlayers. The interfacial characterization results show that HEAs were diffused and dissolved into bimetallic materials, and a diffusion solution layer of 2–3 μm thickness was formed at the Cu/W phase interface, and there is no new phase generated at the CuW/CuCr interface. When CuCrCoFeNi1.5Ti interlayer was infiltrated into the CuW/CuCr interface, the electrical conductivity of CuCr side is 71.6%IACS, and the interfacial tensile strength reaches 484.5 MPa. Compared with the CuW/CuCr integral material without interlayer, the interfacial bonding strength is increased by 43.1%. And the SEM fracture morphology presents a larger amount of cleavage fractures of W particles. It indicates the appropriate solid solution layer on edge of W skeletons formed at the Cu/W phases interface. The Cu/W phase interface is strengthened, and it can effectively transfer and disperse the external load. Tungsten phase with higher elastic modulus endures a large amount of load, resulting in enhancing the CuW/CuCr interfacial bonding strength. When CuCrCoFeNi2Ti high entropy alloy interlayer was applied, the W skeleton near the CuW/CuCr interface was eroded, the imperfect W skeleton cannot withstand the tensile load effectively, resulting in decrease in the CuW/CuCr interfacial bonding strength. In the interfacial fracture, appears some fragmentations of W particles, and fewer W particles occur at the cleavage fracture.

Lead-bismuth eutectic corrosion behavior of NbMoVCr refractory multi-principal element alloys coating synthesized by magnetron sputtering

Nanocrystalline NbMoVCr refractory multi-principal element alloys coatings are fabricated by magnetron sputtering technology to improve lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) corrosion resistance of structural materials, and their corrosion behavior in oxygen-saturated liquid LBE at 600 and 650 °C has been investigated. The coatings exhibit good phase structural stability even at 650 °C exposure. Moreover, the coatings show promising LBE corrosion resistance with parabolic oxidation rate constant 3–5 orders of magnitude lower than other candidate steels (such as 316 L, HT9, T91, SIMP, CLAM, etc.) which is due to the formation of protective (CrV)2O3 solid solution layer. The oxidation process of the coating is mainly dominated by kinetic factors, including diffusion driving force (related to LBE solubility) and diffusion energy barrier (related to atomic radius). By the way, at the grain boundaries with much lower oxygen potential, thermodynamic factors dominate the oxidation process, and V with the highest oxygen activity shows evidence of selective oxidation.

Additively manufactured low-gradient interfacial heterostructured medium-entropy alloy multilayers with superior strength and ductility synergy

Metallic additive manufacturing (AM) offers near net-shape fabrication but often results in insufficient strength and/or ductility due to voids or cracks, coarse initial crystalline microstructure, insufficient volume fraction of precipitates and yet post-AM strengthening/toughening methods non-destructive to shape are generally lacking. Here, we report a laser-directed energy deposited (L-DED) medium entropy alloy (MEA) with a heterostructure (HS) comprising alternate layers of solid-solution and intermetallic-dispersed MEA that possess ultimate tensile strength of 1132.8 MPa and elongation of 50.6 %, corresponding to strength-ductility synergy higher than other medium- or high-entropy alloys reported. The multilayers were produced from a dual source of CoCrNi MEA powder and a powder mixture of the same MEA, Al and Ti with stoichiometry (CoCrNi)86Al7Ti7, and the remarkable strength-ductility synergy is achieved only after post-L-DED heat treatment, which causes Al and Ti to diffuse across the layers to form a low-gradient HS. The significant back stress due to the HS contributes to the high strength, while the high ductility results from a high strain-hardening rate suppressing necking. This study demonstrates the concept of using AM not just as a near net-shape fabrication method but also a unique tool to produce low-gradient HSs with superb mechanical properties, via the use of multiple powder sources combined with suitable shape-preserving post-fabrication heat treatment.

High-quality Cr2O3 - Ga2O3 solid solutions films grown by mist-CVD epitaxy

Micron-thick layers of (Cr1-xGax)2O3 solid solutions were grown by modified mist chemical vapor deposition (mist-CVD) with three different Ga concentrations. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were used to analyze the quality of the films. They showed good crystallinity, homogeneity and coalescence of the samples. Solid solution contents estimation was performed via applying Vegard’s law to XRD data and by its results the highest reached Cr:Ga ratio is approximately 1:1. Transmission spectra of solid solutions demonstrated blue-shift of the absorption edge with increase of the Ga contents. Optical bandgap increased from 3.06 eV for undoped Cr2O3 sample to 3.73 eV for the layer with the highest Ga concentration.

Interface characteristics and tensile fracture behavior of CoCrFeNi/6061Al matrix composites fabricated via spark plasma sintering and heat treatment

In this study, 3vol%CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) reinforced 6061Al matrix composites were prepared using spark plasma sintering (SPS), and a new strategy to regulate the interfacial structure of the diffusion layer by solid solution heat treatment was proposed. Based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of solid-state diffusion, the mechanism of the formation and growth of the diffusion layer and its influence on the mechanical properties of the composites were analyzed. At a solid solution temperature of 535 °C, a uniform diffusion layer forms between HEA and Al matrix, and the thickness of the diffusion layer increases with the extension of solid solution time. The diffusion layer is determined as a two-layer structure, with a columnar solid solution grain near HEA and an equiaxed crystal along with Al9Co2 solid solution layer near Al matrix. Optimal tensile strength and elongation of 211.5 MPa and 21.4% respectively are obtained at solid solution time of 60 min, with 12.8 μm in thickness. Superior interface bonding resulting from diffusion layer prevents the crack from expanding into the matrix, contributing to an enhanced ductility with the extension of solid solution time. This study provides valuable insights and theoretical guidance for developing HEA/Al composites with superior strength-ductility synergy.

Effect of rotation rates on dissolution behavior of lime in CaO-FeTo-SiO2-MgO system

For the converter steelmaking process, incompletely dissolved lime will exist in steel slag in the form of f-CaO, which reduces utilization rate of metallurgical slag and causes the waste of resources. It is extremely important to reduce the production of f-CaO in steel slag and promote the quick and sufficient dissolution of lime. This paper is based on the early and middle stages of the converter slag-forming route based on CaO component. The dissolution rate of lime in four different slags was measured by rotating rod method. The evolution behavior of the lime-slag interface and the change behavior of the lime dissolution rate were studied by X-ray diffractometer and electron probe micro-analyzer. The experimental results show that CaO-FeO solid solution and (Ca, Mg, Fe) olivine are formed when lime reacts with molten slag at 1400?. When the FeO content decreases, CaO will react with the calcium-magnesia-silica to form a high melting point and dense 2CaO?SiO2 layer. In addition, at different rotation rates, a 3CaO?SiO2 phase layer is formed between CaO-FeO solid solution layer and C2S layer. When rotation rate increases, the dissolution rate of lime also increases and mass transfer coefficient reaches the maximum when rotation rate is 180 rpm. The maximum values are respectively 20.54?10-6 m/s, 7.86?10-6 m/s, 9.38?10-6 m/s, 5.53?10-6 m/s.

Open-atmosphere laser nitriding of austenitic steels to form wear-resistant surfaces

This study presents an interesting result based on the laser beam irradiation of austenitic steels in an open atmosphere, which enables the formation of a surface layer comprising a nitrogen solid solution rather than an oxide. First, a focused nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam with a laser energy of 400 mJ·pulse−1 was used to irradiate an AISI 316 stainless steel. This formed a surface layer of ~3 μm thickness with ~12 at.% nitrogen solid solution, thereby enhancing the hardness of the AISI 316 stainless steel surface to ~380 HV, nearly twice that of the untreated surface. Consequently, wear resistance was improved by preventing plastic deformation and abrasive wear. Thereafter, similar laser beam irradiation of Inver42® and Kovar® steels resulted in the formation of nitrogen solid solution layers with a thickness of ~1.5 μm, which is lower than that of AISI 316 steel. Furthermore, their nitrogen contents were reduced to ~6 at.%. Consequently, the improvement in the surface hardness of the Inver42® and Kovar® steels was less than that of the AISI 316 stainless steel. These differences were attributed to their alloy compositions; for instance, Cr, which has a high affinity for nitrogen, might trap the available nitrogen, thereby contributing to an increase in the nitrogen content.

Effect of microstructure on mechanical properties of FeCoNiCrAl high entropy alloys particle reinforced Cu matrix surface composite prepared by FSP

In this paper, FeCoNiCrAl high-entropy alloy particles were used as reinforcement to fabricate Cu matrix surface composites by friction stirring processing. The x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) were used to characterize the microstructure and phase composition of the composites. The microhardness tester and universal testing machine were also used to investigate the mechanical properties of the composites. The results demonstrated that the FSP and the adding of HEA particles greatly reduced the average grain size of the composites and increased the percentage of high-angle grain boundaries. A diffusion layer of AlCoCrFeNiCux solid solution with a single face-centered cubic structure was formed between the HEA particles and the Cu matrix. The thickness of the diffusion layer was about 0.9 μm. The microhardness, tensile strength and elongation of the prepared composite increased by 54.86 %, 17.17 % and 8.4 % respectively in comparison to the base Cu. The fracture morphology showed that most of the fracture locations occurred at the junction of diffusion layer and HEA particle, and a small number of fracture locations occurred at HEA particle, which ensured the joint enhancement of plasticity and strength of the composite. The fracture mode of Cu matrix in the composite was mainly ductile fracture. The fracture pattern at the HEA/Cu interface was mainly brittle fracture, accompanied by a small amount of ductile fracture.

A Preliminary Study of New Experimental Low-Cost Fe–P-Based and Mn–Fe–P-Based Brazing Filler Metals for Brazing of Non-Alloy and Low-Alloy Steels

Seventeen new experimental filler metals from eight different alloy systems based on Fe–P–X and Mn–Fe–P–X (X = B, C, Si in various combinations) were created and experimented with. DSC analyses were performed to determine the solidus and liquidus temperatures and the melting ranges. Hardness measurements of the alloys were performed in the as-cast state. The alloys contain primary and eutectic intermetallic compounds that make them very hard with average hardness values ranging from 590 HV10 to 876 HV10. The wettability was determined at 1000 °C, 1040 °C and 1080 °C on C22 non-alloy steel and 15CrNiS6 low-alloy steel in Ar 4.6 and 78 vol% H2-22 vol% N2 atmospheres. The results show good wettability at T = 1080 °C in both atmospheres, as the contact angles were mostly ≤30°. Thirteen alloys exhibit very good wettability with average contact angles of ≤15.5°. Nine alloys exhibit excellent wettability with their average contact angles being ≤10°. Wettability improves at higher temperatures. The liquid alloys are reactive to solid steels and form a diffusion joint. Diffusion of P, B, C, and Si from the filler metal into the base material dealloys the composition of the melt near the joint interface. For the same reason, a continuous layer of solid solution forms on the joint interface. When brazing with filler metals rich in carbon, strong carburisation of steels can be observed near the joint.

Strengthening of compound casting Al/Mg bimetallic interface with Ni interlayer by vibration assisted treatment

To improve the microstructure of compound casting Al/Mg bimetallic interface and optimize the bonding performance, the vibration assisted treatment and the Ni interlayer coating treatment were combined. After the composite treatment, the thickness of the Al/Mg bimetallic interface decreased significantly, only 8.13% of the original interface thickness. The original large amount of brittle and hard Al–Mg intermetallic compounds (IMCs) no longer existed, and were replaced by the (Mg–Ni) layer dominated by Mg3Ni2Al, the Al3Ni layer and the Ni solid solution layer. The shear crushing effect and the convective stirring effect of the vibration assisted treatment provided more stable and good metallurgical bonding for the Al/Mg bimetallic interface after introducing Ni interlayer. On this basis, combined with the second phase strengthening effect of the newly precipitating Mg3Ni2Al, the bonding strength of the Al/Mg bimetallic interface significantly improved, from 35.47 MPa to 56.12 MPa, with an increase of 58.22%.

Effect of Nb interlayer on microstructure and property of Ti-6Al-4V/690 MPa grade steel clad plate by vacuum rolling

Ti alloy clad plate is of great interest for marine and petrochemical industry applications. However, high interfacial bonding is hardly obtained in the Ti alloy clad plate due to the brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) forming at the interface. In this study, a Ti-6Al-4V alloy/EH690 steel clad plate was fabricated by vacuum rolling and subsequently tempered to control the mechanical property of the steel substrate. The tempered sorbite appeared in the EH690 steel after quenching and tempering (QT). A decarburized zone, Fe2Ti + TiC mixed phases layer, and β-Ti layer were formed at the interface between steel and Ti. The brittle IMCs with high lattice mismatch resulted in a low interfacial strength of 108 MPa. To improve bonding strength, Nb was inserted between Ti and steel as an interlayer, which effectively inhibited the inter-diffusion of Ti, Fe, and C without brittle TiC or Fe-Ti IMCs. A (Ti, Nb) solid solution layer with high plasticity was present at the Nb/Ti interface. Fe2Nb and Fe7Nb6 phases were detected at the steel/Nb interface, exhibiting less brittleness and hardness compared to Fe-Ti IMCs. The interfacial shear strength was up to 265 MPa after adding the Nb interlayer, showing a mixed fracture mode of brittleness and ductility.

A CuZnMnNiSi alloy interlayer reinforced W alloy/304 stainless steel composite with excellent interfacial strength

Diffusion bonding was successfully applied to join 90 W-7Ni-3Cu (W alloy) with 304 stainless steel (304SS) using CuZnMnNiSi high-entropy alloy (HEA) foil as an interlayer, and the effect of bonding temperature on microstructure and strength of joints was investigated. The present study shows that a sound W alloy/CuZnMnNiSi/304SS joint with sufficient mutual diffusion across the interfaces is obtained at a relatively lower bonding temperature of 900 °C. It is revealed by SEM and HRTEM that the interlayer elements preferentially diffuse into the base materials due to their smaller atomic radius and high activity. At the W alloy/interlayer interface, the Zn and Mn elements in the interlayer diffuse into the (Ni, Cu)ss phase to form (Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn)ss solid solution, while the W phase/interlayer phase forms a semi-coherent bonding. At the interlayer/304SS interface, the Cu and Zn elements in the interlayer diffuse into the 304SS to produce a γ-(Fe, Cu, Zn)ss supersaturated solid solution layer, while the interlayer phase/γ-Fe phase also generate a semi-coherent bonding. In addition, Cu0.64Zn0.36 particles which are judged to be precipitated form the γ-(Fe, Cu, Zn)ss supersaturated solid solution during the cooling process are discovered in the diffusion layer. The joint bonded at 900 °C shows an excellent tensile strength of 403 MPa with good ductility. The tensile fracture occurs at the interface of 304SS/interlayer, showing a mixed fracture mode of intergranular fracture and plastic fracture.

Selective alloying of pure aluminum with varying amounts of magnesium using friction stir processing for improved mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties

This study investigates the effects of adding different amounts of Mg to the surface of pure Al substrate using friction stir processing (FSP) technique to prepare Al–Mg solid solutions. For this purpose, machined grooves on the surface of the pure Al plates were filled by bulk Mg blocks and FSPed to form Al–Mg solid solution layers with ∼2.0, 4.5, and 33.9 at.% Mg. The chemical composition, microstructure, and surface Volta potential of the surface alloyed layers were studied by SEM/EDS, XRD, and SKPFM, respectively. The results revealed that incorporating Mg into the Al substrate causes a considerable refinement of the microstructure, resulting in a significant increase in Vickers hardness number from 25 to 208.4 HV (∼734% increase). As the Mg content in the alloyed layer increased, a transition from a single-phase solid solution structure to a dual-phase structure was observed. Based on the potentiodynamic polarization results, it is evident that the corrosion resistance of the single-phase alloyed layer can match that of marine-grade aluminum alloys.

Obtaining of Nanoscale Layers of Solid Solutions in GaSb, GaAs, InAs Wafers Because of Solid-Phase Substitution Reactions

Obtaining of Nanoscale Layers of Solid Solutions in GaSb, GaAs, InAs Wafers Because of Solid-Phase Substitution Reactions