Background: Effective extension services have the potential to bridge adoption gaps in soil and water conservation (SWC) technologies and ultimately minimize farmers’ vulnerability to climate-related risks in agricultural production. However, information on the effectiveness of agricultural extension services (AES) in supporting the adoption of sustainable practices such as SWC technologies, remains limited in many parts of Kenya, despite being provided to farmers for decades. The aim of this research was to determine youth farmers’ perceptions regarding the effectiveness of extension services and the factors that influence their use and use intensity of SWC technologies. The effectiveness of AES was measured using eleven variables. Methods: Data were collected from 396 youth farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire through a cross-sectional survey with a multistage stratified sampling procedure. We used descriptive statistics and Tobit regression model for data analysis. Result: The study found that AES among youth farmers in drylands of Machakos County were perceived as ineffective. The frequency of receiving extension services, the main source of information, tools used in delivering AES and the level of extension education influenced use and use intensity of SWC technologies. The results underscore the need for targeted interventions that increase the frequency of extension services, diversify information sources and improve the tools and training provided to youth farmers.

<em>Upland farming systems are usually located in the middle and upstreams of the Watershed as well as has many problems, ie: marginal land conditions, prone to erosion, limited water availability, limited cultivation technology, and low farm income. Vegetative of conservation technology method much recommended in action of Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) on upland because besides suppress erosion, also can ensure increasing land productivity and easy applied by farmers. Vetiver plant besides can growth in all fields and climate, also has many functions. On the island of Java, vetiver planted by many farmers in the region Garut Regency West Java Province which is known as vetiver of Garut variety and in Gunung Kidul Regency Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Province which is known as vetiver of Wonosari variety. Vetiver plant can be used for soil conservation and slope stabilization. Vetiver plant can be used for support various technologies of SWC that already exists. Vetiver can be used as hedges, can be planted as strips of strengthened terrace and planted as</em> <em>row of plants according to the contour. Vetiver plant after</em> <em>certain age</em> <em>can be trimmed</em> <em>periodically</em> <em>to be utilized</em> <em>as a mulch for plant residues. Farmer</em> <em>on upland</em> <em>can use vetiver as a conservation plant and land rehabilitation</em> <em>independently</em> <em>to create a farming system</em> <em>which is eco-friendly.</em>

State and society Eritrea have been implementing various land restoration measures, mainly afforestation and soil and water conservation activities. This paper assesses the results of the implemented land recovery measures and their socioeconomic challenges in the Adi Quala subzone, Eritrea. The analysis utilized the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) assessment for images captured at various time points (1994, 2002, 2009, 2015 and 2021), complemented by field observation and focus group discussions. The results of satellite image analysis indicate a notable improvement in the vegetation cover of the area. The latest year, 2021, has the highest mean NDVI value of 0.42, reflecting an improved vegetation cover. Similarly, local observations and discussions revealed that the local communities have been involved in afforestation and Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) works. Villages have established successful enclosures, which result in the restoration of native vegetation and most hillside catchments and croplands are terraced. Despite this, socioeconomic factors including labour shortages, use of resources and the land tenure system impede the recovery processes. As such, some areas designated for afforestation have limited vegetation and rills and gullies expanding to croplands are still observed, mainly in the Kolla area.

Soil erosion ranks among the severe and widespread environmental issues affecting agricultural land productivity and food security. In Ethiopia, to address the widespread erosion and degradation impacts on food security, soil and water conservation (SWC) practices are widely implemented through community mobilization. This study evaluated the impacts of physical SWC practices that were implemented by community mobilization in food insecure rural areas. The study employed interviewing farm households and soil analysis. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, 130 farm households were chosen and interviewed. Farmers' opinion on soil fertility change due to physical SWC practice, such as stone bunds, was further investigated by analyzing a total of 36 composite soil samples, which were collected at 0-20cm depth. Eighteen of the samples were collected from fields with stone bunds, and the other 18 were taken from the adjacent fields lacking physical SWC measures. The results revealed that 48% of the farmers perceived severe soil erosion, while 52% perceived moderate and slight erosion before the implementation of physical SWC measures. Following the construction of SWC measures, such as stone bunds, only 16% of the farmers perceived severe soil erosion, implying reduced soil erosion on many farmers' fields. About 68% of the respondents perceived that physical SWC measures could increase crop yield, and 75% perceived improvement in soil fertility. Results of soil analysis showed that soil organic carbon, available phosphorus, and available potassium were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in farmlands with stone bunds than adjacent non-treated fields, which aligned to the farmers opinion on soil fertility change. Greater soil fertility in fields with stone bunds revealed the positive effect of SWC practice in reducing erosion. The majority of farmers (60%) repaired constructed bunds and related SWC measures to sustain its function, while considerable farmers were not motivated in repairing the broken bunds, mentioning complaints about cultivable space taken by bunds, shortage of labor, and lack of awareness on the benefit of physical SWC. We conclude that SWC practices improve soil properties for crop production, but some farmers need follow up to increase awareness about positive effect of SWC. Thus, in addition to constructing new physical SWC measures, farmers should be encouraged to repair the damaged physical SWC measures that were constructed by public campaigns. Context-based technical and resource support to the needy group could contribute to implementation and sustainable use.

Land management practices have been implemented in various regions of Ethiopia since the 1980s to address land degradation, enhance land productivity, and improve the livelihoods of rural communities. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impacts of watershed management on crop yield potential in the Yezat watershed. Crop yield data were collected from 45 fixed plots using quadrant measurements (5 × 5m) and from 346 households through a questionnaire survey within the watershed area. One-way ANOVA was employed to assess the mean variances of crop yield and yield attributes across different treatment groups. Additionally, a post hoc analysis was conducted to determine statistically significant differences in crop yields among the various treatments. A paired-samples t-test was also applied to compare teff crop yields before and after watershed management interventions. The findings of the study revealed a statistically significant difference in plant height across physical, bio-physical, and control farmlands (P ≤ 0.05). The tallest teff plants were found in areas with bio-physical watershed management interventions, followed by those with physical treatments, while the shortest plants were observed in untreated areas of the watershed. Similarly, the longest spike length (47.4cm) was recorded in farmlands with bio-physical treatments, followed by those with physical treatments (44.4cm). In contrast, the shortest spike length (30.3cm) was observed in untreated farmlands. This difference is likely due to soil erosion, reduced soil moisture, and high bulk density in the untreated areas. Furthermore, the number of productive tillers in a 25-m2 area (from the upper, middle, and lower watershed), aboveground biomass yield, straw yield, and crop yields were significantly influenced by watershed management interventions (both bio-physical and physical types) (P ≤ 0.05). These improvements are likely linked to soil and water conservation (SWC) techniques, which enhance soil moisture availability by increasing infiltration and preventing the loss of vital soil nutrients through erosion. However, the number of tillers did not show a statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) between treated and untreated areas of the study. Overall, the results suggest that watershed management positively impacts crop yield and yield attributes, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving agricultural productivity.

This study was conducted in Gakenke, Musanze and Rulindo districts in northern province of Rwanda from December 2019 to October 2021 to determine Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) status, mapping soil erosion areas, annual estimation of soil loss and spatial distribution in northern Rwanda. The study used Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model based on erosivity index, erodibility of soil, slope steepness, slope distance, vegetation covers and conservation practice parameters generated through arc GIS. The utilized data included the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for production of slope steepness. Landsat 8 have been processed in ERDAS Imagine 2014 for land use and land cover. Field data for conservation practice factor and rainfall data for soil erosivity in Google Earth Pro and ArcGIS respectively have been produced. The results indicated that the forest was identified as the largest area covering of 84.08% followed by built up areas with 10.43%, radical terraces account for 4.45 %, bare soil (3.23%), agroforestry (0.77%), waterbodies (0.727%), riverbanks (0.38%), and wetland (0.35%). The average rate of water erosion was discovered as 72 t. ha–1. y–1 and observed that soil erosion is more severe in steep areas than in other places. Inadequate erosion control management results as the cause of spatial distribution of erosion. Thus, it is advisable to prioritize soil and water management practices in steep and mid-elevation unprotected areas before applying them to lower elevations.

Diverse soil and water conservation (SWC) interventions were implemented in Tigray region to retard and stop soil loss due to water erosion problem. The aim of study was to evaluate the biophysical and socioeconomic drivers for the performance of implemented SWC structures under different landforms at Adi-Kimbro Watershed found in the midland agro-climatic zone of North Western Tigray. Slope, soil sample and length of destructed SWC structures were collected from plot sample size of 2500 m2 along upper, middle, foot and bottom landforms of the Watershed from different land uses. socioeconomic drivers were collected from 113 households through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, logistic model and independent t-test, analysis were developed. The major SWC structures implemented in both exclosures and grazing land were hillside terraces, hillside terraces with trenches, loose stone check dams and trenches. Stone bunds, check dams (cement, gabion) and 'daget' were constructed at cultivated land. Check dams at the bottom part of the watershed were comparatively effective in, rehabilitating degraded area and soil grasp. The farm size, sex household head, availability of labor and training were positive and significantly influenced the performance of SWC structures. Home distance to farm land, age and livestock holding number negatively affected to the success of the implemented SWC structures. Emphasis should be given to community participation during planning, designing, implementation and monitoring and evaluation phases by considering the household head age, labor availability, farm size, level of training, household sex and to increase the performance of SWC structures.

This study seeks to analyze the determinants to the adoption of improved soil and water conservation structures among smallholder farmers in the Gubalafto and Were’elu watersheds of the Amhara region, Ethiopia. A comprehensive methodology involving household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews and field observations were employed to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data were obtained from 348 randomly selected household heads while qualitative data were derived from focus group discussion , key informant interview and field observation. The results of the logit model reveal that Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) practice is significantly and positively related to farm size (significant at P&lt;0.05), slope (significant at P&lt;0.10), credit access (significant at P&lt;0.05), gender (significant at P&lt;0.05) and land tenure security (significant at p&lt;0.10) while age and farming experience with negative coefficient is (significant at p&lt;0.10). Furthermore, the logit model predictions show that a higher percentage of farmers (74.7%) choose not to adopt the most recommended SWC practices such as stone bunds, soil bunds, stone terracing, and cut-off drains. Consequently, it is evident that interventions aimed at enhancing farmers’ capacity to adopt improved SWC techniques should prioritize addressing these disparities from a livelihood perspective. In end, this study recommends the imperative need for targeted interventions that address the identified challenges, thereby fostering the adoption of improved SWC structures among smallholder farmers in the Ethiopian highlands.

ABSTRACT The Bale Eco-Region (BER) in Southern Ethiopia is characterized by high surface runoff and sediment yield. This study assessed long-term (2016–2023) hydrological dynamics in three BER watersheds: Bekaye, Hawo, and Horosoba, exhibiting different agroecological zones and rainfall patterns. It investigated impacts of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures on runoff and sediment yield for Bekaye watershed, which experiences more intense rainfall than the others. Bekaye had a higher runoff coefficient (38.4%) and sediment yield (15.5 t ha−1 yr−1), while Hawo had lower values (19.6% runoff coefficient; 3.2 t ha−1 yr−1 sediment yield). Observation of significant differences in runoff coefficients and sediment yields highlights the influence of rainfall intensity, monthly rainfall distribution, topography, land use, and vegetation cover on hydrological and erosion processes. SWC interventions in Bekaye reduced runoff and sediment yield while increasing base flow in subsequent years. Results indicated that maintenance of SWC measures every two to three years following the implementation is key to sustaining their benefits in runoff and sediment reduction. This research provides novel insights into long-term hydrological dynamics under varying agroecological zones and rainfall patterns, offering a comprehensive assessment of SWC effectiveness in mitigating runoff and sediment yield.

The effects of armed conflict on natural resources and conservation measures in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

Land degradation presents a serious threat to sustainable soil and water resources, primarily through erosion, declining soil fertility, and extreme weather events. Addressing these challenges involves selecting appropriate Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) technologies to mitigate soil quality decline and enhance agricultural productivity. Soil and water conservation technologies have been promoted across various regions, especially in dryland areas for several decades with mixed outcomes. Despite their positive impacts, the utilization intensity of these technologies at farm level remains low. Furthermore, there is limited information on use and use intensity of the technologies among youth farmers, who are key to driving agricultural transformation. This study investigates the socio-economic factors influencing the use and use intensity of SWC technologies among youth farmers. A cross-sectional survey was employed to gather data from 396 youth farmers selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Cragg's Double Hurdle (DH) model. The findings revealed that among 12 independent variables included in regression analysis education level, farm income, and farming experience significantly determined the choice of using SWC technologies. Additionally, access to credit, marital status, education level, farming experience, land size, technical knowledge, training participation, farm income, and land ownership had significant effects on the intensity of use. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions, such as strengthening credit access, enhancing technical training, and expanding educational opportunities to promote broader adoption and effective utilization of SWC technologies. Integrating these factors into policy and planning is essential to enhancing agricultural productivity, resilience and sustainability among youth farmers in dryland regions. Keywords: Youth farmers, Cragg's Double Hurdle model, climate variability, land use, resilience.

Land degradation presents a serious threat to sustainable soil and water resources, primarily through erosion, declining soil fertility, and extreme weather events. Addressing these challenges involves selecting appropriate Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) technologies to mitigate soil quality decline and enhance agricultural productivity. Soil and water conservation technologies have been promoted across various regions, especially in dryland areas for several decades with mixed outcomes. Despite their positive impacts, the utilization intensity of these technologies at farm level remains low. Furthermore, there is limited information on use and use intensity of the technologies among youth farmers, who are key to driving agricultural transformation. This study investigates the socio-economic factors influencing the use and use intensity of SWC technologies among youth farmers. A cross-sectional survey was employed to gather data from 396 youth farmers selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Cragg's Double Hurdle (DH) model. The findings revealed that among 12 independent variables included in regression analysis education level, farm income, and farming experience significantly determined the choice of using SWC technologies. Additionally, access to credit, marital status, education level, farming experience, land size, technical knowledge, training participation, farm income, and land ownership had significant effects on the intensity of use. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions, such as strengthening credit access, enhancing technical training, and expanding educational opportunities to promote broader adoption and effective utilization of SWC technologies. Integrating these factors into policy and planning is essential to enhancing agricultural productivity, resilience and sustainability among youth farmers in dryland regions. Keywords: Youth farmers, Cragg's Double Hurdle model, climate variability, land use, resilience.

Converting land functions from vacant land to build area could be increased surface water flow and flood. The emergence of slum settlements and land conversion along the riverbanks mark changes in the Cikapundung watershed. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between land use change and the hydrology of the Cikapundung watershed, as well as to offer land use scenarios for reducing surface water flow. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) used to assess the impacts of land use changes. It consists of several stages, namely watershed delineation, formation of a Hydrological Response Unit (HRU), climate data input, running the model, calibration, and validation. The SWAT model can predict the discharge flow with Coefficient of Determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values of 0.80 and 0.05 for the calibration phase, and R2 and NSE values of 0.79 and -0.62 for the validation process. Based on SWAT simulation results, the water balance depicts the hydrological analysis of the Cikapundung Sub-watershed, which includes rainfall of 1,518.4 mm/year, surface runoff of 542.7 mm/year, lateral flow of 265.9 mm/year, and base flow of 117,78 mm/year. The soil and water conservation (SWC) techniques such as reforestation in sub-basin 1, agroforestry in sub-basin 2 and 3, and infiltration wells in sub-basin 4, should be the effective strategy for reducing runoff in the Cikapundung sub-watershed. This scenario has the potential to reduce surface flow by 50.2 percent while increasing lateral flow by 42.5 percent and base flow by 114.3 percent.

The watershed development programme (WDP) is being implemented in India to enhance groundwater table, crop productivity, and socio-economic status. Impact assessment of WDP is essential for addressing key issues. Also, monitoring and evaluating the impact of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures undertaken in watersheds is required. The study was conducted at Kadwanchi watershed in Jalna district, Maharashtra, to evaluate SWC measures and assess various performance indicators. The SWC measures were implemented between 1996 and 2000 under the Indo-German WDP. Various SWC measures, viz., continuous contour trenches (CCTs), farm bunds (FBs), cement nalabunds (CNBs), earthen nalabunds (ENBs) and loose boulder structures (LBSs), were selected for the study. This study aims to evaluate the change in dimensions of SWC measures and to assess the impact of WDP on bio-physical indicators of the Kadwanchi watershed. Structural changes, silt deposition, and water storage at SWC measures were periodically monitored and estimated. The SWC measures implemented in the Kadwanchi watershed effectively arrested silt upstream, reducing soil erosion, as observed in pre- and post-development stages. Various performance indicators such as crop productivity index (CPI), cropland utilisation index (CLUI), crop diversification index (CDI) and induced watershed eco-index (IWEI) were studied. The values of CPI (increased by 87%), CLUI (increased by 81.81%) and CDI (increased by 65.68%) improved significantly due to the WDP. The IWEI index for all three seasons was assessed and observed to be 0.04, 0.35, and 0.41 for the kharif, rabi and summer seasons, respectively. An annual IWEI of 0.27 in the Kadwanchi watershed indicated rehabilitation of the remaining area through green vegetation. This study provides insight into the scientific impact evaluation of SWC measures undertaken through the WDP, highlighting their efficacy in enhancing biophysical indicators, promoting sustainable watershed management, and serving as a replicable model for future developmental projects.

ABSTRACTSevere soil degradation in Ethiopia often leads to unproductive wastelands in hilly areas. Consequently, a number of soil and water conservation (SWC) practices have been implemented to address this issue. Among these, the Fanya juu terrace stands out as one of the most widely adopted SWC practices in the cultivated lands of the study area. However, field data remain insufficient to assess the effects of Fanya juu terraces on soil under specific site conditions for effective land management. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the Fanya juu terrace on selected soil physicochemical properties in southern Ethiopia. Cross‐sectional data were gathered based on randomly collected soil samples from farmlands with three different conservation ages (non‐conserved, 5‐year, and 10‐year‐old Fanya juu terrace conservation) along three slope gradients. A total of 90 soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of soil, and their physical and chemical properties were determined. There were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in soil pH, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (Av.P), exchangeable potassium (K+), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) between non‐conserved farmland and older Fanya juu terraces. Non‐conserved farmland had higher sand content and bulk density compared to those with Fanya juu terraces. In contrast, clay, silt, moisture content (MC), pH, OC, TN, Av.P, K+, and CEC were higher in the 10‐year‐old Fanya juu conserved soils than in the 5‐year‐old Fanya juu terraces and non‐conserved soils. Moreover, these characteristics were higher in the lower slope classes than in the middle and upper slope classes. These results indicate that the implementation of Fanya juu terraces improves soil physicochemical properties by effectively reducing soil erosion. In addition, the beneficial effects are more significant with the increasing age of Fanya juu terraces, although this relationship is influenced by slope position.

In this study morphometric analysis of eight watersheds of the Kandi region of Punjab, India was done using remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS). On the basis of the morphometric analysis, prioritizations of the watersheds for the application of soil and water conservation (SWC) measures and preparation of watershed plan was carried out. The study included computation of linear parameters (stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio etc.), areal parameters (drainage density, stream frequency, texture ratio, length of overland flow etc.), shape parameters (form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio etc.) and relief parameters (relief, relief ratio, ruggedness number etc.). The other watershed parameters like relative perimeter (P ), rel Mean basin width (W ), Fitness ratio (R ), Lemniscate ratio (K), Hypsometric integral mb f (HI), RHO coefficient (ρ), Drainage intensity (D ), Drainage texture (D ), Infiltration i t number (I ) and Melton ruggedness number (M ) were estimated for the assessment of n Rn the soil erosion in the watersheds. The Simbal Mazara, Lalpur, Ballowal Saunkhari, Dohali and Fatepur watersheds are having fifth order stream network. The priority rank for each watershed was assigned using compound factor value. The results of this analysis illustrated that Lalpur watershed has lowest compound parameter value so it is subjected to more erosion hence first priority is given to this watershed for the application of appropriate SWC measures for its development and management. Then Sahungra, Rakran Dahan and Dobhali watersheds needs immediate attention for the application of the SWC measures because Sahungra watershed was given second and Rakran Dahan and Dobhali watersheds were given third priority for its development and management.

Watershed prioritization involves the identification of critical areas that are vulnerable to soil erosion and produce higher sediment yield. These areas need conservation activities on a priority basis. The soil erosion and subsequent yield from different watershed areas depend on multiple factors, so the selection of watershed based on a single factor may have the potential risk of wrong selection. The multi-criteria decision support-based analytical hierarchical process can be used conveniently for prioritization of watershed, where erosion process relies on various interdependent and spatially distributed factors. For prioritization, Bhopal Lake catchment was divided into twentyfour sub-watersheds (SW-1 to SW-24) and ten erosion hazard parameters (EHPs) were analysed for all sub-watersheds, which were used as inputs in a decision support system for the identification of erosion-prone areas. Based on susceptibility to erosion and sediment yield, the sub-watersheds were classified into five priority categories: very high, high, medium, low, and very low for the conservation and management of subwatersheds. The sub-watersheds SW-19 and SW-24 have been characterized as a very high erosion area covering about 26 km2 area, which is 7% of the total study area where immediate implementation for soil and water conservation (SWC) measures are required.

The soil and water conservation (SWC) interventions could be more cost effective if they are implemented in participatory mode. To understand which SWC interventions are adopted and maintained by farmers themselves is crucial for improving the watershed management programme. Therefore, to understand the post adoption behaviour (continued- adoption. discontinuance, diffusion and infusion) of farmers' regarding different adopted SWC interventions, a field survey study was conducted during 2013 at Salaiyur watershed programme, which concluded in 2003. The results showed that Technology Continue Adoption Indices (TCAIs) of engineering measures like field bunding, check dam, were found more than 62.5%. However, TCAIs of agronomical interventions were ranged from 50 to 93.3%. The same for vegetative barrier and improved crop varieties was 50.0 and 93.8%, respectively. Extent continued adoption, dis-adoption and diffusion of SWC technologies were 79.6, 20.3, and 13.0%, respectively. This showed moderate to high adoption level by farmers concerning different SWC interventions in the Salaiyur watershed. We found that personal, socio-economic, education and psychological factors were key reasons for continued-adoption of interventions.

The Western Vidarbha zone of Maharashtra has an average annual rainfall of around 800 mm with 84% of the rainfall during south-west monsoon and the mean annual rainfall varies spatially from 732 mm to 1273 mm in different sub-districts. Normally, in these areas dry spells are experienced during July, August and September which coincides with the vegetative or reproductive stages of major rainfed crops and it results in the reduction of crop yield drastically. In-situ moisture conservation measures are followed in these areas to conserve the moisture in the soil and to increase the crop productivity. In addition to this, providing one or two supplemental irrigation to these rainfed crops during critical growth stages or prolonged dry spells can increase the crop yield considerably. In order to make the Western Vidarbha zone of Maharashtra more resilient to the impact of climate change, suitable in-situ moisture conservation measures and rainwater harvesting / groundwater recharge structures were planned using a novel and robust approach with geospatial techniques. Among the selected in-situ soil and water conservation (SWC) interventions, conservation furrow and contour cultivation are very suitable for all the districts followed by broad bed furrow (BBF) and ridge and furrow systems. Out of the total area, conservation furrow is found suitable for 51.5% of the area and contour cultivation for 22.5% area. Also, adoption of suitable water harvesting structures like percolation tanks, farm ponds and check dams are also very essential for the sustainable water management for climate resilient agriculture in Western Vidarbha zone of Maharashtra.

Knowledge of climate change causes and adaptation practices is crucial for tackling challenges posed by climate change. This study intended to generate information for different stakeholders to understand and facilitate climate change and its related adaptation management in semi-arid region, Agra, India. We collected household-level data from 120 farming households using a well-structured interview schedule, and data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that the majority of respondents were aware of climate change indicators such as rise in temperature, rainfall, frequency of hot days and cold nights, wind velocity, etc. Less than half of respondents realised that climate change is mainly due to human-beings activities. The majority of respondents reported soil and water conservation (SWC) measures as the most effective adaptation strategy. Similarly, watershed management and change in cropping patterns were reported by 75% of respondents for mitigating effects of climate change. Majority of the respondents had moderate and poor knowledge of climate change causes and adaptation strategies, therefore they have not adopted climate-resilient practices like zero tillage, crop rotation practices and stress-tolerant varieties, etc. For long-term solution to minimise adverse impact of climate change in agriculture, it is essential to have sustainable adaptation strategies in agriculture. This study provides valuable information for different stakeholders in facilitating climate change-related adaptation at the regional level in India.