Solid Electrolyte Batteries Research Articles

Formation free energy of sodium stannate measured using β-β″-Al2O3 ceramic electrolyte

β-β″-Al2O3 precursor powder was successfully prepared by a solid-phase sintering method with Li2CO3, Na2CO3 (as the sources of Li2O and Na2O, respectively) and α-Al2O3 powder as the raw materials. The precursor was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicate that the amount of Na2O in the raw materials has a great effect on the formation of β″-Al2O3 in the β-β″-Al2O3 precursor. When Na2O content is 10 wt%, the content of β″-Al2O3 phase reaches the maximum value of 86.24 wt% in the precursor. The β-β″-Al2O3 ceramic was prepared from β-β″-Al2O3 precursor powder by isostatic pressing and burying sintering process. The conductive property of the β-β″-Al2O3 ceramic was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method, and the density was measured by the Archimedes method. The results reveal that when 10 wt% Na2O was added, the sample exhibits the best performance with the lowest resistivity of 4.51 Ω·cm and the highest density of 3.25 g·cm−3. A solid electrolyte battery of Pt|SnO2, Na2SnO3|β-β″-Al2O3|NaCrO2, Cr2O3|Pt was assembled by the β-β″-Al2O3 electrolyte tube to measure the open potential of the resulting battery, and the formation free energy of sodium stannate was calculated. In the temperature range of 1273–773 K, the relationship between formation free energy of sodium stannate and temperature was generated as follows: \(\Delta G_{{{\text{Na}}_{ 2} {\text{SnO}}_{ 3} }}^{0 } = - 1040.83 + 0.2221T \pm 7.54\).

New solid electrolyte battery is competitive with traditional lithium-ion batteries

New solid electrolyte battery is competitive with traditional lithium-ion batteries

Synthesis, Characterization and Performance Evaluation of an Advanced Solid Electrolyte and Air Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium-Air Batteries

Synthesis and characterization of a tri-layered solid electrolyte and oxygen permeable solid air cathode for lithium-air battery cells were carried out in this investigation. Detailed fabrication procedures for solid electrolyte, air cathode and real-world lithium-air battery cell are described. Materials characterizations were performed through FTIR and TGA measurement. Based on the experimental four-probe conductivity measurement, it was found that the tri-layered solid electrolyte has a very high conductivity at room temperature, 23。C, and it can be reached up to 6 times higher at 100。C. Fabrication of real-world lithium-air button cells was performed using the synthesized tri-layered solid electrolyte, an oxygen permeable air cathode, and a metallic lithium anode. The lithium-air button cells were tested under dry air with 0.1 mA - 0.2 mA discharge/ charge current at elevated temperatures. Experimental results showed that the lithium-air cell performance is very sensitive to the oxygen concentration in the air cathode. The experimental results also revealed that the cell resistance was very large at room temperature but decreased rapidly with increasing temperatures. It was found that the cell resistance was the prime cause to show any significant discharge capacity at room temperature. Experimental results suggested that the lack of robust interfacial contact among solid electrolyte, air cathode and lithium metal anode were the primary factors for the cell’s high internal resistances. It was also found that once the cell internal resistance issues were resolved, the discharge curve of the battery cell was much smoother and the cell was able to discharge at above 2.0 V for up to 40 hours. It indicated that in order to have better performing lithium-air battery cell, interfacial contact resistances issue must have to be resolved very efficiently.

NANO-BATTERY TECHNOLOGY FOR EV-HEV PANEL: A PIONEERING STUDY

Global trends toward CO2 reduction and resource efficiency have significantly increased the importance of lightweight materials for automobile original equipment manufacturers (OEM). CO2 reduction is a fundamental driver for a more lightweight automobile. The introduction of Electrical Vehicles (EVs) is one initiative towards this end. However EVs are currently facing several weaknesses: limited driving range, battery pack heaviness, lack of safety and thermal control, high cost, and overall limited efficiency. This study presents a panel-style nano-battery technology built into an EV with CuO filler solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) sandwiched by carbon fiber (CF) and lithium (Li) plate. In addition to this, an aluminum laminated polypropylene film is used as the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) shield. The proposed battery body panel of the EV would reduce the car weight by about 20%, with a charge and discharge capacity of 1.5 kWh (10% of car total power requirement), and provide the heat insulation for the car which would save about 10% power consumption of the air conditioning system. Therefore, the EV would be benefited by 30% in terms of energy reduction by using the proposed body. Furthermore, the proposed body is considered environmental-friendly since it is recyclable for use in a new product. However, the main limiting factors of the SPE are its thermal behavior and moderate ionic conductivity at low temperatures. The SPE temperature is maintained by controlling the battery panel charging/discharge rate. It is expected that the proposed panel-style nano-battery use in an EV would save up to 6.00 kWh in battery energy, equivalent to 2.81 liters of petrol and prevent 3.081 kg of CO2 emission for a travel distance of 100 km. KEYWORDS: epoxy resin; carbon fiber; lithium thin plate; energy generation; solid electrolyte battery

In situ synthesis of Ni(OH)2nanobelt modified electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride) thin films: remarkable improvement in dielectric properties

A facile and low cost synthesis of Ni(OH)2 nanobelt (NB) modified electroactive poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) thin films with excellent dielectric properties has been reported via in situ formation of Ni(OH)2 NBs in the PVDF matrix. The formation and morphology of the NBs are confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy respectively. A remarkable improvement in electroactive β phase nucleation (∼82%) and the dielectric constant (ε ∼ 3.1 × 10(6) at 20 Hz) has been observed in the nanocomposites (NCs). The interface between the NBs and the polymer matrix plays a crucial role in the enhancement of the electroactive β phase and the dielectric properties of thin films. Strong interaction via hydrogen bonds between Ni(OH)2 NBs and the PVDF matrix is the main reason for enhancement in β phase crystallization and improved dielectric properties. The NC thin films can be utilized for potential applications as high energy storage devices like supercapacitors, solid electrolyte batteries, self-charging power cells, piezoelectric nanogenerators, and thin film transistors and sensors.

Toward practical solid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries

Toward practical solid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries

All-solid-state lithium battery with LiBH4 solid electrolyte

Electrochemical properties of all-solid-state lithium batteries using lithium borohydride (LiBH4) as a solid electrolyte are presented for the first time. Despite its high conductivity and good compatibility with a lithium electrode, LiBH4 has not been considered suitable for practical applications partly due to its high reducing capability when used with metal oxides. In our investigation, it was confirmed that contact between this hydride solid lithium ion conductor and LiCoO2 results in a large interfacial resistance, and therefore significant capacity loss. In an attempt to minimize this effect, an intermediate Li3PO4 layer was employed. Our results indicate a significant improvement in both the rate and the cycle performance of LiBH4 solid electrolyte batteries, suggesting that LiBH4 can be used in practical applications as an electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium batteries.

Proposal of Vanadium Solid-Electrolyte Battery

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An overview of the research and development of solid polymer electrolyte batteries

The research and development of solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) began when Wright found ion conductivity in a PEO-alkaline metal ion complex in 1975. The conductivity then was 1×10 −7 S cm −1 at room temperature. A lithium polymer battery has features such as flexibility in the shape of a cell design, leak proof of electrolyte, high safety, etc., but poses the challenge of how close its electrical performance can be made to that of a liquid electrolyte cell. Therefore, various efforts have so far been made to improve the ionic conductivity of the SPE. Recently, such efforts have also included the development of gelled SPE and porous SPE, especially in consideration of its practical application, in particular the use at low temperature. The ionic conductivity of such SPEs now reaches 1×10 −3 S cm −1 at room temperature. This paper reviews the history and the present status of the research and development of SPE and the lithium polymer battery, and presents an outlook of the future research and development activities. The paper also introduces the history of the improvement of primary and lithium polymer secondary batteries using SPE at the Yuasa Corporation, with the performance and the applications of its present commercial products, and presents their future outlook.

Advanced lithium ion solid polymer electrolyte battery development

Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space (LMMS), Ultralife Batteries, Inc. (UBI), Eagle Picher Technologies, LLC (EPT), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Rentech, Inc. (RTI) are developing lithium ion solid polymer electrolyte (Li-ion SPE) batteries. Under a new Advanced Technology Program (ATP), this team will develop new high-energy density cells and batteries for space and portable electronics applications. These new batteries will utilize new high-energy density anode and cathode active materials developed by SNL and RTI. UBI will incorporate these new materials into an optimized Li-ion SPE electrode laminate. EPT will develop batteries for aerospace applications based on this electrode laminate technology while LMMS will design the battery charge management controller and provide system expertise.

96/03922 Solid polymer electrolyte batteries with high-rate discharge capacity

96/03922 Solid polymer electrolyte batteries with high-rate discharge capacity

An overview of the research and development of solid polymer electrolyte batteries

A review has been given on the history, status and prospect of solid polymer electrolyte and batteries using it. It includes the market trend for solid polymer electrolyte batteries, the background and future prospects of solid polymer electrolyte, and the introduction of film-like solid polymer electrolyte batteries that Yuasa has developed for electronic applications. The introduction includes the performance and safety features of the batteries from the standpoint of the application for electronic devices.

Sol-gel electrolytes in lithium batteries

This paper presents the results of the thermodynamic calculations of material compatibility along with the results of the experimental studies using lithium aluminosilicate gel electrolyte in lithium batteries. Initially, there were problems with gel monoliths and porous cathodes in the Li solid electrolyte batteries. Better results were obtained through the direct application of thin films of the lithium aluminosilicate gels to the surfaces of dense, sintered oxide cathodes. It was important to maintain extremely low moisture and oxygen levels in the dry glove box during the assembly and testing of the battery, especially when it came to achieving good contact between the sol-gel electrolyte and the lithium metal. Suggestions are given about procedures for further development of the sol-gel electrolyte batteries.

A study on novel lithium-iodine and lithium-bromine solid electrolyte batteries

This paper deals with the influence of coating the lithium anode on the discharge behaviour of lithium-iodine and lithium-bromine batteries, containing lithium ion conducting solid electrolytes, at different temperatures. In contrast to poly(2-vinylpiridine)/iodine charge- transfer complexes, commonly used as cathodes in heart pacemaker batteries,polyiodides and polybromides bonded to polymers of styrene, which are functionalized by cationic groups, were used. It has been found that addition of anthracene to poly(2-vinylpyridine) as a coating material produces a positive effect on the discharge behaviour.

The Use of Polydisulfides and Copolymeric Disulfides in the Li/PEO/SRPE Battery System

Solid redox polymerization electrodes (SRPEs) have recently been used successfully as cathodes in lithium solid polymer electrolyte batteries. SRPEs contain organopolydisulfides, , as the electroactive material; upon cell discharge these materials are reductively depolymerized via scission of the disulfide linkages to di‐ or trithiolate salts. The thiolate salts are reoxidized to the polymeric disulfides when the cell is recharged. Organopolydisulfides are easily synthesized via a one‐step process, are inexpensive, and exhibit high performance levels in batteries. A characteristic unique to the SRPE is the facile modification of physical and electrochemical properties simply by changing the organic group R, or the ability to combine the desirable features of several compounds by copolymerization. The discharge characteristics of several different polymeric and copolymeric disulfides are presented in this paper. In general aliphatic organopolydisulfides exhibit a flat discharge potential of about 2 V vs. Li, while others have higher cell voltages. The low equivalent weight and the high utilization of thick cathodes of (X8) translate into high energy densities for lithium polymer electrolyte cells.

Ambient temperature solid state batteries

The application of solid ionic compounds to solid state batteries has driven the search for new solid electrolytes. The problem that initially limited this development was the absence of solid state materials with appropriate electrical transport properties. Various types of batteries were developed during the past forty years and are reviewed. Long term (18.5 years) studies of solid state Ag/I 2 batteries confirm the stability of these systems. The Li/I 2 pacemaker battery has been the most successfully commercialized solid state cell. The major focus of research is now directed to the rechargeable solid polymer electrolyte battery.

Assessment on thin film batteries based on polymer electrolytes. III. Specific energy versus specific power

The feasibility of solid state polymer electrolyte batteries for applications such as the electric vehicle depends on the variation in the performance levels of the specific energy and specific power. In this paper efforts have been centered mainly on rechargeable lithium batteries with electrolyte complexes formed between polyethylene oxide and lithium salts having an ionic conductivity of 10 −4 (Ω cm) −1 and V 6O 13 insertion cathodes. Prismatic unit cells of variable cathode thickness have been modeled and calculated results indicate that high specific energies (∼200 Wh/kg) and high specific powers (∼700 W/kg) are possible for this battery system utilizing metallic current collectors. Considerably higher values result for low density metallized plastic current collectors.

Performance of polymer electrolyte cells at +25 to +100°C

Solid state rechargeable polymer electrolyte batteries utilizing lithium anodes and V 6O 13 composite cathodes were investigated at 100°C. The polymer electrolyte was a complex formed between polyethylene oxide (PEO) and LiCF 3SO 3. Over a hundred cycles were obtained at the C/5 rate (45% depth of discharge) with greater than 75% of the initial capacity of V 6O 13 being maintained at cycle number one hundred. Cells made with propylene carbonate (PC) doped polymer electrolyte also showed good performance at room temperature.

Performance of Ag/RbAg4I5/I2 solid electrolyte batteries after ten years storage

Solid state batteries were designed around the high conductivity solid electrolyte material RbAg4I5, with the polyiodide salts of tetramethylammnium iodide (Me4NI5 and Me4NI9) as cathodes and silver as the anode. Three-volt batteries, comprising five cells were designed into a hermetic package and fabricated for evaluaton. In March of 1983 these batteries completed 10 years of sto rage at temperatures of -15°C and 23°C. Some disproportionation of the solid electrolyte occurred during the low temperature storage with an increase in the resistance of about two orders of magnitude. This resistive degradation of the batteries was found to be reversible.

Solid electrolyte battery research within the EEC research programme on energy conservation

Traditionally European battery R&D has been taken care of by the battery industry itself. In recent years a rather sudden increase in research involving universities and scientific laboratories has taken place in the field of secondary batteries. The appearance of a range of completely new ideas for advanced batteries inspired the European Community (EC) to set up a battery research programme in 1976. Five out of six projects have been covering solid electrolyte research. The largest basic research project contracted by the EC was the Anglo/Danish project “Materials Research for Advanced Batteries” started in 1978 at several laboratories in the UK and Denmark.