Solid Paint Research Articles

Lane detection and tracking using B-Snake

In this paper, we proposed a B-Snake based lane detection and tracking algorithm without any cameras' parameters. Compared with other lane models, the B-Snake based lane model is able to describe a wider range of lane structures since B-Spline can form any arbitrary shape by a set of control points. The problems of detecting both sides of lane markings (or boundaries) have been merged here as the problem of detecting the mid-line of the lane, by using the knowledge of the perspective parallel lines. Furthermore, a robust algorithm, called CHEVP, is presented for providing a good initial position for the B-Snake. Also, a minimum error method by Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) is proposed to determine the control points of the B-Snake model by the overall image forces on two sides of lane. Experimental results show that the proposed method is robust against noise, shadows, and illumination variations in the captured road images. It is also applicable to the marked and the unmarked roads, as well as the dash and the solid paint line roads.

Trace elemental analysis of automotive paints by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).

Paints and coatings are frequently encountered as types of materials that are submitted to forensic science laboratories as a result of trace evidence transfers. The aim of this study was to develop a method to complement the commonly used techniques in a forensic laboratory in order to better characterize these samples for forensic purposes. A laser ablation method has been used to simultaneously sample several layers directly prior to introduction into an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer for the detection and quantification of the trace metals present in the layer(s). Time-resolved analysis plots displaying the elemental response and quantification of selected metals are compared to associate/discriminate paint samples. Matrix-matched standards were successfully incorporated into the analysis scheme for quantification of lead in the solid paint samples. Preparation of new matrix-matched standards for quantification of additional elements developed for this study are also presented. A sample set of eighteen (18) survey automotive paint samples have been analyzed with the developed method in order to determine the utility of LA-ICP-MS for trace element analysis of paints.

Dow raises prices on solid plastic pigments sold to papermakers

Dow raises prices on solid plastic pigments sold to papermakers

Meeting the challenge of radical change

The coating industry has only occasionally been presented with the challenges and opportunities which either bring about, or proceed from, radical change—the advent of latex house paints, powder coatings and electrodeposition have been among the very few. Today, however, the coatings R&D community is blessed/cursed with a large variety of potential technology approaches, any of which—solid paint, solventless liquids, energy-curing systems, the use of nanotechnology or combinatorial chemistry, et al.—might lead to paradigm-shifting products and processes. It is easy to envision a future in which painted metal might replace asphalt shingles, claytiles, and other common roofing materials widely used on residential roofing, and the automotive industry is clearly willing to explore coil-applied alternatives to its current painting practices. Taking advantage of the opportunities implicit in these new technologies, processes, and markets which are on the horizon will, however, require both new approaches to early performance prediction and also a renewed commitment to—and funding of—R&D within the global coatings community.

Effect of some formulation parameters on the penetration and adhesion of water-borne primers into wood

In the context of recent environmental laws, the paint industry received a new impulse to introduce novel water-borne and high solid paints on the market. Although intensive comparative research has already been performed, the influence of certain physical parameters on the natural weathering resistance of these new products still remains questionable. Penetration in close connection with adhesion of the coating is, in this perspective, one of the characteristics at issue. In this paper the impact of certain formulation parameters of the paints on their penetrating ability is assessed. In a further stage the influence of the average penetration depth on the adhesive strength of these paints is investigated.

Quantitative assessment of the penetration of water-borne and solvent-borne wood coatings in Scots pine sapwood

In recent years the environmental legislation has been working towards a common goal, namely to reduce VOC emission in all branches of industry. The paint industry also has to make its contributions and is focussing on more environmentally friendly coatings likes of water-borne systems and high solid paints. Profound, comparative research has already been performed in this field, still- the physical characteristics of the new coatings remain a debatable topic. In order to assess the penetration of several water-borne primers into wood, a combination of qualitative and semi-quantitative methods is applied. The used techniques are based on fluorescence microscopy and compare the penetration of several low VOC coatings with the penetrating ability of traditional solvent-borne systems.

Synthesis of end-functionalized low molecular weight poly(butyl acrylate) and its elongation using a diisocyanate

Bifunctionalized poly(butyl acrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate) were synthesized by the polymerization of butyl acrylate or methyl methacrylate using an organosamarium complex, [SmMe(C 5Me 5) 2(CH 2–CH–CHCH 2)] 2, as an initiator followed by the insertion of aldehydes. The polymerization proceeds quantitatively to afford the hydroxy-end functionalized polymer ( M n>4120) with narrow molecular weight distributions ( M w/ M n<1.13). The attempted chain elongation of the resulting polymer with 4,4′-methylenebis(phenylisocyanate) has however failed, while the chain extension was realized by the reaction of poly(ϵ-caprolactone- co-butyl acrylate- co-ϵ-caprolactone) ( M n>15,200, M w/ M n<1.23) with a diisocyanate affording the desired high solid paint with M n of 87,600 using a limited amount of THF as a solvent.

Basic investigations for development of new curing mechanisms for powder coatings

Powder coatings have attained great importance as coating materials because of their economic and environmental benefits. However, there are also some limitations which have prevented the penetration of solid paints into some promising markets up to now. A new concept of combined reactions is introduced in order to find a control mechanism for flow procedure that is dependent on the curing reaction for powder coatings. Useful combinations were found by characterization of reactivity in one-stage curing reactions in bulk using low molecular models. A two-stage reaction mechanism was proved in combined low molecular model systems as well as in polymeric powder coating basic systems consisting of binder and hardener for various combined reaction systems. Results are shown for the combined reaction system epoxide/carboxylic acid/phenolic compound.

Chromatographic study of the influence of nitrogen dioxide on the reactions between volatile hydrocarbons and inorganic pigments

Deposition velocities, V d, reaction probabilities, γ, and local adsorption parameters, k 1, describing the isotherms of ethane, ethene, ethyne, propene and 1-butene onto three solid pigments (PbO, Fe 2O 3, CdS) have been determined in the absence and in the presence of NO 2, together with the surface reaction rate constant, k 2, and the desorption rate constant, k −1. The calculations are based on experimental adsorption isotherms, since the linear adsorption model is not a very good approximation for inorganic solids like those mentioned above. The important result found is the effect of NO 2 on the values of the parameters V d, γ, k 1, k −1 and k 2 in most cases.

De-agglomeration of pigments: from batch to continuous

The dispersion of solid pigments in a liquid medium is described using the matrix breakage model which was originally developed to represent particle disintegration processes. The simplest case is treated here, where there are only two size fractions (agglomerates and single particles) but is extended to take into account the influence of the residence time distribution on the overall of the dispersion. Several different operating modes are considered, going from batch, through semi-batch, to continuous, and the consequences of these different configurations on the overall process are evaluated.

Determination of lead in paints by electro-oxidation in cationic surfactant—aqueous sodium hydroxide suspensions

It was shown that anodic voltammetry can be used to determine lead in paint samples by solubilizing the sample in an aqueous solution using a cationic surfactant (Hyamine 2389, prdominantly methyldodecylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride). In addition to solubilizing the solid paint particles, the cationic surfactant increased the oxidation potential of water to the point where one could observe, in concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions, an anodic peak for the oxidation of lead monoxide to lead dioxide. If the surfactant was below the critical micelle concentration, the height of the peak was linearly proportional to the concentration of lead oxide in the paint. The technique was experimentally verified by comparing the concentration of lead in a commercial paint sample, as determined by x-ray fluorescence, with the concentration determined voltammetrically.

Electric charge neutralization by addition of fines to a fluidized bed composed of coarse dielectric particles

Drying of granular polymers in a fluidized bed can be complicated by electrification of the material. Electrically charged particles cling together in large aggregates and adhere to the heating walls of the apparatus. These phenomena can be seen, for instance, during drying of polystyrene beads. It has been proved experimentally that addition of a small proportion (0.1 vol%) of fines to a bulk of polystyrene beads (size:1.02–1.2 mm) neutralizes electric charges and improves hydrodynamics of the bed as well as heat transfer between this bed and an immersed heating surface. These phenomena are independent of the electric nature of the added fine material (active coal — conductor, titanium dioxide — semiconductor, pigment A-extra —dielectric have been used as admixtures). Materials such as solid pigments, usually added in polymer processing, can be used as fine additives. The mechanism of electric charge neutralization by the addition of fines to a fluidized bed has been proposed. According to this mechanism the fines change the contact conditions between particles of the bed, and transfer electric charge between particles, causing neutralization of the whole bed.

TI Drynamels gathers the experts on high solid paints and high speed discs

The latest technology in high solid paints and their application by high speed electrostatic disc or bell was discussed at a symposium organised by Tl Drynamels at the Post House Hotel, Nottingham, on April 7th. Papers were given by equipment manufacturers, an industrial user, as well as Tl Drynamels specialists. Delegates came from several industries, but particularly the domestic appliance manufacturers.

Study of reactive diluent for air-dried alkyd paint

The conventional air-dried alkyd resin is generally used with 30% to 40% of some organic solvent which dissipates into atmosphere after painting and becomes a factor of air pollution. A reactive diluent was investigated to reduce the content of the organic solvent and to manufacture a high-solid or superhigh-solid paint. 1,1-Bis(1′-methyl-2′-vinyl-4′,6′-heptadienoxy)ethane was found to be suitable as the reactive diluent among the investigated compounds. A small addition of this compound to alkyd paint reduced the content of solvent to less than 15% with a conventional alkyd resin of high molecular weight (high-solid type); and, further, a superhigh solid paint (5% solvent) could be manufactured when this compound was added to a superlong oil-length alkyd resin of low molecular weight.

Interior Lighting and Decoration by Fluorescence

NEW effects in interior decoration have been obtained recently by using fluorescent paints and ultra-violet lamps. In the Hawaii Theatre opened in the early summer in Hollywood the whole of the walls and ceilings have been covered with fluorescent paint. When cinema pictures are shown the ultraviolet lamps are switched on, but no other illumination is used. The whole auditorium then seems to be bathed in ‘shadowless moonlight’ and the walls appear to have receded. The audience has the impression of sitting under a deeply luminous blue Hawaiian night sky with brightly glowing stars. In earlier attempts at interior decoration by fluorescence, blues and greens preponderated to give only a limited range of colours. A sufficient number of paints, twelve in all, has now been developed so that landscapes can be painted on the walls. A panel of Mount Manua Loa spouting fire and smoke gives the impression of many miles in distance. The fluorescent materials can be had as either solid paints or transparent varnishes. White fluorescence is obtained by applying two complementary colours, such as a red and a green, so that at a distance from the surface the light mixes well enough to give an effect of white light. The transparent varnishes are invisible in ordinary light.