Programming Research Articles

Bioinformatics-based Analysis of the Variability of MPOX Virus Proteins

Background: Previously restricted to remote areas of Central and Western Africa, the MPOX virus-based disease, also known as monkeypox, has now spread to more than 90 countries and has become endemic. As a consequence, the MPOX virus has become a global public health concern. Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a computational-multiparametric study (at the genomic and proteomic levels) of the biological sequences that express the MPOX virus envelopes in order to fathom the physicochemical regularities of these proteins. Methods: Using computer programs, we determined the polarity index method (PIM) profile and protein intrinsic disorder predisposition (PIDP) for each studied protein. Results: The UniProt database was able to identify sequences similar to those of the MPOX virus expressed thanks to the computational regularities found in the virus' envelope sequences. Conclusion: The polarity index method and protein intrinsic disorder predisposition profiles could aid in elucidating the sequence-level structural regularities of the MPOX virus envelopes.

The Relationship Between eSRTs and Upper Stimulation Levels in a Large Cohort of Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients.

To compare electrically evoked stapedial reflex thresholds (eSRTs) measured at 1 month post-activation to upper stimulation levels used for programming adult cochlear implant (CI) recipients over time in a large clinical population. Review of prospectively collected clinical database. Large CI program at an academic medical center. Postlingually deafened adult CI recipients (n = 439). eSRTs recorded in the medical record and upper stimulation levels derived from the programming software at 1 and 6 months post-activation. The correlation between eSRTs and upper stimulation levels was strong for all three manufacturers (r = 0.80-0.86). On average, upper stimulation levels were set 15.4 clinical levels below eSRT for Cochlear using a pulse width of 25 microseconds, 13.4 clinical levels below eSRT for Cochlear using a pulse width of 37 microseconds, 11.3 clinical units below eSRT for Advanced Bionics, and 0.1 charge unit above eSRT for MED-EL. eSRTs were found to be elicited at similar levels for different electrodes/frequencies across the array. After upper stimulation levels were set based on eSRT at 1 month post-activation, there was no significant change in upper stimulation levels between 1 and 6 months post-activation. eSRTs and upper stimulation levels are highly correlated. Average differences between eSRTs and upper stimulation levels reported herein can be used to guide programming in the clinic. Further, when eSRTs are used to program upper stimulation levels, upper stimulation levels should be relatively similar across channels and stable over time.

Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of neutron activation source terms based on statistical sampling method

The calculation of neutron activation source terms is an essential task in the radiation of nuclear reactors, and its sensitivity and uncertainty (S&U) analysis can help better identify and control the influencing factors and safety margin of activation source terms. In this paper, we studied the statistical sampling strategies for the S&U analysis of activation source terms, established the calculation process of sensitivity coefficient and uncertainty, and the S&U analysis module based on sampling methods was integrated for the proprietary developed activation computation program ABURN. Two sampling ways, Monte Carlo and Latin hypercube sampling treatments, were employed to figure out the cases of pure decay single chain, pure activation single chain, and complex reaction network. The sensitivity coefficients and uncertainty of nuclide inventory were evaluated by taking the uncertainty of decay constant or reaction cross-section into account. The simulation results indicate that after introducing the LHS sampling method, the activation calculation program ABURN can improve computational efficiency in sensitivity and uncertainty analysis. Subsequent results demonstrated that the sensitivity coefficients and uncertainty solutions based on the sampling methods in the ABURN program were in good agreement with the analytical solutions and the FISPACT program, which verified the accuracy of the approaches and program in this paper.

Exploring Citation Patterns of Australian Research into Teachers of Gifted Students through a Focused Study of Articles Published in the Australasian Journal of Gifted Education 1992- 2024

This document analysis sought to examine the nature and scope of articles relating to teaching and giftedness published in Australia’s only gifted education journal – the Australasian Journal of Gifted Education (AJGE) from 1992 to 2024. Utilising the Publish or Perish software program to identify a corpus of related literature published in the AJGE since its inception, 43 articles were chosen as fitting the search criteria. For each article, basic descriptors are provided including the frequency of citing other research from within the AJGE. Previous research has identified limitations in Australian gifted education research but also acknowledged the small and relatively young field’s promising achievement of a level of recognition through a developing citation profile (Jolly et al., 2024). Yet this could be enhanced through a more dedicated commitment on the part of Australian researchers to cite relevant Australian research wherever possible, to ensure the continued progression of our citation profile. This study provides insight into citing patterns by AJGE authors in one topic area, in the hope that it will encourage future contributors to more frequently examine and cite local research in the field.

Molecular Docking, Pharmacophore Mapping, and Virtual Screening of Novel Glucokinase Activators as Antidiabetic Agents

Background: A pivotal impetus has led to the development of numerous small molecules to develop therapeutic strategies for type 2 diabetes. Novel heterocyclic derivatives are now available with expansive pharmacological activity designed specifically to activate Glucokinase (GK) in the body. This target is of particular significance in antidiabetic drug design since it is a newly validated target. Individuals with type 2 diabetes are unable to maintain blood glucose homeostasis due to impaired glucokinase function. The novel approach to managing type 2 diabetes relies on utilizing heterocyclic derivatives to activate the GK enzyme, also known as a metabolic enzyme. Objective: In this research endeavor, the primary objective was to improve drug delivery while minimizing adverse effects by using molecules that activate glucokinase. Methods: There are 53,000 compounds included in Maybridge's online repository, which has been subjected to rigorous scrutiny. Eight two compounds that encompass the specific oxadiazole core were selectively extracted from this extensive collection. ChemBioDraw Ultra was used for structural drawing, and AutoDock Vina 1.5.6 was used to perform docking analysis. For the online prediction of log P, the SwissADME algorithm was employed. A PKCSM software program was used to predict toxicity for leading compounds. Results: Among all of the compounds, AD80 and AD27 displayed the highest affinity for GK receptors. These compounds, by adhering to Lipinski’s Rule of Five, exhibited good absorption and excretion profiles through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Lipinski’s Rule of Five refers to physicochemical properties that favor good oral bioavailability, and these specifications are zero to five hydrogen bond donors, zero to ten hydrogen bond acceptors, molecular weight below 500, and log P no more than five. These criteria ensure that the compounds of the invention have acceptable solubility and permeability, which are vital prerequisites when given orally, to be absorbed via the gastrointestinal wall, metabolized, and found in the urine. Therefore, the chance of drug candidates exhibiting favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics is increased, enhancing their chances of being developed for oral administration. In comparison with standard drugs Dorzagliatin as a glucokinase activator (GKA) and MRK (co-crystallized ligand), these compounds exhibit no skin sensitization, AMES toxicity, or hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: The recently designed lead molecules exhibit an improved pharmacokinetic profile, enhanced binding affinity, and minimal toxicity based on the computational study, potentially making them suitable candidates for further optimization as glucokinase activators.

Changeover minimization in the production of metal parts for car seats

We tackle a capacitated lot-sizing and scheduling problem (CLSP) with the main objective of minimizing changeover time in the production of metal parts for car seats. Changeovers occur when a machine (or production line) is reconfigured to produce a different product or part, leading to production downtime and loss of efficiency. In this study, we first provide a mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulation of the problem. We test the limits of solving the problem with commercial mathematical programming software. We also propose two approaches to tackle instances found in practice for which the mathematical programming model is not a viable solution method. Both approaches are based on partitioning the entire production of a part into production runs (or work slots). In the first approach, the work slots are assigned to machines and sequenced by a metaheuristic that follows the search principles of the GRASP (greedy randomized adaptive procedure) and VNS (variable neighborhood search) methodologies. In the second approach, we develop a Hexaly Optimizer (formerly known as LocalSolver) model to assign and sequence work slots. The study provides insights into how to minimize changeovers and improve production efficiency in metal parts manufacturing for car seats. The findings of this study have practical implications for the auto-part manufacturing industry, where efficient and cost-effective production is critical to meet the demands of the market.

Perlindungan Hak Cipta Dari Tindakan Pembajakan Software di Tinjau Dari Hukum Nasional

Technological developments give birth to new creative ideas and create something that never existed before. The digital world is the main medium to make this happen. Every day more than millions of people use or log in to the internet for various purposes, from scientific research to playing interactive games in cyberspace, or from trading or e-commerce to surfing gambling sites. In this case, there is a legal instrument Law no. 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright which applies in Indonesia where one of the objects that receives copyright protection is a computer program, in this case software. With this, it can be said that the copyright regime has received new challenges after the internet, one of which is the protection of software or computer programs. However, violations of current developments are also increasingly common with the advent of the internet. Software is a computer program that is often used as an object of piracy. Software piracy has long been a serious problem. Software piracy that is often carried out is on CD media, the Internet, and often even directly from computer to computer using a data cable. As a result, Indonesia is faced with the impacts and problems of piracy which are quite significant and well known both internationally and in Indonesia itself. Regulations related to copyright through Law Number 28 of 2014 are currently considered not yet firm enough to regulate software piracy. Therefore, the problem formulation in this research that is studied is: a) What is the form of copyright protection from acts of software piracy in terms of international law b) How is the regulation of legal copyright protection for computer programs (software) according to Law Number 28 of the Year 2014 concerning Copyright and what factors constitute obstacles to its implementation. Meanwhile, the research method uses normative research, namely this research approach is based on library materials which are secondary data or also known as Library Law Research. Meanwhile, data analysis was carried out qualitatively.

Computational transformations of early childhood education: Pathways toward child‐centred computing in two educational change projects

AbstractProgramming is becoming a key subject in early education globally, with surging problems of how computer science can become a subject for children of all ages and backgrounds. Problems of implementing new technologies in the old curricula have long been noted, and lately, concern over computer science education goals is often too narrow and skills‐based without concerns for the critical educational potential. This study follows the change process of two case preschool departments implementing programming with a floor robot across a seven‐month design process. Mixed analytical techniques based on activity theory are used to examine the tensions, conflicts and development of pedagogical alternatives. The studies show the strenuous change processes involving local transformations toward a child‐centred, inclusive early computer science education and development of projects centring making, children's exploration, tinkering and play as key parts of the learning process. It discusses how the considerable change processes enabled pedagogical solutions coherent with important concepts in computer programming and how computing education can build on child‐centred pedagogies through local adaptations and age‐appropriate designs. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Computer science and programming are becoming part of early education worldwide. Less is known about how to implement computing with ever‐younger age groups, especially for those under three. That technological change can be a strenuous change process building on societal, historical and educational tensions, requiring individual learning and organisational change. What this paper adds Two cases of change designing computing education for 1–2‐ and 3–5‐year‐olds. Design processes raising critical questions about current standard childhood programming materials being resolved to enable a child‐centred computing education. Challenges and potentials specific to early childhood in adopting computer science education. Implications for practice and/or policy Computing education challenges pedagogical notions, such as the role of failure in education. Computing education can be developed for very young children. However, there are considerable critical challenges to resolve in developing a child‐centred approach. Childhood fundamentals such as play‐based pedagogy can work synergistically with computer science activities, providing educational potential, also relevant for computer science education at large.

Deciphering Codon Usage Patterns in the Mitochondrial Genome of the Oryza Species

Rice (Oryza) is a genus in the Gramineae family, which has grown widely all over the world and is a staple food source for people’s survival. The genetic information of rice has garnered significant attention in recent years, prompting numerous researchers to conduct extensive investigations in this field. But rice mitochondrial codon usage patterns have received little attention. The present study systematically analyzed the codon usage patterns and sources of variance in the mitochondrial genome sequences of five rice species by the CodonW and R software programs. Our results revealed that the GC content of codons in rice mitochondrial genome genes was determined to be 43.60%. Notably, the individual codon positions exhibited distinct GC contents: 48.00% for position 1, 42.65% for position 2, and 40.16% for position 3. These findings suggest the preference of the rice mitochondrial genome for codons ending in A or U. A weak codon bias was observed, with the effective number of codons (ENC) varying between 40.02 and 61.00, with an average value of 54.34. Subsequently, we identified 25 identical high-frequency codons in five rice mitochondrial genomes, with 11 codons ending in A and 12 codons ending in U. The regression lines in the neutrality plot exhibited slopes of less than 0.5 in five rice species, indicating a predominant role of natural selection, while mutation pressure remained relatively insignificant. In the PR2-plot analysis, most of the genes were located in the right half of the plot, indicating that the third base of the synonymous codon was preferred to end in G than C. Additionally, the ENC plot and ENC ratio analysis unveiled that codon preferences in the rice mitochondrial genome were predominantly influenced by natural selection rather than mutational pressure. The analysis of correspondence revealed distinct variations in the codon usage pattern across five rice mitochondrial genomes. Based on the RSCU values of species, a cluster tree was inconsistent with the mitochondrial genetic data, indicating that RSCU data could not be used as a basis for classification at the species level in the Oryza genus. These results will help decide the specific types of natural selection pressures influencing codon usage and improve the expression of exogenous genes in rice mitochondrial genomes by optimizing their codons.

Determination of the Surgical Landmarks for the Anterior and Middle Cranial Fossa in Dry Skulls With the Photography System, Cadavers and 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography

The present paper was designed to analyze the dimensions of such important bony structures and surgical landmarks, which are used by many clinicians in many surgical interventions, in dry skull, cadaver, and healthy subjects on computed tomography (CT) images, and to determine whether there is a significant difference between these methods, and to obtain reference values from 3 different methods. Eight cadavers and 16 dry skulls and 100 three-dimensional (3D) CT images were studied. Necessary permissions for the study were obtained from Ethics Comittee. The 16 parameters were measured with an electronic digital caliper accurate 0.01 mm (LCD Digital Vernier Dial Microcaliper (INCA, DCLA-0605, 0.6–150 mm, USA). Also, the images obtained were transferred to the 3D Slicer (version 5.6.2) software program. Eight cadavers and 16 dry skulls of Turkish adults were unknown age and sex, whereas the mean age of females and males on CT images were 31.63±11.23 and 33.70±13.34 years, respectively. All values of the surgical landmarks for the anterior and middle cranial fossa obtained from cadavers, dry skulls, and 3D CT subjects (except length of lesser wing, anterior clinoid lengths for 2 sides, and width for right side) were statistically significant between 3 groups (P<0.05). This paper was conducted for the morphometric analysis of the specific regions of the anterior cranial fossa (ACF), and middle cranial fossa (MCF), which are used in neurosurgical procedures This detailed anatomic and radiologic reference values will be an extremely important source in the planning of both clinical and surgical approaches for neurosurgeon, anatomist, and radiologists.

Ecological conditions of vineyards and the polymorphism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains as a prerequisite of terroir identification

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess whether the ecological conditions for vineyards and the phylogenetic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeast strains isolated from several locations in the Odesa and Mykolayiv regions could be used for terroir identification. Methods. The study employed microbiological, analytical, expedition, cartographic, and comparative assessment methods. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the MEGA software program, and VIN-CAD-UKR software was used for the vineyard cadastre and the ampelecological characteristics data management. Results. The study highlighted differences in the ecological conditions of vineyards in the Odesa and Mykolayiv regions and within the Tairovo and Izmail territorial communities in the Odesa region, focusing on soil and microclimatic characteristics. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated in 2012 and 2013, years with varying weather conditions in temperature and precipitation, were primarily clustered by the year of isolation. Two notable exceptions included a strain isolated from the Isabela variety belonging to a hybrid group (direct producer, contrary to other varieties, which mainly represent Vitis vinifera or its hybrids with Vitis riparia, Vitis amurensis, Vitis berlandieri) and a strain isolated from the Odesa Black variety inoculated at the beginning of fermentation with a commercial strain of wine yeast. The 2013 isolates, collected under conditions of higher precipitation and lower temperature in the first half of the growing season, showed a more differentiated clustering pattern, with two strains isolated from the Sukholymansky White variety forming a distinct cluster, while the rest grouped together, irrespective of the region, formed of isolation. Conclusions. Phylogenetic analysis of 64 strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from 36 technical grape varieties based on the ITS1_5.8S_ITS2 nucleotide sequence demonstrated that the year of isolation (reflecting agroclimatic factors) was the primary influence on sample clustering. These factors, as components of the ecological conditions of terroir, form the foundation for terroir identification.

The role of educators in facilitating students’ self-assessment in learning computer programming concepts: addressing students’ challenges and enhancing learning

The role of educators in facilitating students’ self-assessment in learning computer programming concepts: addressing students’ challenges and enhancing learning

Analysis of the influence of thermal insulation parameters on the effectiveness of enclosing structures and building heating systems

The results of thermal engineering calculations of external multilayer enclosing structures of buildings and the thermal power of the heating system of residential buildings are presented, including calculations of temperature fields and partial pressures of water vapor at various parameters of structural layers and thermal insulation layers. Variants are considered and an assessment is given of the variation of parameters and the different location of thermal insulation in external multilayer fences for changes in temperature fields and partial pressures of water vapor in the fence, as well as for changes in the thermal power of the heating system of the building premises for two climatological design areas. The calculations were performed according to the methodology presented below using a specially developed computer program.

Analyzing the Impact of Multiple Foundation Stiffness Correlation on the Natural Frequency of Offshore wind turbines

The analysis of wind turbine behavior should avoid unplanned resonance, as it can increase fatigue damage. It is essential to rigorously evaluate the natural frequency of wind turbines in the initial design stage. This estimation can be done through two steps, the first one is the computing of the fixed base natural frequency of the wind turbine. The second is the estimation of the foundation stiffness effect. This paper examines the error margin of four correlations of foundation stiffness namely Randolph, Davies and Budhu, DNV, and Higgins in the estimation of the natural frequency of wind turbines. The fixed base natural frequency was estimated in this paper using a special-purpose finite element computer program called TurbiSoft through beam and volume elements. A reference 5.0 MW offshore wind turbine and 9 other turbines from different wind farms have been analyzed. For the fixed base natural frequency, obtained results demonstrate the reliability of the finite element program TurbiSoft through an error margin between 1-4% for the reference 5.0 MW offshore wind turbine. For the natural frequency of the whole system, the estimated error marking was between 9-20% which is an important value.This significant error is attributed to the low accuracy of these four correlation formulas for predicting the foundation flexibility contribution. The results from the four correlation formulas used are quite similar, with a difference in the error margin of less than 1%. However, the largest error margins are observed with the Higgins formula, which has been originally developed for short monopiles, even though the analyzed monopiles can be considered short, with monopile slenderness ratios less than 8.

Empirical versus estimated accuracy of imputation: optimising filtering thresholds for sequence imputation.

Genotype imputation is a cost-effective method for obtaining sequence genotypes for downstream analyses such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, low imputation accuracy can increase the risk of false positives, so it is important to pre-filter data or at least assess the potential limitations due to imputation accuracy. In this study, we benchmarked three different imputation programs (Beagle 5.2, Minimac4 and IMPUTE5) and compared the empirical accuracy of imputation with the software estimated accuracy of imputation (Rsqsoft). We also tested the accuracy of imputation in cattle for autosomal and X chromosomes, SNP and INDEL, when imputing from either low-density or high-density genotypes. The accuracy of imputing sequence variants from real high-density genotypes was higher than from low-density genotypes. In our software benchmark, all programs performed well with only minor differences in accuracy. While there was a close relationship between empirical imputation accuracy and the imputation Rsqsoft, this differed considerably for Minimac4 compared to Beagle 5.2 and IMPUTE5. We found that the Rsqsoft threshold for removing poorly imputed variants must be customised according to the software and this should be accounted for when merging data from multiple studies, such as in meta-GWAS studies. We also found that imposing an Rsqsoft filter has a positive impact on genomic regions with poor imputation accuracy due to large segmental duplications that are susceptible to error-prone alignment. Overall, our results showed that on average the imputation accuracy for INDEL was approximately 6% lower than SNP for all software programs. Importantly, the imputation accuracy for the non-PAR (non-Pseudo-Autosomal Region) of the X chromosome was comparable to autosomal imputation accuracy, while for the PAR it was substantially lower, particularly when starting from low-density genotypes. This study provides an empirically derived approach to apply customised software-specific Rsqsoft thresholds for downstream analyses of imputed variants, such as needed for a meta-GWAS. The very poor empirical imputation accuracy for variants on the PAR when starting from low density genotypes demonstrates that this region should be imputed starting from a higher density of real genotypes.

Bibliometric Analysis Examining Triage and Digital Triage Results in Emergency Departments

New technologies developed for triage systems can have positive effects on health care professionals. The research was conducted to identify and visualize the studies conducted between 2001 and 2024 on triage and digital triage systems in emergency departments and reveals global trends on this subject. The data were obtained from the "Web of Science Core Collection" database on February 8th, 2024. Performance analysis, scientific mapping, and bibliometric analyses were performed using the VOSviewer (1.6.15) software program. Data from 236 publications were analyzed in the study. The most publications were by Alcock J (n= 3), the most publications by country were published in the USA (n= 114), Harvard University (n= 19) was the institution that published the most, the United States Department of Health Human Services (n= 25) supported publications among the funding institutions, and the most publications were published in the Emergency Medicinal Journal (n=8). The results obtained from the study reveal the triage and digital triage systems used in emergency services, provide a general perspective on the subject, and guide future research on this subject.

Mixed Finite Element Formulation in Nonlinear Geometrical Analysis of Space Trusses and Application to Trusses With Member Length Imperfection

Abstract Space trusses usually have a significant number of elements. As a result, it is inevitable that some elements have imperfections. In this study, the authors proposed a mixed finite element method for nonlinear geometrical analysis of space trusses. The post-buckling behavior of space trusses with length imperfections was predicted using a code list written in the programming software. The numerical results indicate that when the length imperfection approaches zero, the results converge to those obtained in studies on standard trusses. A second approach based on the displacement model is also proposed, in which the Lagrange multiplier method is used to deal with the member length imperfection. The results show that the two approaches proposed by the authors are effective, in which the mix formulation based on the finite element model is superior to that based on the displacement model. These results verify the accuracy of the method. Based on the proposed method, the effects of imperfections in the element layers on the truss were studied. The results show that the imperfections in the top two element layers have the maximum influence on the limit load value, whereas the remaining layers have a negligible influence. The combination of the imperfect lengths of these two layers of elements can produce results in which the limit load value is much larger than in the case of a perfect system. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to provide a solution for improving the overall stability of truss structures by creating reasonable imperfections.

Cattaneo‐Christov model for cross nanofluid with Soret and Dufour effects under endothermic/exothermic reactions: a modified Buongiorno tetra‐hybrid nanofluid approach

AbstractThe previous researchers used a slightly different version of the Buongiorno hybrid nanofluid (BHNF) concept. In the existing research, there is not a single effort that was undertaken to explore the effect that tetra hybrid nanoparticles (tethnf) implanted with the BHNF model have on liquid movement that is then exposed to an elastic sheet. This endeavor focuses on researching the implication of a modified Buongiorno tetra hybrid cross nanofluid concept on magnetized radiative cross nanofluid transport, along with impacts such as Cattaneo–Christov heat flux and Cattaneo–Christov mass flux, variable thermal conductivity, diffusion‐thermo and thermo‐diffusion effects, and endothermic/exothermic type chain reactions. This approach integrates both Buongiorno and tethnf. By inserting similar variables, the controlling model partial differential equations have been transformed into dimensionless Ordinary differential equations. These equations are then treated computationally with the help of the Lobatto III A technique. The MATLAB computer program is used to produce simulation solutions, as well as the findings, which are displayed in the form of graphs and tables. Based on the results that have been gathered, it was discovered that the speed of heat delivery increases when there is an increase in the speed of an endothermic reaction. When the Dufour and thermal relaxation factors are increased, the speed at which heat is transmitted also increases. The fluid viscosity becomes more pronounced as a result of an increase in the viscosity index n, the Weissenberg number We, and the magnetic field M, all of which contribute to a reduction in the velocity distribution. A progressive change in the radiation parameters Rd, Dufour effect, and thermal conductivity which magnifies Nusselt number causes an increase in the heat delivery rate, which in turn amplifies Nusselt number.

DSL‐Driven Approaches and Metamodels for Chatbot Development: A Systematic Literature Review

ABSTRACTChatbots have emerged as ubiquitous tools for enhancing user interaction across various platforms, from customer service to personal assistance. They are computer programs that simulate and process human conversation, either written, spoken or both. However, developing efficient chatbots remains a challenge, primarily due to the intricate nature of critical components of chatbots like natural language understanding (NLU) requiring a subscription from intent recognition providers like Dialogflow and Amazon Lex. This makes chatbots closely linked to NLP services and can be locked in. Recently, various research studies have provided solutions to reduce the workload of developers and designers. These approaches have proposed model‐driven development via domain‐specific languages (DSLs), which make the chatbot development process more accessible and more automated. This advancement aims to enhance effectiveness in chatbot development by leveraging DSLs. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of DSLs for developing chatbots, with the first contribution comprising various research topics, tools, approaches, and technologies employed to implement DSLs. Second, this work aims to assess and contrast the primary DSLs currently available for chatbot development, focusing on presenting the key elements used in constructing these DSLs. Third, this study identifies the challenges and limitations of using DSLs in chatbot development.

Leveraging Virtual Containers for High-Powered, Collaborative AI Research in Radiology

Abstract Numerous obstacles confront radiologists interested in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) models within the field of radiology. For example, discrepancies between the radiologist's and an AI developer's hardware and software specifications pose a substantial hindrance to using AI models. Additionally, accessing and using GPU computers can lead to compatibility issues and add to these challenges. Finally, the dissemination of AI models and the ability to download preexisting AI models are not simple tasks due to the size and complexity of most programs. Virtual containers offer a solution to such compatibility issues and provide a simplified way for radiologists to use AI models. Virtual containers are software tools that bundle code, required programs, and necessary software packages to ensure that a program runs identically for all users, regardless of their computing environment. This article outlines the features of virtual containers (compatibility, versatility, and portability) and highlights an applied use case for virtual containers in the development of an AI model.