Abstract Advances in computing and machine learning methods have led to a rapid rise in artificial intelligence (AI) research and applications in many fields. AI research benefitted from advances in computation hardware, collection and distribution of large data sets, and proliferation of software techniques. AI techniques include machine learning for provable results, deep learning for data exploration, reinforcement learning for control, and active learning for adaptive systems. Likewise, AI algorithms can handle large amounts of data, construct unknown representations, and provide a direct link between data and classification for decision making. These unmatched capabilities have been seen as a path to solving hard engineering problems, including that of structural health monitoring (SHM). SHM consists of automating the condition assessment task of civil, health, mechanical, and aerospace systems using measurements obtained from temporary or permanently installed sensors. Often, the systems of interest are geometrically large and/or technically complex, which complicates the development and application of physics-based methods. It follows that AI is seen as a key potential contributor enabling SHM in field applications for data-driven analysis. As with many research endeavors, many concepts using AI for SHM have been explored in the literature. Nevertheless, very few AI methods have been deployed in the context of SHM, which may be due to the lack of available data supporting their capabilities, limited integrated AI-SHM systems capable of providing results to users and operators with decision-making capabilities, or certification of AI methods for safety-critical applications. The objective of this Roadmap publication is to discuss the integration of AI at the system level enabling SHM, including associated challenges and opportunities such as those found in common metrics of concern (e.g., transparency, interpretability, explainability, security, certifiability, etc.), with a particular focus on providing a path to research and development efforts that could yield impactful field applications. The overview of available methods and directions will provide the readers with applicability of AI for certain SHM designs (software), availability of common data sets for further AI comparisons (data), and lessons learned in implementation (hardware).

Validation of a novel implant-retained fiducial marker system for digital scan alignment in the edentulous mandible: An accuracy study.

The growing demand for continuous physiological monitoring and human-machine interaction in realworld settings calls for wearable platforms that are flexible, low-power, and capable of on-device intelligence. This work presents BioGAP-Ultra, an advanced multimodal biosensing platform that supports synchronized acquisition of diverse electrophysiological and hemodynamic signals such as EEG, EMG, ECG, and PPG while enabling embedded AI processing at state-of-the-art energy efficiency. BioGAP-Ultra is a major extension of our previous BioGAP design aimed at meeting the rapidly growing requirements of wearable biosensing applications. It features (i) increased on-device storage (×2 SRAM, ×4 FLASH), (ii) improved wireless connectivity (supporting up to 1.4 Mbit/s bandwidth, ×4 higher than BioGAP), (iii) enhanced number of signal modalities (from 3 to 5) and analog input channels (×2). Further, it is accompanied by a real-time visualization and analysis software suite that supports the hardware design, providing access to raw data and real-time configurability on a mobile phone. Finally, we demonstrate the system's versatility through integration into various wearable form factors: an EEG-PPG headband consuming 32.8 mW, an EMG sleeve at 26.7 mW, and an ECG-PPG chestband requiring only 9.3 mW for continuous acquisition and streaming, tailored for diverse biosignal applications. To showcase its edge-AI capabilities, we further deploy two representative on device applications: (1) ECG-PPG-based PAT estimation at 8.6 mW, and (2) EMG-ACC-based classification of reach-and grasp motion phases, achieving 79.9 % ± 5.7 % accuracy at 23.6 mW. All hardware and software design files are also released open-source with a permissive license.

Transforming Financial Systems: How Modern Platform Architecture Enables Economic Access and Trust

This study investigates the integration of 3D laser scanning technology in the retrofitting of Ballast Water Treatment Systems (BWTS) on existing commercial vessels, addressing the global challenge of invasive aquatic species. The methodology combines a bibliometric analysis of keywords—indicating recent trends and knowledge gaps, a feasibility study, and detailed engineering design with on-site supervision. A case study is presented on a crude oil tanker, employing a multi-station 3D scanning strategy across the engine and pump rooms—performed using 63 and 45 scan positions, respectively. These data were processed with removal filters and integrated into specialized CAD software for detailed piping design. The implementation of high-fidelity point clouds served as the digital foundation for modeling the vessel’s existing piping infrastructure and retrofitting with the installation of an electrolysis-based BWTS. Results confirm that 3D scanning enables precise spatial analysis, minimizes retrofitting errors, reduces installation time, and ensures regulatory compliance with the IMO Ballast Water Management Convention. By digitally capturing complex onboard environments, the approach enhances accuracy, safety, and cost-effectiveness in maritime engineering projects. This work underscores the transition toward point cloud-based digital twins as a standard for sustainable and efficient ship conversions in the global shipping industry.

The recent U.S. Senate hearing on child safety failures in major social media platforms, gender bias in Amazon’s recruitment algorithms, and privacy lawsuits against Google over vague location tracking illustrate how software can neglect human values with societal and economic consequences. Addressing such oversights requires understanding how design choices impact values. GitHub Issues provide a key venue where these choices are documented: through feature requests, improvements, and bug reports, they capture both technical complexities and the tradeoffs reflecting stakeholders’ beliefs. They thus offer insights into how values such as privacy, fairness, and inclusivity influence and are shaped by software design. Yet inferring value alignments, often implied rather than explicit, demands complex reasoning beyond keyword searches and cannot be done manually at scale. In this paper, we use a Large Language Model (LLM) to infer (detect and explain) the alignment of GitHub Issues with human values across three open-source projects, and evaluate the accuracy of the findings through human evaluation.

Influence of residual ridge morphology and manufacturing methods on the trueness of digitally fabricated denture bases of the mandible.

The rapid integration of remote piloted machines (RPMs), particularly armed drones and autonomous or semi-autonomous weapon systems, into contemporary armed conflict has profoundly altered the modalities of targeting and the attribution of responsibility for unlawful harm. While much scholarly debate has focused on remoteness, the physical and geographical distance between the operator and the battlefield, this article argues that the more critical legal and ethical challenge lies in depersonalization of lethal decision-making. Depersonalization, rather than mere remoteness, facilitates cognitive distancing, diffusion of responsibility, and normalization of unlawful targeting practices, thereby complicating the accrual of individual and state liability under international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law (ICL). Drawing on the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack, the study interrogates how RPM-enabled warfare risks transforming human targets into abstract data points, algorithmic profiles, or pattern-of-life signatures. This process undermines the subjective and objective elements required to establish mens rea for war crimes, while simultaneously enabling institutional structures that obscure causal chains between decision, execution, and harm. The article examines the allocation of liability across multiple actors, including remote pilots, intelligence analysts, military commanders, software designers, and states, arguing that depersonalization increases the likelihood of responsibility gaps rather than absolving accountability. The article further contends that existing IHL and ICL frameworks are normatively sufficient but operationally strained by RPM-mediated depersonalization. It proposes a reconceptualization of accrual liability that emphasizes functional control, decision-making authority, and epistemic responsibility over physical proximity to the battlefield. By shifting analytical focus from remoteness to depersonalization, the article contributes to contemporary debates on accountability in technologically mediated warfare and advances a more coherent legal approach to unlawful targeting in the age of remote and autonomous military systems.

Genu valgum is a known risk factor for recurrent patellar instability, and surgical correction of deformity can be utilized as part of the management strategy to improve tracking and optimize outcomes. Tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance is a widely used objective measurement of the lateral quadriceps force vector in patients with patellar instability. The evidence documenting the effect of lateral opening wedge distal femoral osteotomy (LOWDFO) and medial closing wedge high tibial osteotomy (MCWHTO) on TT-TG is limited, with minimal data directly comparing the biomechanical implications of one versus the other. The purpose of this study was to directly compare LOWDFO and MCWHTO using a computer model to determine the effect of each osteotomy on TT-TG distance. It was hypothesized that LOWDFO would have a greater effect on TT-TG distance, given the position farther away from the tibial tubercle. Descriptive laboratory study. A total of 22 knees from 21 patients with patellar instability and valgus malalignment were processed using 3D Slicer (Version 5.4.0) to convert their respective DICOM images into .stl mesh files to be used with Fusion (Autodesk; Version 2601.1.37) computer-aided design software. LOWDFOs and MCWHTOs were then simulated from 0° to 12° in 2° increments. TT-TG distance was then measured after each osteotomy. The mean native TT-TG distance for patients included in this cohort was 15.97 mm. TT-TG distance decreased by a mean of 1.83 mm for every 2° in the LOWDFO group and 0.46 mm for every 2° in the MCWHTO group, with all comparisons meeting statistical significance (P < .001). LOWDFO demonstrated the following incremental TT-TG changes for a 2° to 12° coronal plane correction: 1.81 mm, 3.63 mm, 5.46 mm, 7.31 mm, 9.18 mm, and 10.96 mm. In comparison, MCWHTO demonstrated the following TT-TG changes for the same degrees of coronal correction: 0.52 mm, 1.03 mm, 1.53 mm, 2.00 mm, 2.45 mm, and 2.80 mm (P < .001). LOWDFO results in a significantly larger magnitude of change in the TT-TG compared with MCWHTO, with distal femoral osteotomy at almost a 1:1 change with TT-TG compared with the correction angle, and high tibial osteotomy about 1:4. The LOWDFO may be a more effective procedure in reducing the TT-TG distance, which is important when addressing patellar instability in patients with valgus malalignment.

ABSTRACT Over the past few years, several prosthetic solutions have been produced using Additive Manufacturing (AM). e-NABLE community has been developing these devices, which, despite low cost, are often uncomfortable, less functional and aesthetically unpleasing. This study aimed to develop a functional and anthropomorphic body-powered transhumeral device by redesigning an e-NABLE prosthesis, combining rigid and flexible materials. The process involved analyzing a clinical case of an 8-year-old girl with a transhumeral malformation, assessing her needs and anatomy through measurements and 3D scanning. Testimonies from children with similar conditions and healthcare professionals were also gathered. In the design stage, multiple prototypes were created using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software and 3D printing, and then tested for performance and resistance. Additionally, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed to study the device’s behavior, while an ongoing study focused on identifying optimal materials. The final prosthesis weighs 400 g, balancing affordability, comfort, aesthetics and functionality, despite some limitations. The terminal device fully closes, requiring between 85.3 N and 163.2 N of force, powered by the amputee’s shoulder movements. It performs shoulder internal/external rotation, elbow flexion/extension and forearm supination/pronation. While it can support a maximum load of at least 0.9 kg, maintaining a grip remains a challenge.

Digital fabrication of obturators with immediate optimized facial support for extensive maxillectomy using the existing maxillary contour.

This research develops an automation control system and interface for traditional angklung musical instruments based on ESP32 and Arduino Mega 2560 microcontrollers. The system integrates solenoid actuators, L298N motor drivers, a 3.5" TFT LCD touch screen (SPI+CTP), and UART serial communication to translate user input into mechanical movements of the angklung. The software design includes note notation modeling and tempo settings so that each beat is mapped to the appropriate signal duration. Testing includes touch accuracy, ESP32–Arduino communication latency and synchronization, and solenoid response to commands, with measurements using song samples and structured notation. The results show that the touchscreen accurately maps inputs, serial communication is stable with synchronization signals, and the solenoid can play notes according to tempo and beats. The system is proven to be modular, easy to maintain, and uses common components, facilitating repairs and further development. This implementation facilitates the playing of the angklung without the need for a live player and serves as a modern practical learning medium.

This article examines the significant demographic changes that European countries are experiencing due to population aging, which is considered one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. The study focuses on the dual nature of this phenomenon: the adverse effects that aging populations have on public budgets and healthcare systems, and the potential of the rapid growth of the “silver economy,” an economic sector linked to the needs and consumption behaviors of older adults. The primary objective is to analyze the role of digital competence and trust in technology in the implementation of e-health services, which are adapted to seniors’ needs. The research area encompasses digital inclusion, barriers to technology adoption among older adults, and the impact of digital health solutions on their quality of life and well-being. Using the Digital Competence framework, the article analyses dimensions of digital competence. It identifies both systemic and individual obstacles that hinder the implementation and use of e-health services among seniors. Based on this analysis, the article offers recommendations for creating sustainable, accessible and user-friendly digital health platforms. It emphasizes the importance of integrating digital education, systemic support, and inclusive software design, which can better meet the specific needs of the aging population. This comprehensive approach aims to support seniors’ active participation in the digital society and ensure the long-term sustainability.

Relevance. One of the important issues in modern dentistry is the high prevalence of hard dental tissue defects among the population, which may result from both carious and non-carious lesions. The aim of the study is to improve the effectiveness of prosthetic treatment in patients with hard dental tissue defects using aesthetic fixed prostheses by refining tooth preparation techniques and analyzing the state of local oral cav-ity immunity. Materials and methods. To justify the proposed treatment and diagnostic methods, we divided the patients into the following groups. Group 1 – patients with aesthetic defects of hard dental tissues who, during prosthetic treatment, were provided with metal-free restorations made using generally accepted fabri-cation techniques based on zirconium dioxide and pressed ceramics. Group 2 – patients with aesthetic de-fects of hard dental tissues who underwent examination and prosthetic treatment with metal-free restorations made of zirconium dioxide and pressed ceramics using the proposed techniques. Group 3 – patients with aesthetic defects of hard dental tissues who received metal-ceramic restorations during prosthetic treatment. During the study, standard clinical examination methods were used. Local immunity was assessed immu-nologically by measuring cytokine levels in oral fluid using the enzyme immunoassay method on a Stat Fax 303 Plus analyzer (USA). For the fabrication of modern aesthetic metal-free dental prostheses, digital tools such as ExoCAD and Digital Smile Design (DSD), along with the Mock-Up and Wax-Up techniques, were applied. Variational-statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and Statistica 10.0 soft-ware. Results and discussion. A method and algorithm for differentiated preparation of patients’ hard den-tal tissues for the fabrication of veneers and metal-free crowns have been proposed, tailored to the clinical situation, including tooth position, color, and vitality. The developed techniques are based on planning the preparation at the diagnostic stage and controlling preparation thickness with digital technologies, allowing precise adaptation for patients with varying clinical conditions during the fabrication of metal-free aesthetic fixed prostheses. Using this method, intraoral scanning was performed, followed by prosthetic design plan-ning in ExoCAD and Digital Smile Design software. To study the effectiveness of orthopedic treatment, we conducted detailed analysis of the levels of IL-1β and IL-4 in the oral fluid of patients in three groups. During the treatment of patients with prosthetic constructions, an increase in IL-1β levels in the oral fluid was ob-served in all study groups by the end of the first month of follow-up. By the end of the third month, the mean values of this cytokine in the oral fluid approached the baseline levels, except for the patients in the third group. Average values of IL-1β in the oral fluid decreased in all three study groups by the end of the sixth month of follow-up, and after one year the indicators remained unchanged in all examined patient groups. When examining IL-4 levels in the oral fluid, a significant increase was observed in all patient groups by the end of the first month of follow-up. While in the examined patients of the third group this indicator returned to baseline values by the third month of follow-up, in patients of the first and second groups it remained consis-tently elevated. It should be noted that the highest mean values of the anti-inflammatory IL-4 in the oral fluid were observed in patients of groups 1 and 2 and were maintained throughout the entire follow-up period. In particular, by the end of the year, the values of this cytokine were significantly higher by 1.11–1.12 times compared to the indicators of the third group. To substantiate the positive effect of the proposed methods of individualized tooth hard-tissue preparation on the condition of the marginal periodontium and local oral im-munity, clinical examples of patients are presented. A comparison was made between the condition of local oral immunity, in particular cytokine levels, in patients with metal-free and metal-ceramic prosthetic construc-tions. Conclusions. We have proposed the development of an individualized tooth hard-tissue preparation plan based on dental arch scanning for the manufacturing of metal-free aesthetic dental prostheses. The use of aesthetic fixed prostheses based on zirconium dioxide and metal-free ceramics has a positive effect on lo-cal oral immunity, significantly reducing IL-1β and increasing IL-4, thereby promoting faster healing of the gingival mucosa after tooth hard-tissue preparation and limiting the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues in the long term after prosthetic treatment.

Background: Climate change is one of the most pressing global issues, affecting ecosystems, economies, and communities worldwide. As global temperatures rise and weather conditions become increasingly unpredictable, the need for decisive action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is more urgent than ever. Both businesses and governments recognize the importance of transitioning to a low-carbon economy to ensure sustainable development and the rational use of natural resources. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of applying CO₂ capture technology with subsequent injection into reservoirs for storage purposes Materials and methods: Materials from INPEX were used, taking into account actual results of CO₂ capture and storage projects in Japan. Geological and physical data on oil and gas fields located within a 100 km radius of the gas processing facility in the Atyrau region of Kazakhstan were analyzed to assess the technical feasibility of CO₂ injection. Calculations were performed using UniSim Design software, where the technological process was modeled from flue gas intake to the injection of captured CO₂ into the reservoir Results: The technological feasibility of CO₂ capture and subsequent injection was determined, and both the capture site and the storage reservoir were selected Conclusion: Potential storage traps located near the developed fields of KMG were screened for CO₂ injection and storage. Regions with the highest emissions within a 100 km radius of the emission sources were evaluated. For analytical studies to determine the feasibility of CO₂ capture and storage, a gas processing facility at one of KMG’s fields in Western Kazakhstan was chosen as the emission source. This technology has not previously been applied in Kazakhstan; therefore, experience from projects in other countries, which demonstrated positive outcomes, was used as a reference

This community service activity aims to assist Posyandu cadres in Presak Sakra Village in developing and utilizing an automatic height measurement system based on an ultrasonic sensor. The background of this program is the predominant use of manual measuring tools, which is less efficient, prone to reading errors, and often causes long queues when many toddlers are being served. The developed system employs an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller, and a 16x2 LCD to display measurement results in real time, making the device more practical and easier to operate for Posyandu cadres. The implementation method includes hardware and software design, laboratory testing of the device, implementation at the Posyandu, training for cadres, and evaluation of system effectiveness in routine health services. Test results indicate that the device can measure body height with a deviation of 0 to 1 cm from the actual height, which is still acceptable for basic health services. In addition to improving efficiency and accuracy, this activity strengthens the role of higher education institutions in transferring appropriate technology and is expected to be replicated in other Posyandu to support improved quality of community health services.

The development of software applications involves translating software requirement specifications (SRS) into structured models that guide system design. Among these, sequence diagrams are essential for visualizing dynamic interactions, but their manual construction from natural language descriptions is often error-prone and time-consuming. This study proposes an automated method for extracting sequence diagram elements namely classes, subclasses, and attributes from scenario sections of SRS documents. The approach leverages Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, combining Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) for contextual embeddings and Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification. Noun phrases are identified and classified into UML-relevant entities using this hybrid model. To evaluate performance, two datasets SIData and SILo were used, each exhibiting distinct textual styles and domain characteristics. The system’s effectiveness was assessed using standard evaluation metrics such as precision, recall, and F1-score. Results indicate that the method is capable of capturing contextual relationships between extracted elements, although its performance varies across datasets, suggesting the need for further refinement. Overall, the study contributes toward automating early software design phases and reducing manual modeling effort.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of an autonomous dental robotic system in performing calcified canal localization and negotiation on standardized three-dimensional (3D)-printed jaw models. Methods: Two pairs of standardized 3D-printed maxillary and mandibular models, containing a total of 56 teeth, 92 calcified root canals, were used. Virtual access paths were planned based on preoperative cone beam CT (CBCT) and intraoral scan data using digital dental design software. An experienced operator controlled the autonomous dental robotic system to perform canal localization, and drilling time were recorded. Postoperative CBCT images were registered with preoperative plans to calculate accuracy parameters, including coronal deviation, apical deviation, and angular deviation. The residual thickness of canal wall at drilling end level, and the success rate of calcified canal location was recorded as well. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of tooth position, jaw position, operation side and calcification depth on accuracy and drilling time. Results: The coronal deviation, apical deviation, and angular deviation of the calcified canal negotiation assisted by the autonomous dental robot were 0.35 (0.21) mm, 0.47 (0.27) mm, and 1.17° (1.35°), respectively, with an average drilling time of 39.00 (25.25) s. The residual dentine thickness of canal wall at drilling end level was (1.24±0.51) mm. The success rate of calcified canal location was 95.7% (88/92). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that jaw position had a significant effect on coronal deviation (P<0.05), while tooth position, operation only side, and calcification depth showed no significant influence on any accuracy parameters (P>0.05). Moreover, calcification depth had a significant effect on drilling time (P<0.05), whereas tooth position, jaw position, and operation side showed no significant influence (P>0.05). Conclusions: The autonomous dental robotic system demonstrated high accuracy and efficiency in calcified canal localization in vitro.

The completion of Synopsys’s acquisition of Ansys in 2025 represents one of the most significant developments in the area of engineering simulation and design software. Beyond its industrial and financial dimensions, this merger signals a deeper integration of atomistic, device-level, and system-level modeling approaches. In this article, the broader implications of the Synopsys-Ansys union are discussed with a particular focus on atomistic modeling and first-principles simulations. The analysis is placed in a historical context by revisiting Synopsys’s earlier acquisition of QuantumWise and the subsequent development of QuantumATK as a bridge between quantum-mechanical materials modeling and semiconductor technology design. The article discusses how the growing integration of electronic design automation, multiphysics simulation, and atomistic modeling represents a fundamental shift in modern engineering practice. As these approaches increasingly merge, traditional disciplinary boundaries between physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering become less distinct, and atomistic simulations emerge as a key element of industrial research, technology development, and interdisciplinary workflows.

The performance of a Dual-Metal-InAs-GaSb Vertical Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (DM-InAs-GaSb VTFET) with an InAs source pocket was investigated in relation to the gate dielectric materials. This research chose gate dielectric materials such as SiO2, Al2O3, HfO2, and ZrO2. The simulation is performed using the Silvaco Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) software. The drain current (ION) of the DM-InAs-GaSb VTFET, which includes an InAs source pocket and an extended drain, is assessed across several dielectric materials; still, ZrO2 (7.92 × 10− 5 A/µm) and HfO2 (8.15 × 10− 5 A/µm) demonstrate enhanced performance. The transconductance (gm) values were 606 µS/µm for HfO2 and 589 µS/µm for ZrO2. A comparison is performed between the Ge-Si VTFET and the suggested configuration. The proposed DM-InAs-GaSb VTFET demonstrates a 1.5-times increase in ON current (ION) and a three-time boost in transconductance (gm). The frequency response of the proposed device was evaluated by employing its SPICE characteristics to construct the common source amplifier in the SPICE circuit simulator. This amplifier comparison reveals that ZrO2 and HfO2 insulators provide significant gain, with HfO2 displaying a cut-off frequency of 1.808 GHz.