Soil Type Classification Research Articles

Development of an approach to estimating mid- to long-term critical loads for radiocaesium contamination of cow milk in western Europe

This paper describes the application of the critical load methodology, developed to set emission targets for atmospheric pollutants, to radioecology. The critical load can be redefined within radioecology as the radionuclide deposition at which radionuclide activity concentrations in a specified food product will exceed the maximum permitted level. An empirically based approach is described which provides estimates of critical load values for cow milk in the mid- to long-term after an accident when soil-to-plant transfer of radiocaesium is largely responsible for plant radiocaesium contamination. The areas identified as being most potentially vulnerable to radiocaesium deposition using this approach are those with extensive areas of organic soils such as western Scotland, parts of Ireland, The Netherlands and Denmark. The classification of European soil types into soil groups with significantly different soil-to-plant transfer of radiocaesium, and the allocation of a transfer value to each soil group provide the greatest uncertainties within this approach. Potential problems and deficiencies affecting the estimation of parameter values are discussed.

Behavior of Horizontal and Vertical SV at JMA Sites, Japan

Characteristics of response spectra of free-field horizontal and vertical ground motion recorded by JMA-87 type accelerometers are examined. The database includes 2,166 response spectra of motions from 387 events recorded at 76 JMA sites (70% on hard soil or rock and 30% on medium to soft soil). Most of the ground motions are far-source records. Relative spectral velocities at 0, 2, and 5% critical damping for 22 periods in the range of engineering interest have been subjected to nonlinear regression procedures in terms of magnitude and hypocentral distance. The attenuation relations consider the effect of depth and the local site amplification. A numerical technique called iterative partial regression is used to apply Joyner and Boore's two-stage regression methodology while considering the effect of the recording site. Dependence of horizontal and vertical response spectra, and their ratio, on magnitude, site-to-source distance, and depth are investigated through the development of attenuation relationships for horizontal and vertical spectral ordinates. The horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) response spectral ratio is found to be strongly dependent on period. At short periods, the value of the H/V spectral ratio is 1.5, but with an increase in period from an intermediate to a longer range, the spectral ratio attains a value of 3. These characteristics of H/V spectral ratio are likely to be universal for far-source recordings. The frequency-dependent relative amplification of the sites are found to be distinctive from site to site, and it is found that stations with the same soil type classification show an apparent pattern. Because the local site characteristics are explicitly derived, the resulting predictive equations can be considered as site-specific response spectra for the 76 JMA stations examined here.

Distribution pattem, genesis and classification of soils of an arid dune area in Northern Negev

AbstractA dune area of 2 km2 in the Negev (Israel) with an annual precipitation of 90 mm was mapped. The soils developed from eolic and fluviatile sediments were Arenosols, Calcisols. Solonchaks, Regosols and Fluvisols. The Arenosols of the dunes are more homogeneous in texture and salt content than the soils of the interdunal corridors: Besides the Fluvisols, also the Calcisols, Solonchaks and Regosols are stratified due to episodic flooding by a wadi, and are rich in salts and lime. The soils are of minor development. Aggregation and enrichment of lime, enrichment and movement of salts, and the enrichment of organic substances are indications of soil formation.The distribution of salts within the profiles was calculated by their solubility. High and low soluble salts appear together in thin layers of Calcisols, Solonchaks and Fluvisols, while the most‐soluble salts appear in deeper layers. The salts, therefore, must have accumulated by lateral movement, precipitation and temporal flooding. Influence of groundwater can therefore be excluded. The Arenosols also show the same sequence of salt types, indicating the accumulation due to precipitation and eolic mass movement. Abandoned arable land sites did not show any different soil characteristics from the unused soils.On the basis of the distribution of salts in the profiles and soil types genesis and classification of the soils is discussed.

Attenuation of earthquake ground motion in Japan including deep focus events

Abstract New attenuation equations for peak ground acceleration and velocity for Japan are developed. The equations are derived using extensive data recorded by the new JMA-87-type accelerometers, which do not require instrumental corrections that the older SMAC-type accelerometers do. Earthquakes with depths up to 200 km are used to make the equation applicable to subduction zone regions, which are common in Japan. Effects of depth and local site on the attenuation are considered simultaneously with the distance dependence and magnitude dependence using a two-stage regression procedure to separate the magnitude dependence from the distance dependence. Since the resulting normal equations become singular, an iterative partial regression algorithm is proposed. It is found that for the same magnitude and distance, peak ground motion increases as depth increases. The variation of the station coefficients with respect to the corresponding soil-type classification is quite wide. The station coefficients for the peak ground acceleration are found to be weakly correlated with the general soil classification, while a stronger correlation was found for the peak ground velocity. The resulting attenuation relations are given by log10PGA=0.206+0.477MJ−log10r−0.00144r−0.00144r+0.00311h+cia,log10PGV=−1.769+0.628MJ−log10r−0.00130r−0.00144r+0.00222h+civ, where PGA (cm/sec2) and PGV (cm/sec) are the larger of the peak accelerations and velocities from two horizontal components, MJ is the JMA magnitude, r is the closest distance to the fault rupture, h is the depth, and ci is the station coefficient of the recording station. The mean of the coefficients of the JMA stations is given by ci = 0.

Relationships between co 2 evolution, moisture content and temperature for a range of soil types

Soils were collected from two locations at six sites on each of eight soil types. After sieving, soil CO 2 evolution was measured at three moisture contents and at 5, 10, 15 and 20°C. Our objectives were to (i) establish a regression model for the relationships between CO 2 evolution, temperature and soil moisture content, and (ii) to investigate which aspects of this regression apply universally and which are specific to individual soil types. The same soil samples were used at the different temperatures, giving CO 2 data which were repeated or longitudinal measurements. This experimental structure has implications for the covariance structure of the data. A preliminary analysis of the data showed that a natural logarithmic transformation of CO 2 evolution rates was effective both in linearizing the mean response and in stabilizing its variance. When CO 2 evolution was expressed as ln(ml CO 2 kg −1 loss-on-ignition h −1) and the soil moisture content as a proportion of the water-holding capacity, the shapes of the curves of CO 2 evolution against moisture content and the positions of their maxima became more similar than when CO 2 evolution and soil moisture content were expressed on an oven-dry weight basis. The average responses of ln(ml CO 2 kg −1 LOI h −1) of the soil types to temperature over the range 5–20°C were remarkably close to a set of parallel straight lines. This resulted in the formulation of a model in which: (a) the mean value of ln(ml CO 2 kg −1 LOI h −1) at each site within a given soil type can be described by a regression which is linear on temperature and quadratic on soil moisture content; (b) the mean value of the linear coefficient of temperature is common to all the soil types studied; and (c) the mean values of the intercept, and of both the linear and quadratic coefficients of moisture, vary stochastically between soil types. A classification of soil types on the basis of their mean regression coefficients is: (i) brown calcareous earths, typical brown earths, (ii) mimic alluvial gley soils, (iii) typical brown podzolic soils, podzols, stagnohumic gley soils, stagnopodzols, (iv) raw peat soils.

ＡＥ等を用いた土質判別装置の実験的研究 シールド工事への適用性について

The purpose of this study is to develop new methods for soil type classification, mainly grain size distribution, using AE (Acoustic Emission) sensor and accelerometor under the invisible condition. These methods utilize the sound and the vibration phenomena which is generated while penetrating a cone into a soil or while shaving a bit on a ground surface.The penetration cone is provided with an AE sensor and an accelerometor for measuring sound and vibration of cone and with a load cell for measuring penetration resistance. Laboratory experiments have been performed on several kinds of soil which have different grain size distributions. The results of the laboratory experiments indicate that both the mean value of the AE signal and the acceleration increase with the increase in the penetration resistance and in the 30% grain diameter D30.The sliding contact type soil classification device, which is equipped with AE sensor, is also experimented. The results of the primary experiments show that the different AE power spectrum appear with variation of soil grain sizes and the AE power spectrum is not depended upon a sliding speed or a load.The penetration cone method is applied to a subway tunnelling works by a earth pressure balance type shield machine to investigate its usefulness for soil classification in the invisible chamber. The results of the field tests are agree with the data of laboratory experiment.

Homogeneity analysis: Assessing the utility of classifications and maps of natural resources

Abstract A quantitative measure of homogeneity, based on the average within‐group association between samples, is proposed as a multivariate measure of the information content of classifications and maps. Homogeneity analyses are used to investigate questions of scale and the choice of attributes in the context of vegetation mapping. Previous studies in classification and mapping of soil types suggested that an optimum map scale or number of classification groups can be defined using homogeneity. This does not seem to be the case with vegetation data although homogeneity analysis can be used to define the coarsest acceptable scale and to quantity the benefits of mapping at finer scales. Homogeneity analysis is used here to compare the information content of classifications derived from various attributes with one based on the whole flora. For the data set examined, a classification derived from canopy species composition is as informative as one based on full rloristic composition for the scales at which we would normally map, whereas an environmental classification is less so. Further applications of homogeneity analysis are suggested.

Grassland Vegetation of the Eastern Edwards Plateau

The herbaceous vegetation of 35 sites on the eastern Edwards Plateau was sampled by measuring point cover of all species and analysed by a Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) ordination. A gradient was found, from sites dominated by the midgrasses Schizachyrium scoparium and Muhlenbergia reverchonii, to sites dominated by the shortgrasses Stipa leucotricha, Bouteloua rigeidiseta, Hilaria belangeri, Aristida longiseta and Buchloe dactyloides. Slope, elevation and soil pH decreased, soil depth increased, and the soil type classification changed along this gradient. It is argued that this gradient corresponds to an ordering of sites along a moisture gradient, the steeper slopes being wetter than the flatter sites despite their shallower soils because water is available in crevices in the underlying limestone. This gradient probably also reflects more severe grazing pressure on the flatter sites in the past.

European historical statistics and economic growth

There is increasing interest in developing automatic procedures to segment landscapes into soil spatial entities that replace conventional, expensive manual procedures for delineating and classifying soils. Geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) partitions remote sensing imagery or digital elevation models into homogeneous image objects based on image segmentation. We used an object-based methodology for the detailed delineation and classification of soil types using digital maps of topography and vegetation as soil covariates, based on the Random Forests (RF) classifier. We compared the object-based method's results with those of a pixel-based classification using the same classifier. We used 18 digital elevation model derivatives and 5 remote sensing indices that were related to vegetation cover and soil. Using 171 soil profiles with their associated environmental variable values, the RF method was used to identify the most important soil type predictors for use in the segmentation process. A stack of raster-geodatasets corresponding to the selected predictors was segmented using a multi-resolution segmentation algorithm, which resulted in homogeneous objects related to soil types. These objects were further classified as soil types using the same method, RF. We also conducted a pixel-based classification using the same classifier and soil profiles, and the resulting maps were assessed in terms of their accuracy using 30% of the soil profiles for validation. We found that GEOBIA was an effective method for soil type mapping, and was superior to the pixel-based approach. The optimized object-based soil map had an overall accuracy of 58%, which was 10% higher than that of the optimized pixel-based map.

Problems on the classification and nomenclature of main genetic soil types in Japan : A summary of the general discussion in the 5th Annual Symposium

Problems on the classification and nomenclature of main genetic soil types in Japan : A summary of the general discussion in the 5th Annual Symposium

Classification and nomenclature of main great soil groups in Hokkaido(Problems on the classification and nomenclature of main genetic soil types in Japan. Papers and abstracts which will be presented before the 5 th Annual Symposium of the Group of Japanese Pedologists,Symposium)

Classification and nomenclature of main great soil groups in Hokkaido(Problems on the classification and nomenclature of main genetic soil types in Japan. Papers and abstracts which will be presented before the 5 th Annual Symposium of the Group of Japanese Pedologists,Symposium)

Classification and nomenclature of Volcanic ash soils and so-called "Kuroboku soils" in Japan(Problems on the classification and nomenclature of main genetic soil types in Japan. Papers and abstracts which will be presented before the 5 th Annual Symposium of the Group of Japanese Pedologists,Symposium)

Classification and nomenclature of Volcanic ash soils and so-called "Kuroboku soils" in Japan(Problems on the classification and nomenclature of main genetic soil types in Japan. Papers and abstracts which will be presented before the 5 th Annual Symposium of the Group of Japanese Pedologists,Symposium)

Classification and nomenclature of the mountain soils developed under the warm-temperate zone in Japan(Problems on the classification and nomenclature of main genetic soil types in Japan. Papers and abstracts which will be presented before the 5 th Annual Symposium of the Group of Japanese Pedologists,Symposium)

Classification and nomenclature of the mountain soils developed under the warm-temperate zone in Japan(Problems on the classification and nomenclature of main genetic soil types in Japan. Papers and abstracts which will be presented before the 5 th Annual Symposium of the Group of Japanese Pedologists,Symposium)

On the genesis and classification of the red- and yellow-coloured soils in Southwest Japan(Problems on the classification and nomenclature of main genetic soil types in Japan. Papers and abstracts which will be presented before the 5 th Annual Symposium of the Group of Japanese Pedologists,Symposium)

On the genesis and classification of the red- and yellow-coloured soils in Southwest Japan(Problems on the classification and nomenclature of main genetic soil types in Japan. Papers and abstracts which will be presented before the 5 th Annual Symposium of the Group of Japanese Pedologists,Symposium)

Genesis and Classification of Main Genetic Soil Types in Japan

Genesis and Classification of Main Genetic Soil Types in Japan

Über eine Klassifizierung der Bodenarten für bautechnische Zwecke

Über eine Klassifizierung der Bodenarten für bautechnische Zwecke

Temperature Lapse Rates over Bare Ground and over Potato Plots on Peat and Mineral Soils *

Vertical temperature gradients between instrument shelter and plant heights were investigated. A sample of 160 lapse rate observations was taken during the growing season. Concomitant observations of date, time of day, plant cover, soil type, sky cover, wind speed, and thermodynamic air mass classification were also made. Means and sources of variation for the lapse rates were examined.

Selection of Criteria for the Classification of Certain Soil Types of Iowa into Great Soil Groups

Soil Science Society of America JournalVolume 10, Issue C p. 319-325 Miscellaneous Paper Selection of Criteria for the Classification of Certain Soil Types of Iowa into Great Soil Groups† F. F. Riecken, F. F. Riecken Research Associate Professor of Soils.Search for more papers by this author F. F. Riecken, F. F. Riecken Research Associate Professor of Soils.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1946 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1946.03615995001000C00054xCitations: 2 ‡ Journal Paper J-1347 of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Soils Subsection Project 635. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume10, IssueC1946Pages 319-325 RelatedInformation