Water Soil Erosion Research Articles

Soil Water Erosion

Soil erosion by water is considered to be one of the major forms of soil degradation (other than soil erosion by wind, acidification, salinization, desertification, etc [...]

Contour Ridge Tillage for Improved Crops and Fodder Trees Production in the Villages of Kani and Noumpinesso, Southern- Mali

In rural Mali shortage of livestock feed is a challenging phenomenon worsening day by day, particularly in the villages of Kani and Noumpinesso. The significant decrease in crops yield and livestock are due to persistent and continuous land degradation and over grazing. Soil water erosion and inappropriate or ineffective farming systems led to land degradation over the many years. A purposeful growing of fodder plant (fast growing trees species) and crops in interacting combinations for a range of benefits would be required using a technology that is easily adaptable by the rural farming communities. Contour ridge (CR) technology is a holistic approach that protects farmlands from erosion; increases soil moisture, nutrient availability for crops and associated fast growing trees. The CR technology in combination with forage and improved crop production systems were applied in Kani and Noumpinesso villages of southern Mali and resulted indicated that at the end of rainy season of 2017 and 2018 the application of CR technology significantly increased (p < 0.05) Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala growth and development. Similar to 2017, in 2018 CR technology significantly increased (p < 0.05) sorghum, millet, maize, and cotton growth, yield, and economic benefit. At Kani during 2017 and 2018 season soil moisture was always significantly higher (p < 0.05) under fodder planted area than non-fodder planted area, and the difference was high with respect to farmlands without CR.

Assessment and Mapping Soil Water Erosion Using RUSLE Approach and GIS Tools: Case of Oued el-Hai Watershed, Aurès West, Northeastern of Algeria

The problem of soil water erosion is one of the primary causes of agro-pedological heritage degradation. The combined effect of natural factors and inappropriate human actions has weakened the soil, which seriously threatens the region’s fertile lands and soils, which can ultimately lead to an irreversible situation of desertification. This study focuses on analysis and mapping of the vulnerability to erosion in Oued el-Hai watershed, Algeria, based on a technical methodology that combines the universal soil loss equation (USLE) with the geographic information system (GIS) tools. The results are organized into three main classes of different rate values, from one area to another, depending on the influence of different factors that control the erosion process. The highest loss rate value is greater than 30 t·ha−1·yr−1 and covers 23.2% of the total area, mainly located in the mountainous areas with steep slopes. However, the minimum potential erosion rate value is mainly located on the plain, with an average of 10 t·ha−1·yr−1 covering 45.2% of the total area of the watershed. The estimate of potential water erosion has given alarming results. The total area of the watershed could lose a rate of 16.69 t·ha−1·yr−1 (on average) each year. The method and results described in this article are valuable for understanding the soil erosion risk and are useful for managing and planning land use that will avoid land degradation. Hence, the results of this study are considered an important document which constitutes a decision support tool in terms of the management and protection of natural resources.

ГЕОЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ВОДНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЛМЫКИЯ

Purpose: assessment of the geoecological state of water bodies, large irrigation and feeding systems, Sarpinsky lakes, reservoirs, main and distribution canals, river network. The total area of irrigation and feeding systems totals about 122 thousand hectares, while half of the 54 thousand hectares of irrigated land is watered with high salinity water. For 48 years, the morphometric characteristics of large lakes have changed for the worse, the water in the lakes is gradually becoming saline, the coastal zone is overgrown with aquatic vegetation and is significantly silted up, many irrigation canals experience slope deformations, their dams are being destroyed, and the throughput capacity is decreasing. About 135 reservoirs have been built on the territory of Kalmykia, the largest of which are Chograyskoe, Gorodovikovskoe and Proletarskoye. Condition of irrigated lands for the period 2010–2018 is assessed as good in 2–4 % of cases, as satisfactory in 24–29 %, as unsatisfactory in 68–72 % of cases. Discussion. The cause of secondary salinization, waterlogging, depletion of irrigated lands and desertification was the imperfection of irrigation and collector-drainage systems, as well as irrigation techniques. The inclusion of a large amount of fallow lands in agriculture will lead to socio-economic and climatic changes, as well as humid warming in the Republic of Kalmykia. In the future, it is recommended to reconstruct canals in an earthen channel with the installation of lining on them using geosynthetic and geocomposite materials, which will increase the canals’ performance of the Chernozemelskaya and partially Sarpinskaya watering and feeding systems, bringing their efficiency to 0.85–0.90. Conclusions. Desertification processes are developing in the Republic of Kalmykia, the main causes of which are degradation, wind and water soil erosion, dehumification and secondary salinization. The total desertification index is 76 points.

The impact of the development of negative soil processes on the land fund of the Russian Federation

One of the reasons of the reduction of agricultural land is the degradation of soil processes. The main negative processes occurring in soils and leading to their degradation are erosion (water and wind), reduction of humus content in the soil. A significant spread of negative processes developing due to the action of natural and anthropogenic factors leads to a critical decrease in soil fertility. By washing away the upper fertile soil layer and the formation of large gullies due to improper tillage, soil erosion is formed. In order to prevent soil erosion, it is necessary to take measures to prevent an increase in the area of degraded land. The article considers the impact of negative processes, such as water and wind erosion, salinization, overwetting, flooding and waterlogging of soils, etc. on the land fund.

Возможности ГИС-технологий для прогнозного выделения ареалов разгрузки твердого стока в границах водоохранных зон

The article considers the modern possibilities of GIS technologies for monitoring the state of the soil cover and water erosion processes. The possibilities of using the Normalized Diference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to assess various types of vegetation cover are shown. The substantiation of the choice of a key site, which includes both water protection zones and landscape positions associated with them in terms of material and energy flows, is presented. A method for obtaining a vector layer of NDVI values calculated from 9 Sentinel-2 satellite images for the period from March to November 2021 is presented. NDVI values are classified and the cells of the vector layer are combined into classes. Methods for obtaining rasters (with formula reduction) of the Topographical Wetness Index (TWI) and the Stream Power Index (SPI) on the territory of a key area are presented. The vector layer of NDVI values was compared with the TWI and SPI rasters, as well as with the average daily air temperature values. The dynamics of NDVI values for March–November 2021 is shown in the key area, a schematic map of the vector layer of NDVI values, ranked by class, is shown. The calculation of the ratio of areas of different classes in the key area was carried out. Topographical Wetness Index (TWI) and Stream Power Index (SPI) rasters are shown. Examples of queries to databases of layers obtained as a result of intersection of vector layers are given: TWI and NDVI, SPI and NDVI. Schematic maps have been obtained based on a combination of NDVI, TWI, SPI values, showing potentially erosion-hazardous areas. When comparing the average daily air temperature values with the average NDVI values, it was found that the correlation between them is 0.89. Possible measures aimed at reducing the environmental load on the water protection zone are proposed.

К ВОПРОСУ РАЗРАБОТКИ ЛАБОРАТОРНОЙ УСТАНОВКИ ДЛЯ МОДЕЛЬНОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ДЕГРАДАЦИИ ПОЧВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ВОДНОЙ ЭРОЗИИ)

Purpose: development of a laboratory facility for multicomponent soil analysis in model experiments on their sprinkling. Materials and methods of research. The works of Russian and foreign scientists, patents, laboratory facilities presented in specialized laboratories were used as a material for the study. Research methods included patent search, analysis and synthesis of the data obtained. Results and discussions. To conduct field experiments, an appropriate technical base which may require both the allocation of experimental plots for field studies in the surveyed areas, and significant costs, is needed, so laboratory experiments are the best alternative for model study of various processes and factors. In laboratory installations, the soil is placed in special containers called a flume, an erosive flume, or a hydraulic flume (hydroflume). Depending on the objectives of the study, various installations are used to ensure the water flow to the soil surface: a jet-drop tube, a sprinkler, a perforated plate with a thermostat. A laboratory facility “installation for studying the processes of water erosion of soils” was proposed by scientists of Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Reclamation Problems. The laboratory installation includes all necessary equipment for conducting experiments with great variability. It can be used to model the terrain slope, rain intensity, the angle of its fall, the study of infiltration, etc. Conclusions. To obtain more accurate results, it is necessary to use multicomponent installations that allow simulating a combination of a large number of factors. The proposed laboratory facility has a wide range of possibilities for studying the erosion resistance of soils, the composition of surface runoff and infiltration, as well as the efficiency of a number of reclamation measures.

Spatial distribution of soil water erosion at Al-Hawiz Dam in Western Syria using CORINE model

Water erosion is one of the most important environmental problems that cause soil degradation in the areas of water basins in the Syrian coast. The present study aims at determining the spatial distribution of the risk of water erosion of the lands of Al-Hawiz Basin (Jableh region) using the CORINE model. The CORINE model is based on calculating all factors that affect water erosion: soil erosion factor, erosion factor, inclination factor, ground cover fac tor. The soil susceptibility factor for erosion was calculated by estimating both the soil texture, soil depth and gravity percentage for preparing a potential risk map. The feasibility of both the soil susceptibility factor map and the slope map prepared from the use of DEM and the value of the erosion factor were calculated using system technology Geographical information. Then the ground cover map was prepared and classified into two rows according to the degree of protection. The actual risk map was prepared from the seriousness of the potential danger map and the land cover map. The study showed that 12.79% of the studied area is under the control of severe erosion while 32.10% of which had an average risk of erosion, and the risk of erosion was low in the largest part of the area (55.11%). The areas of severe erosion have been concentrated in the central western region of Lake Al-Sadd. It has been shown that vegetation is the most influencing factor in erosion, as it worked to reduce the high risk of possible soil erosion by 50.83%.

Soil erosion assessment in Northwestern Morocco

In this study, the climate and land use change impact on soil water erosion in Loukkos watershed (northwestern Morocco) was assessed. This watershed is known by its intense agricultural activity and characterized by a Mediterranean climate. In order to quantify soil erosion, RUSLE model was used, combined with remote sensing and GIS technology under current and future climate scenarios predicted by the model CNRM-ALADIN63 for 2025–2055. The precipitation for the future climate period (2025–2055) was downscaled using CMhyd's statistical downscaling model (quantile-quantile).The results showed that the annual soil erosion rate averaged about 3.0 t, with a standard deviation of 6.2. In contrast, soil loss of less than 10 t ha−1 yr−1 occurred in 92% of the watershed. While overall erosion estimates show a medium erosion risk, attention and use of soil conservation practices is suggested for 7.1% of area has experienced soil erosion greater than 10 t ha−1 yr−1. Furthermore, the results revealed that average annual soil loss could increase by 3.9% and 8.4% respectively for medium and high Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) compared to the baseline period (1981–2017). Soil erosion assessment and land use change were determined to help implement future conservation measures for decision makers to develop appropriate strategies for long-term planning of water and soil resources, risk mapping and agriculture under various climate change scenarios.

Mapping the Risk of Water Soil Erosion in Larrodrigo (Salamanca, Spain) Using the RUSLE Model and A-DInSAR Technique

The quantification of soil loss are studies driven by the importance of soil as a resource and are mainly due to risks of laminar and/or runoff water erosion. These problems directly affect the daily life of the population and serve as predictors of environmental effects. In this work, the quantification and calculation of the sheet water erosion caused mainly by rainfall has been carried out in a study area located in the municipality of Larrodrigo (Salamanca, Spain), based on the simultaneous application of the RUSLE model with GIS techniques. Thematic cartographies have been generated to determine soil loss in Tm/Ha/year and mm/year based on the use of parameters of the physical environment (lithology, rainfall, slopes…) where the erosive risk is quantified and its applicability to the study area by spatio-temporal extrapolation techniques. Simultaneously, the use of the A-DInSAR technique was implemented to calculate average ground deformation velocities in mm/year associated with water erosion. Two sectors with greater vulnerability to water erosion have been detected within the area of interest: one of them called main, which corresponds to the slopes near the Larrodrigo stream, with soil losses showing values of 0.3- > 12 mm/year, and a secondary sector belonging to the tributaries or channels derived from the mainstream with values of 0.3- > 12 mm/year. This type of study makes it possible to manage and organise human support practicesin order to subsequently establish measures that can prevent, mitigate and/or correct those areas with the greatest damage.

Field test of the surface soil moisture mapping using Sentinel-1 radar data

Soil surface moisture is one of the key parameters for describing the hydrological state and assessing the potential availability of water for irrigated plants. Because the radar backscattering coefficient is sensitive to soil moisture, the application of Sentinel-1 data may support soil surface moisture mapping at high spatial resolution by detecting spatial and temporal changes at the field scale for precision irrigation management. This mapping is required to control soil water erosion and preferential water flow to improve irrigation water efficiency and minimise negative impacts on surface and ground water bodies.Direct observations of soil surface moisture (5-cm thickness) were performed at an experimental plot in the study site of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture, near the village Vodnyy, Volgograd region. Soil surface moisture retrieval from Sentinel-1 was performed at the same location. A second set of soil surface moisture was calculated for the soil sampling sites using the permittivity model, based on the estimates of soil surface characteristics: a) reflectivity, obtained by the neural network method from Sentinel-1 observations; b) roughness, obtained from the geodata of the stereoscopic survey with unmanned aerial vehicle Phantom 4 Pro.The raster set of soil surface moisture geodata was obtained based on the reflectivity geodata raster set to solve the inverse problem using a permittivity model that considers the soil texture of the experimental plot. The determination coefficient (0.948) and standard deviation (2.04%) were obtained by comparing both sets of soil moisture point geodata taken from the same soil sampling sites. The values confirmed a satisfactory linear correlation between the directly measured and indirectly modelled sets. A comparison of the two sets of geodata indicated a satisfactory reproduction of the first set by the second set.As a result, the developed method can be considered as the scientific and methodological basis of the new technology of soil surface moisture monitoring by radar, which is one of the basic characteristics used in precision irrigation management.

Effects of freeze-thaw on soil properties and water erosion

Freeze-thaw erosion occurs primarily at high latitudes and altitudes. Temperature controlled freeze-thaw events dislodge soil particles and serve as a catalyst for erosion. This review paper provided an overview of the effects of freeze-thaw on soil properties and water erosion. The process of freeze-thaw cycles results in temporary and inconsistent changes in the soil moisture, and affects the soil’s mechanical, physical and chemical properties, such as the soil moisture content, porosity, bulk density, aggregates stability, shear strength and organic matter content and so on. The variation trend and range of the soil properties were related to the soil texture, water content and freeze-thaw degree. Furthermore, the soil erosion was affected by the freeze-thaw processes, as thawing and water erosion reinforce each other. However, research of different experimental conditions on indoor simulations have numerous limitations compared with field experiments. The use of indoor and field experiments to further reveal the freeze-thaw effect on the soil erosion would facilitate improved forecasting.

Spatially distributed assessment and forecast of soil erosion losses as a basis for optimization the use of erosion-hazardous agricultural lands


 
 
 The article is devoted to the problem of sustainable use of agricultural lands in conditions of active manifestation of water soil erosion, which is typical for all natural zones of Ukraine, but to the greatest extent – for the Forest-Steppe and Steppe zone. The aim of the article is a spatially distributed quantitative assessment and forecast of soil erosion losses and the development on this basis of recommendations to optimize the use of agricultural land on the example of the Pidhayetskyi district of the Ternopil region. The area is located within the Western region of Ukraine with a fairly high intensity of water erosion, where in accordance with the long-term climate forecast a further increase in erosion hazard of land is expected. A quantitative assessment of soil erosion losses for the basic period (1961–1990) and forecast periods (2031–2050 and 2081–2100) was carried out using a spatially distributed physical-statistical GIS-model of soil erosion-sedimentation developed at the Department of Physical Geography, Nature Management and Geoinformation Technologies of Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University. Spatial realization of the model performed using the analytical capabilities of the Software for Environmental Modeling PCRaster (University of Utrecht, Netherlands). The forecast of the changes in the hydrometeorological conditions of water soil erosion was made using the forecast of monthly average air temperatures and monthly average precipitation, developed at the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute. It established that most of the arable land (about 52 %) of Pidhayetskyi district is erosively dangerous. Due to the projected increase in summer rainfall in the middle and at the end of this century, further intensification of soil erosion is expected, especially in 2031–2050, when soil losses on arable land will increase to 16.9 t/ha/year, and only due to rainstorm erosion. Soil losses by meltwater will be insignificant. Based on the calculations, it was concluded that it is impossible to protect the agricultural lands of the region from erosional degradation without withdrawal from the arable land about 8.15 thousand hectares (28) of the most erosion-hazardous lands (with annual soil losses exceeding 20 tons per a hectare), changing the structure of sown areas and introduction a soil-protective adaptive-landscape farming system over a significant area.
 
 

Nonlinear response of hydrodynamic and soil erosive behaviors to biocrust coverage in drylands

In dryland ecosystems, soil erosion poses severe threats to ecosystem productivity and human well-being. Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are ubiquitous living covers in these ecosystems and play an important role in soil stabilization and erosion prevention. However, the quantitative relationship between biocrust coverage and soil water erosion as well as the driving mechanism have not yet been fully discussed, which hinders the development of soil erosion models that consider the effect of biocrusts. Accordingly, we set up 19 biocrust plots (10 m × 2.1 m) with coverage ranging from 9.3% to 80.0% on the Loess Plateau of China and conducted a series of simulated rainfall experiments. The quantitative relationship between runoff and sediment yield and biocrust coverage was assessed, and further complex correlations among these variables were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). We found that (1) the runoff rates and sediment yield were significantly related to biocrust coverage. The runoff rates and sediment yield decreased with increasing biocrust coverage via a logarithmic function and an exponential function, respectively. The runoff rate and sediment yield rate from the plot with 9.3% biocrust coverage were 3.2 and 51.5 times higher, respectively, than those from the plot with 78.4% biocrust coverage. (2) The flow pattern and regime of overland flow were significantly affected by biocrust coverage. The overland flow was shifted from tranquil flow to supercritical flow when the biocrust coverage declined to 12.3%. The flow velocity, stream power, Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient, Froude number, and Reynolds number were strongly correlated with biocrust coverage (R2 = 0.548–0.830). (3) Biocrust coverage both directly and indirectly affected sediment yield. The anchoring effect of biocrusts directly protected the surface soil from raindrop impacts and runoff scouring (direct effect = −0.59). Additionally, biocrust cover had an indirect negative effect (−0.38) on sediment yield by decreasing the flow velocity and runoff rate with path coefficients of −0.81 and −0.78, respectively. Our results confirm that soil hydrological and erosive behavior have nonlinear relationships with biocrust coverage at the hill-slope scale, and they also reveal that variation in biocrust coverage is one of the main driving factors affecting soil hydrological and erosive behaviors. These results would improve soil water erosion estimation on biocrust-covered slopes and provide guidance for revising soil erosion models to include the effectiveness of biocrusts.

Keyline in Bean Crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for Soil and Water Conservation

Soil erosion is a common problem worldwide, and in Durango, Mexico, it occurs in 77.4% of territory. Faced with this problem, the hydrological keyline design (HKD) is an alternative that helps to retain soil, increase infiltration, and keep the water uniformly in the land in order to recover its fertility. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of HKD on moisture and soil conservation in a rainfed agricultural plot during the spring–summer 2018 cycle with a bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the state of Durango, Mexico. Two treatments were established: control and HKD. The variables to measure the effect of the treatments were: soil water content, water erosion, bean yield, and yield components. The results indicated differences (p < 0.05) between treatments for the moisture and erosion variables; the HKD retained more water than the control by five percent, while sediment transport was lower in the HKD. No differences (p > 0.05) were found regarding bean yield and yield components. However, the yield was 126% higher than regional average in terms of rainfed bean production. Therefore, the implementation of the HKD had a positive impact by retaining soil and moisture.

Global Assessment of Agricultural Productivity Losses from Soil Compaction and Water Erosion.

To guide us toward a sustainable future, the impacts of human activities on natural resources need to be understood and quantified. In this study on global agriculture, we use a Life Cycle Assessment framework to estimate potential long-term soil productivity losses caused by soil compaction and water erosion due to agricultural crop production. We combine several data sets to model spatially resolved Life Cycle Inventory information at the global level and multiply results with characterization factors from a previous publication. The global picture shows a compaction-stressed "Global North" and an erosion-stressed "Global South", with some countries and regions in between, for example, China and parts of South America. Results show that both compaction and water erosion impacts matter at the global level and that overall potential long-term productivity losses of 10-20% can be expected, with high relative impacts on low input production systems. These losses might limit long-term agricultural productivity and lead to additional land use change. Our work adds to and extends the discussion of global assessments of soil degradation. Furthermore, we prove the suggested framework to be applicable and useful for Life Cycle Assessments and other studies and provide results that can be used in such global assessments.

Moderate grazing is the best measure to achieve the optimal conservation and soil resource utilization (case study: Bozdaghin rangelands, North Khorasan, Iran).

The study of the variability of physical and chemical factors of soil due to different intensities of livestock grazing can help in the management and maintenance of soil and vegetation. Accordingly, the effect of livestock grazing intensities on soil properties and vegetation in Bozdaghin rangelands of North Khorasan province was investigated. To investigate the effect of different livestock grazing intensities, Three 5-hectare plots in the study area were determined under different treatments (ungrazed (UG), moderate grazing (MG), and heavy grazing (HG)), and the effect of three grazing intensities on vegetation and soil physicochemical and erodibility properties (SPEP) was evaluated. The soil sampling process was performed at depths of 0-15, 15-30cm and SPEP including soil saturation moisture (SSM), soil texture (percentage of clay, sand, and silt), absorbable potassium (K), electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), absorbable phosphorus (P), acidity (pH), and bulk density were evaluated, and Soil Erodibility Index (SEI) was calculated by implementing the modified clay ratio relation. To assess the impact of various grazing intensities on all measured characteristics, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Duncan tests were utilized to compare the means and their grouping. The results showed that HG compared to MG causes worrying consequences in the first soil depth. Also with increasing grazing intensity, plant production percentage (P <0.05) and vegetation density (P <0.01) decreased, and the amount of bare soil (P <0.01) increased. Also, with increasing grazing intensity, the amount of pH, EC, clay, saturated moisture, and N decreased (P < 0.01), but the amount of silt, sand, K, P, calcium (Ca), lime, and SOM increased (P <0.01). UG improves soil quality, MG intensity causes optimal conservation and utilization of soil resources, and HG intensity causes severe changes in rangeland soil properties. In areas with MG intensity, due to the increase of the percentage of vegetation (an increase of SOM and prevents the direct impact of raindrops on the soil aggregates) and as a result improvement of soil structure and texture, an increase of water infiltration, and decrease of runoff, and the rate of soil erodibility and water erosion, the rangeland soil decreases and results in sustainable production. This results in optimal conservation and utilization of soil resources. So to sustainably exploit and balance the conservation of biodiversity, livestock production, and soil carbon and nitrogen management, MG is recommended.

Effectiveness of conservation agriculture (tillage vs. vegetal soil cover) to reduce water erosion in maize cultivation (Zea mays L.): An experimental study in the sub-humid uplands of Guatemala

Cultivated uplands in tropical latitudes are severely affected by soil water erosion. Conservation agriculture (CA) is specifically intended to control erosion. The aim of the present study is to analyse the effectiveness of CA measures to reduce the erosion in maize cultivation (Zea mays L.) on andosols in the mountains of southern Guatemala. Resolving this question is crucial to the development of sustainable soil policies appropriate to the conditions prevailing in this region. The study was conducted over a three-year period, from 2017 to 2019, on three experimental plots managed under conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT) and no-tillage (NT). The general-to-specific (GETS) method, based on reduction theory, was used to generate explanatory models of the erosion-affected surface. The study was carried out at two scales, first, with the complete database, and second, the database was segmented according to the agricultural management systems. The results showed different rates of eroded soil surface between the three management systems: 73.2% under CT, 41.3% under RT and 20.4% under NT. Analysis of the complete database (n = 36) showed that the litter cover (ryl.p = –0.86, p < 0.001) and the soil disturbance (ryp.l = 0.57, p < 0.001) were, in that order, the factors with the greatest explanatory power of the eroded surface. The segmented analysis (n = 12) showed that the management system adopted had a decisive influence on the ground cover (litter and weed cover) and, therefore, on the soil erosion. Under CT, the eroded surface was only correlated with the weed cover (ryw.l = –0.68, p < 0.05), under NT only with the litter cover (ryl.w = –0.89, p < 0.001) and under RT the erosion did not correlate with either of the vegetal layers. Three conclusions are derived from this study. First, litter layer was the key explanatory factor of erosion. Second, this factor is highly influenced by the agricultural management system. The proportion and distribution of the litter layer in each management situation were key to explaine the different soil erosion rates between the three management systems. And finally, it is proposed for the area of this study the soil management under NT with a dense and well distributed litter cover.

О некоторых результатах агроэкологического мониторинга почв и земельных ресурсов Российской Федерации в 2019 году

The article presents the results of long-term agroecological monitoring of the state of Russian land resources: the dynamics of changes in agrochemical and physico-chemical indicators, the content of organic matter and elements of mineral nutrition of plants in soils; crop productivity; contamination of soils and products with residual amounts of pesticides, oil and petroleum products, heavy metals, nitrates, radionuclides; the problems of erosion and reclamation of agricultural land are highlighted. Ключевые слова: AGROECOLOGICAL MONITORING, HUMUS, MOBILE PHOSPHORUS, EXCHANGE POTASSIUM, ACIDITY, CHEMICAL RECLAMATION, LIMING, PHOSPHORIZATION, GYPSUM, PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS, YIELD, FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDE RESIDUES, OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HEAVY METALS, NITRATES, WATER AND WIND EROSION OF SOILS, LAND RECLAMATION

О некоторых результатах агроэкологического мониторинга почв и земельных ресурсов Российской Федерации в 2019 году

The article presents the results of long-term agroecological monitoring of the state of Russian land resources: the dynamics of changes in agrochemical and physico-chemical indicators, the content of organic matter and elements of mineral nutrition of plants in soils; crop productivity; contamination of soils and products with residual amounts of pesticides, oil and petroleum products, heavy metals, nitrates, radionuclides; the problems of erosion and reclamation of agricultural land are highlighted. Ключевые слова: AGROECOLOGICAL MONITORING, HUMUS, MOBILE PHOSPHORUS, EXCHANGE POTASSIUM, ACIDITY, CHEMICAL RECLAMATION, LIMING, PHOSPHORIZATION, GYPSUM, PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS, YIELD, FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDE RESIDUES, OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, HEAVY METALS, NITRATES, WATER AND WIND EROSION OF SOILS, LAND RECLAMATION