Engineering application of hybrid artificial intelligence for optimizing solar multigeneration systems in university buildings

This research aims to develop a renewable energy based smart home appliance trainer kit utilizing a solar power generation system and to evaluate its feasibility, practicality, and effectiveness in improving student learning outcomes. The study is situated within the technology development learning element and addresses global issues in the electrical power industry in Phase E of the Merdeka Curriculum. A Research and Development approach was employed using the ADDIE model, which includes the stages of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The research participants consisted of tenth grade students of Electrical Power Engineering at SMK Nurul Barqi Semarang as the experimental group and students from SMKN 3 Semarang as the control group. Data were collected through expert validation of learning materials and media, teacher practicality questionnaires, and student learning outcome assessments. Data analysis techniques included feasibility analysis, normality testing, homogeneity testing, N Gain analysis, and independent t test. The results indicate that the trainer kit was successfully developed using a stand-based structure with a plug and play system supported by banana socket connections. Expert validation classified the learning media as very feasible, with mean scores of 4.67 from media experts and 4.88 from material experts. Practicality evaluation conducted by ten Electrical Power Engineering teachers resulted in a score of 96.43%, indicating a very practical category. Effectiveness testing showed an improvement in students cognitive learning outcomes, with an average N Gain value of 56.83%, categorized as moderately effective. Furthermore, the independent t test revealed a statistically significant difference in learning effectiveness between students who used the trainer kit and those who followed conventional learning methods.

Understanding the origin of the Earth requires determining the original formation location of its building material. Based on the similar Fe isotopic composition of Earth's mantle and Ivuna-type (CI) chondrites, a prior study has argued that Earth formed by accretion of sunward-drifting pebbles from the outer Solar System. Here, using new high-precision Fe isotopic data, we show however that CI chondrites and Earth's mantle have distinct Fe isotopic composition when the neutron-rich 58 Fe is also considered. This observation rules out that the Fe in Earth's mantle derives from CI chondrite-like material and demonstrates that Earth did not form by accretion of sunwards-drifting pebbles. We show that the Fe in Earth's mantle instead derives from the inner Solar System, and has been partly or wholly delivered by bodies from the innermost disk that remained unsampled among meteorites. This provenance of terrestrial Fe is consistent with the classical model of Earth's formation by hierarchical growth among inner Solar System planetesimals and planetary embryos. • Meteorites display Fe isotope variations in 54 Fe and 58 Fe. • CI chondrites and Earth's mantle have distinct Fe isotopic compositions. • Earth cannot have formed by accretion of sunward-drifting pebbles. • Earth formed predominantly from inner Solar System materials. • Earth accreted unsampled inner Solar System material.

Analysis of solar heating system integrated with latent heat storage.

Doublet craters on Charon and implications for km-sized binaries in the outer solar system

Erg Chech 002 is an andesitic meteorite that formed early in the Solar System's history, and that is thought to have been formed in the primitive crust of an early accreted and differentiated planetesimal. It shows unique spectral features, and no known asteroid spectral type was initially found to match with its compositional type. In the literature, asteroids (10537) 1991 RY16, (7472) Kumakiri and (14390) 1990 QP10 were found to show peculiar spectra, and were not classified in any known existing spectral class. These objects were hypothesised to be fragments of differentiated planetesimals. In a previous study, the Gaia Data Release 3 dataset of visible reflectance spectra of Solar System Objects was exploited to search for potential analogues of Erg Chech 002 in the main belt. As a result, 142 asteroids were found to potentially match this meteorite. In this work, we present NASA's IRTF near-infrared observations of 20 main belt asteroids found as potential analogues of Erg Chech 002. We classified these asteroids based on their visible-near-infrared spectra, then studied and compared their diagnostic spectral features with those of the laboratory spectra of Erg Chech 002. We classified 16 of the 20 observed asteroids as V-types, one as S-complex and one as A-type, and conclude that none of the observed objects match with Erg Chech 002. In addition, we show that asteroids (10537) 1991 RY16 and (14390) 1990 QP10 are good spectral matches to Erg Chech 002 based on the study of their diagnostic spectral features. Asteroid (7472) Kumakiri could match a more olivine-rich Erg Chech 002-like material, and cannot be completely ruled out as a match of the meteorite. This possible link between the meteorite and these asteroids is consistent with the theories regarding their formation, and these asteroids could be part of a new spectral class of andesitic bodies in the main belt.

Experimental validation and applicability of a solar district heating system integrating photovoltaic-thermal collectors and pit thermal energy storage

Comparative simulation of gravity and battery energy storage for solar PV systems: Performance and sustainability insights

Solar tree-shaped renewable energy storage system with lightning protection

Impact of environmental factors on renewable energy generation in China: A scenario analysis using predictive modeling for solar energy systems

Advanced LSTM-based approach for fault detection and shading pattern identification in solar photovoltaic system using the Internet of Things

Enhancing thermo-hydraulic performance of solar air heater system using hybrid pin-finned wavy absorber plate: numerical and experimental investigation

Forecasting power generation and battery charge in residential solar systems with front and rear side photovoltaic panels

The electrical power systems are facing rising challenges of stability and control with increasing share of intermittent renewable energy power sources. This work presents application of Twin-Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (TD3) algorithm in single unified controller for multi-objective control of DFIG-Solar PV system connected to power grid. The commonly used Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are not suitable to address nonlinearities of single controller based hybrid DFIG and solar PV systems. At times, the latest reinforcement learning-based controllers like DDPG can be erratic and aggressive due to overestimation of the actor's control action. These aggressive actions, which cause overshoot and oscillation, can be overcome by adopting the TD3 algorithm. The TD3 algorithm provides improved learning capabilities and performance by mitigating overestimation by using dual critic networks. A single TD3-based controller is implemented to simultaneously control the Rotor Side Converter (RSC), Grid Side Converter (GSC) and solar PV system integrated at the DC link. OPAL-RT real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation results demonstrate that the TD3 controller achieves a 10.3% reduction in power overshoot, 8% improvement in DC link voltage regulation, 15.3% faster response time, and 16.9% faster settling time compared to conventional PI control, and also outperforms the DDPG-based controller across all metrics.

Solar flares are the largest energy releasing events in the solar system, where the open magnetic field lines reconnect and form the closed flare loops. During this process, rapid magnetic reconnection, the associated shock waves, and chromospheric evaporation are expected but not yet well understood. These processes are crucial for understanding similar features in stellar flares and other astrophysical jets. Here, we report the characteristics of propagating slow-mode shocks in the flare loop system, by combining a 3D high-resolution magnetohydrodynamics modeling and spectral analysis of Extreme Ultra-Violet observations. It is found that normal slow shocks are recurrently formed after the collision between the post-reconnection downflows and evaporation flows in the flare loops, which subsequently propagate toward the chromosphere at speeds comparable to the evaporation flows. In particular, the Doppler analysis of the Fe XXI 1354 Å line normally shows a sharp change in blueshifted velocity and an asymmetrical line broadening once the line-of-sight passes through the shock front. This study highlights that propagation of slow shocks can facilitate energy release in flares and affect energy transport, suggesting an advancement in the standard flare model framework.

Liquid water exists on the Earth and several other planetary bodies in our solar system. The chemical character of these aqueous reservoirs is central to evaluating their habitability. Here, we synthesize the chemical features of water reservoirs and their biological implications on the modern Earth. We then outline constraints on the evolutionary history of Earth's ocean chemistry and discuss its interplay with the biosphere. Furthermore, we examine the inferred chemical environments of water bodies on early Mars, dwarf planet Ceres, Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moons Enceladus and Titan. We conclude by outlining priority questions for future planetary habitability studies.

Abstract With seven temperate Earth-sized planets revolving around an ultracool red dwarf, the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system offers a unique opportunity to verify models of exoplanet composition, differentiation, and interior structure. In particular, the low bulk densities of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, compared to terrestrial planets in our solar system, require either substantial amount of volatiles to be present or a core-free scenario where the metallic core is fully oxidised. Here, we test the validity of the core-free scenario given thermodynamic constraints. In particular, we update a metal–silicate partitioning model within the equilibrium differentiation framework. We show that during core–mantle differentiation, oxygen becomes more siderophile (iron-loving) with increasing pressure, implying larger planet radii. For the seven TRAPPIST-1 planets, however, we find that they are not sufficiently massive to oxidise all the iron in the core, if they differentiate from an Earth-like composition. Oxygen partitioning in rocky worlds thermodynamically precludes coreless planets up to ∼4 M⊕. The observed density deficit in the TRAPPIST-1 planets, and more generally in M dwarf systems if confirmed by future observations, may be explained by system-dependent element budgets during planet formation, which are intrinsically linked to their stellar metallicity.

The photo-Fenton technique is a promising strategy for eliminating recalcitrant organic pollutants, coupling photocatalytic two-electron oxygen reduction (2e- ORR) for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation with subsequent activation of H2O2 to hydroxyl radicals (•OH) via the one-electron (1e-) Fenton process. To solve the distinct favorable active sites and mismatched selectivity between 2e‒ oxygen reduction reaction and 1e‒ Fenton process, we propose a Fe─N5-induced coordination engineering strategy of Mo single-atom to prepare Fe-MoSA/ultra-thin carbon nitride (UCN) photocatalysts, achieving a H2O2 production rate of 2585.40 μmol g-1 h-1 in pure water under ambient air and >99% degradation of Rhodamine B under natural sunlight. The excellent performance of Fe-MoSA/UCN for H2O2 generation and activation thanks to the optimized the charge dynamics and the synergistic effect of dual sites. Theoretical calculations evidence that regulated Mo─N3 greatly facilitate O2 adsorption and reduce the energy barrier of 2e- ORR. The generated H2O2 spontaneously migrates to the introduced Fe─N5 sites for in situ activation to generate •OH. Furthermore, outdoor and continuous-flow experiments also demonstrate the excellent practical applicability of Fe-MoSA/UCN. Overall, this study demonstrates the great potential of dual-active-site modulation in advancing photo-Fenton catalysis, providing atomic-level insights for designing high-performance solar energy conversion systems.

The most commonly accepted scenario of early Earth includes: creation of the universe around 13.8 Ga (Giga-annus; or 109 years ago); establishment of our solar system ~ 4.60 Ga; and formation of Earth ~ 4.54 Ga. The earliest life forms on our planet so far observed to have existed, are microbes that left signals of their presence in rocks ~ 3.6 Ga - suggesting that Life forms existed within the first 940million years after Earth's formation. However, an intriguing recent publication [1] infers that the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) likely existed by 4.2 Ga, and that the inferred LUCA had a genome of at least 2.5Mb of DNA, encoding around 2,600 proteins; this suggests that sophisticated Life might have existed within the first 340million years after Earth was formed. The commonly accepted geological history of early Earth suggests that the turbulent Hadean Eon lasted until 4.0 Ga, with the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) period occurring around 4.1 to 3.8 Ga. If Earth during the Hadean exhibited a molten surface, intense volcanic activity, and constant bombardment by asteroids and comets - how were sensitive molecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins) able to survive? Considering the "Lipid First" hypothesis [2], we propose that replicating lipid micelles are feasible candidates for having populated much of Earth's deep hydrothermal vents and turbulent surface within the first 340million years of Earth's existence. These lipid micelles could therefore have provided a plausible form of "protective capsules" inside which early Life's sensitive molecules were able to evolve.

The performance and cost-effectiveness of solar photovoltaic systems depend on accurate estimation and optimization of maximum power output and conversion efficiency under varying environmental conditions. This paper presents an integrated experimental-computational framework combining outdoor measurements, MATLAB/Simulink modeling, and statistical optimization through the response surface methodology (RSM). Key parameters, including open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and cell temperature, were experimentally recorded under different solar irradiance levels. Using these data and manufacturer specifications, maximum power, and conversion efficiency were computed through standard photovoltaic equations. A MATLAB/Simulink model incorporating open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Isc), and fill factor was developed to validate the experimental results. Further, RSM based on the Box–Behnken design was applied to analyze the combined effect of voltage, current, irradiance, and temperature on system performance. The results show close agreement between simulation and experimental findings, with deviations within ±1.2 W for maximum power and ±1.2% for efficiency. The RSM analysis showed that the two-factor interaction model for maximum power is highly significant (F = 49,328.02, p < 0.0001) with excellent fit (R-squared = 0.99999). Efficiency modeling indicated a significant linear model (F = 2570.09, p < 0.0001) with strong predictive accuracy (R-squared = 0.9983). Highly adequate precision values (716.77 for power and 162.17 for efficiency) confirm strong signal-to-noise ratios. The proposed research offers a simple and reliable approach for PV performance assessment and optimization, supporting improved system design and maximum power point tracking in small-scale solar applications.