The aim of the study is to investigate the synergistic effect of organic and phytochemical substances on the productivity and health of broiler chickens. Objectives: to establish the effect of gamma-lactone and sodium salicylate on feed consumption and live weight dynamics of broilers; to identify changes in interior parameters and activity of the antioxidant defense system of the broiler body upon introduction of the studied organic and phytochemical substances. The objects of the study were 7-day-old broiler chickens of the ROSS 308 cross in the amount of 120 heads. Four groups were created (30 heads in each). The control group received the basic diet (BD); 1st experimental group – BD + gamma-lactone 0.5 ml/kg of feed; 2nd experimental group – BD + sodium salicylate 100 mg/kg of feed; 3rd experimental group – BD + gamma-lactone 0.5 ml/kg of feed + sodium salicylate 100 mg/kg of feed. The introduction of gamma-lactone and sodium salicylate into the main diet of experimental broiler chickens contributed to an improvement in the consumption of compound feed during the experimental period in group I by 2.94 %, in group II by 1.47 %, and in group III by 3.73 % relative to the control. Moreover, the feed consumption per 1 kg of live weight gain for young birds from experimental groups I–III was 0.43–5.0 % lower than in the control group. The highest European Productivity Index value was observed in birds from group III, which was 14.8 % higher than in the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Broilers in the control group were significantly inferior to their counterparts from groups I–III in terms of total bilirubin blood levels by 1.5–1.9 times (p ≤ 0.05), and urea by 1.2–1.4 times (p ≤ 0.01). When feeding sodium salicylate, the malondialdehyde level in the blood of birds from experimental group II was 13.92 % higher than in the control group (p ≤ 0.05), while in groups I and III it was 34.17 and 7.59 % lower, respectively.

Smartphone-assisted ratiometric fluorescence detection of sodium salicylate based on a dual-ligand Eu(III)-MOF.

Hyperacusis is a loudness intolerance disorder associated with many medical conditions. To investigate the biological bases of hyperacusis in animals, we developed an auditory reaction time-intensity (RT-I) paradigm to assess the growth of loudness in rats treated with sodium salicylate, a drug suspected to cause hyperacusis. Loudness growth was unaffected by low-dose salicylate; however, high doses significantly reduced reaction times at high intensities, resulting in behavioral evidence of hyperacusis. To identify the neural correlates of salicylate-induced hyperacusis, neural activity was monitored along the auditory pathway. Salicylate significantly reduced the neural output of the cochlea. Paradoxically, neural responses were progressively amplified when relayed towards the central auditory pathway resulting in responses 2x larger than normal in auditory cortex (ACx), evidence of enhanced central gain. Because salicylate dose-dependently increased corticosterone stress hormone levels, rats were chronically fed corticosterone stress hormone to determine its behavioral and electrophysiological effects. This led to enhanced sound-evoked neural response in ACx without altering the neural responses from the cochlea and auditory brainstem. Patients with autism often suffer from sound tolerance issues (i.e., hyperacusis). Fragile X (FX) syndrome is a leading genetic cause of autism. To determine if rats with the FX mutation suffered from hyperacusis, we compared loudness growth functions in FX rats with littermate controls. FX rats had normal hearing thresholds but exhibited behavioral evidence of loudness hyperacusis and abnormal temporal and spectral integration of loudness. These behavioral models of hyperacusis can guide the search for biological bases of hyperacusis.

Tinnitus is a complex neurological condition affecting 10-15% of adults worldwide, characterized by phantom auditory perception without external sound sources. While traditional investigations have focused on discrete auditory structures, emerging evidence suggests tinnitus involves broader alterations across central auditory regions. This study employed transcriptomic analysis to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying salicylate-induced tinnitus across multiple brain regions simultaneously. Male C57BL/6N mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of sodium salicylate (350mg/kg) for five consecutive days to induce tinnitus-like behavior, assessed using gap-prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex. RNA sequencing was performed on auditory cortex, inferior colliculus, and cochlear nucleus tissues. Differential gene expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and functional annotation were conducted to identify shared molecular signatures and pathways across auditory centers. Principal component analysis revealed region-specific transcriptomic changes following salicylate treatment. Differential gene expression analysis identified Depp1 and Angptl4 as consistently upregulated genes across multiple brain regions, particularly within the inferior colliculus and cochlear nucleus. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed a 215-gene module increased across all auditory regions in tinnitus mice, with functional annotation indicating enrichment for vasculature-related biological processes. Depp1 emerged as a central hub gene linking oxidative stress responses to autophagy mechanisms. This study shows that tinnitus pathology involves not only neuronal hyperactivity but also oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and autophagy in the central auditory pathway. Depp1 acts as a molecular hub linking redox imbalance to cellular clearance, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target and offering new insights for intervention.

Impact of morphologically tuned silica nanoparticles on the invasive freshwater bivalve Limnoperna fortunei.

This study focuses on evaluating the effectiveness of "Silver Aqua" portable filters provided by an American charitable foundation for drinking water purification. Water samples were collected from wells in the Shostka territorial community. An analysis of groundwater samples was conducted before and after purification using portable filters. The study examined the concentration of common contaminants such as nitrates and Escherichia coli (E. coli). It is known that recently, the quality of groundwater has significantly deteriorated due to the infiltration of waste from agro-industrial and chemical facilities into the soil as a result of military actions. Therefore, the use of portable filters by local residents and especially by military personnel can help prevent poisoning, infections, and chronic diseases. The methods of analysis included the photocolorimetric method for nitrate determination using sodium salicylate and a rapid test method for detecting E. coli. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the portable filters in removing this group of pollutants.

The rheological properties of aqueous solutions of wormlike micelles (WLMs) of cationic surfactant erucyl bis(hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride (EHAC) in the presence of hydrotropic salt sodium salicylate (NaSal) and inorganic salt sodium chloride (NaCl) have been studied. The conditions for maximum zero-shear viscosity at fixed surfactant concentration were investigated. It has been shown that charged WLMs in the presence of NaSal have higher viscosities than well-screened micelles in the presence of NaCl. This is because the adsorption of hydrophobic salicylate ions onto the micelles increases their length more significantly than the presence of a large amount of sodium ions in the solution. It was discovered that the effect of temperature on the rheological properties depends on both the type of salt used and the salt/surfactant molar ratio. An unusual increase in zero-shear viscosity and elastic modulus was observed at a NaSal concentration that corresponds to the maximum zero-shear viscosity when the WLMs are linear, charged, and “unbreakable”. These results expand the possibilities of using hydrotropic salts to create stable, highly viscous systems in various fields, and opening up new horizons for applications in oil production, cosmetics, and household chemicals.

The surface effects and surface layer of micelles of 3-(dimethyldodecylammonio)-propanesulfonate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB, are characterized in terms of the electrical double layer upon additions of 0.01 and 0.4 mol/L NaBr, NaN3, sodium salicylate, and potassium benzoate. Nitrophenol violet and myristic acid were used as probes. Molecular dynamics simulation, laser Doppler electrophoresis, UV-vis spectroscopy, acid-base equilibrium approach, and chemical kinetic method were applied to investigate probe localization, zeta potential, solvatochromism, surface potential, and ion-exchange, respectively. Experimental findings include deceleration of nucleophilic addition, complete deactivation of the kinetic micellar effect, substrate desolubilization upon salt addition, micelle overcharging, deviation from the lyotropic series, and nonindifferent ions affecting cationic and zwitterionic micelles. These results are crucial when charge interactions determine the dynamics of binding, desorption, and fusion. The CTAB-based nanospecies with surface potentials close to zero are of particular interest because of their unique behavior, which resembles that of so-called "living" polymers. Desolubilization of the sample in a salt solution may be relevant when it is necessary to release the substrate from the nanocarrier into the target cells. The charge inversion in medical electrophoresis (purification techniques, crossing membrane barriers) is crucial as initially positively charged particles start migrating toward the anode instead of their natural direction. Moreover, the results offer valuable insights into designing surfactant-functionalized surfaces, including nanotubes enveloped in surfactant bilayers and related nanostructures.

Sodium salicylate (SS) causes hearing damage and tinnitus in humans and animals. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has strong antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, but whether it can protect the cochlea is unknown. SS was used to induce cochlear injury in rats, followed by 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg CGA treatment. The changes of tinnitus behaviour in each group were detected by auditory brainstem response (ABR), behavioural test, beam balance, Preyer reflex and auditory startle test. The levels of oxidative stress and inflammation were detected by kit. The pathological damage of cochlea was detected by HE staining, immunofluorescence staining, succinate dehydrogenase staining, and toluidine blue staining. The apoptosis of outer hair cell and spiral ganglion cell and TLR4/NF-κB pathway were detected by TUNEL staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blot. After SS induction, the ABR threshold, EP score and beam balance score of the rats increased significantly, and the AA score, Preyer reflex and auditory startle response decreased significantly; that is, the cochlear injury model was successfully constructed. Together, the levels of oxidative indexes (ROS, MDA) and inflammatory indexes (TNF-α, IL-1β) in rats after cochlear injury were significantly increased, and the spiral ganglion, organ of Corti, outer hair cells and nerve fibres of cochlear tissue were severely damaged. The outer hair cell and spiral ganglion cell were significantly apoptotic, and the number of TLR4 positive cells, NF-κB p65 fluorescence intensity and protein level in the cochlea of rats were significantly increased. However, after CGA treatment, the above indicators were significantly improved. CGA can reduce SS-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the cochlea through restraining the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, improve the pathological damage of the cochlea and reduce ototoxicity.

Partitioning of gentamicin and oxytetracycline in spherical and rod-shaped micellar systems of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide with addition of sodium salicylate and delivery to bovine serum albumin: Thermodynamic insight.

Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is a precancerous lesion and is the first stage in a multistep precancerous cascade that can lead to gastric adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to reveal the role and mechanism of galangin in CAG. Rats were intragastrically administered a mixture of 2% sodium salicylate and 30% alcohol, forced to exercise, and fasted irregularly to establish CAG models. To explore the efficacy of galangin on CAG rats, we used Hericium erinaceus (HE) and omeprazole (Ome) as controls. The degree of gastric mucosal injury was assessed by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry. Perls staining and western blot analysis were used to assess iron content and enrichment of ferroptosis-related proteins. Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial superoxide in the mucosa were visualized by probes. The morphology of cells was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Our data showed that galangin treatment alleviated gastric mucosal damage and reduced ferroptosis in CAG rats, manifested as decreased iron content, iron transporters and storage proteins, decreased ROS and mitochondrial superoxide, and partially restored cellular morphology. Of note, galangin at a high concentration had better treatment efficacy than HE but lower than Ome. This study demonstrated that galangin reduced gastric mucosal injury in CAG rats by inhibiting ferroptosis. These findings provide a theoretical basis for its clinical application and broaden its potential applications.

The present study proposes a novel full-field extensional rheo-optical technique to investigate the relationship between the rheological properties and internal structural deformation of complex fluids under uniaxial extensional flow. Macroscopic viscoelasticity from rheological measurements and microscopic birefringence from optical measurements are integrated to evaluate the microstructural deformation and orientation of the fluids under extensional stress. The proposed technique integrates a liquid-dripping method with a high-speed polarization camera to measure the extensional stress and flow birefringence simultaneously. In the liquid-dripping method, temporal evolution images of the liquid filament diameter for fluids dripping from a nozzle are measured to obtain the extensional stress loading on the filament. These images are acquired using the high-speed polarization camera that captures full-field two-dimensional (2D) birefringence with high spatiotemporal resolution. Wormlike and networked micellar solutions of cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium salicylate (NaSal) with varying concentrations of CTAB and NaSal are employed as the measurement targets. Consequently, we successfully visualized temporally developing images of the flow birefringence field of uniaxially extending micellar solutions induced by the orientation of micelles. Furthermore, the proposed technique supports investigating the conditions for establishing the stress–optical rule, which is the linear relationship between stress and birefringence. The stress–optical coefficient, which is a proportionality constant indicating the sensitivity of birefringence to stress, is analyzed from these measurements. The stress–optical coefficient under uniaxial extensional flow, obtained using the proposed technique, is confirmed to be comparable to that under shear flow and to depend on the number of oriented micelles.

Mixed micelles assisted room-temperature cloud point extraction for preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of Molybdenum(VI).

Acoustic and spectroscopic investigation of sodium salicylate with potassium chloride/sodium bicarbonate: A volumetric and thermodynamic study

Summary Nanoparticle-enhanced viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluid systems have attracted significant attention for their exceptional rheological properties and superior resistance to temperature and shear. In this study, we introduce a novel modified nano-silica (nano-SiO2)-enhanced VES clean fracturing fluid system developed to optimize performance and enhance oil recovery. We achieved this by deeply investigating the fluid’s rheological characteristics, thermal and shear stability, and self-assembly behavior. From both fracturing and spontaneous imbibition perspectives, we formulated and tested two VES systems: VES-A (without nano-SiO2) and VES-B (incorporating modified nano-SiO2 materials). These systems were based on a synthesized zwitterionic surfactant, erucamidopropyl hydroxysultaine (EAPHS), along with sodium salicylate (NaSal) and potassium chloride (KCl). Our findings indicate that modified nano-SiO2 can effectively alter the surface charge of the VES system, promoting the formation of more uniform and stable wormlike micelles (WLMs). Moreover, nano-SiO2 particles act as effective crosslinking sites for micelles through electrostatic adsorption or hydrogen bonding, thereby constructing a longer, more robust 3D micellar network that significantly enhances the system’s viscoelasticity and shear resistance. The VES-A system maintained a viscosity of 32 mPa·s after shearing at 120°C and 170 s⁻¹ for 60 minutes, yielding an imbibition oil recovery rate of 35.21%. In stark contrast, the VES-B system’s viscosity remained at 61 mPa·s after shearing under more demanding conditions (140°C and 170 s⁻¹ for 60 minutes), and its imbibition oil recovery rate reached 47.35%. Throughout the entire imbibition process, the VES-B system demonstrated superior oil displacement efficiency compared with the VES-A system, which is of great significance for the development of low-permeability and tight oil reservoirs. Crucially, the developed VES-B fracturing fluid system has demonstrated significant engineering success through its successful field application in multiple wells within a low-permeability shale gas block in the Sichuan Basin, China. For instance, the SW-1 well achieved a daily gas production of 1.5×10⁶ m³/d, a remarkable 18.7% increase compared to adjacent wells stimulated using conventional polymer slickwater systems. Collectively, these comprehensive laboratory findings and successful field applications highlight the substantial potential of nano-SiO2 materials for enhancing reservoir use in low-permeability oil and gas formations, thereby promoting the efficient development of shale gas resources.

It has previously been reported that the RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway is involved in depolarization-induced contraction triggered by high [K+] stimulation in rat caudal arterial smooth muscle. Furthermore, we reported that activation of the upstream Ca2+-dependent proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) leads to phosphorylation of myosin targeting subunit of myosin light chain phosphatase (MYPT1) and 20 kDa myosin light chain (LC20). These findings suggest that Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) or Rho GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs) may mediate RhoA activation downstream of Pyk2, thereby contributing to depolarization-induced contraction. However, it remains unclear whether Pyk2 directly interacts with RhoGEFs or RhoGAPs. In this study, we investigated the interaction between Pyk2 and RhoGEFs or RhoGAPs during depolarization stimulation of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle. We examined the interaction between Pyk2 and RhoGEFs or RhoGAPs, which previously were identified in smooth muscle, specifically in rat caudal arterial smooth muscle, in response to 60 mM K+ stimulation by immunoprecipitation analysis. ArhGEF11, ArhGEF12, phosphorylated ArhGAP42 at Tyr792 (pTyr792-ArhGAP42) and phosphorylated ArhGAP42 at Tyr376 (pTyr376-ArhGAP42) co-immunoprecipitated with Pyk2. The co-immunoprecipitation of pTyr792-ArhGAP42, but not pTyr376-ArhGAP42, with Pyk2 was inhibited by a Pyk2 inhibitor, sodium salicylate. Furthermore, 60 mM K+ stimulation increased ArhGAP42 phosphorylation at Tyr792, which was also suppressed by sodium salicylate. These findings indicate that Pyk2-mediated phosphorylation of ArhGAP42 at Tyr792 may play a role in depolarization-induced contraction of rat caudal arterial smooth muscle.

Summary Sorel cement has emerged as an effective solution for controlling severe leakage during drilling in fractured formations. However, it can thicken prematurely under high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) conditions in the wellbore, leading to operational risks, such as pipe sticking and pressure trapping. Sodium salicylate (SS) has been identified as a potential retarder for Sorel cement, but its effectiveness and retardation mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we investigate the effects of SS on the physicochemical properties, hydration process, and microstructure evolution of Sorel cement, with particular emphasis on its retardation mechanism. The results show that SS effectively prolonged the setting time and shortened the interval between initial and final setting. At an optimal dosage of 17%, the atmospheric and HTHP thickening times were extended to 200 minutes and 237 minutes, respectively. The consolidated cement exhibited a plugging pressure resistance of more than 18 MPa (fracture widths of 4–10 mm) and an acid dissolution rate above 95%. SS also reduced the temperature peak and heat release rate, altered the hydration kinetic model from the nucleation and crystal growth (NG), phase boundary reaction (I), and diffusion (D) stages to the NG-D model, and modified the morphology and composition of hydration products. The retardation mechanism was attributed to the adsorption and complexation of SS, forming platy magnesium salicylate crystals that temporarily hinder hydration. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the retardation behavior of SS, which helps improve the formulation of Sorel cement for extended safe drilling operations.

ABSTRACTAsymmetric amphoteric Gemini surfactants (PAHC and PAOC) were synthesized from cashew phenol, epichlorohydrin, dimethyl tertiary amine vis etherification and quaternization reactions. The structures were determined by FTIR and 1H NMR. The prepared asymmetric amphoteric Gemini surfactants, sodium salicylate, and potassium chloride were optimized to obtain the systems PSP‐C16 and PSP‐C18. The experimental results showed that the two systems can reduce the interfacial tension to 2.37 × 10−2 and 1.81 × 10−2 mN/m, respectively, so that the crude oil can better break off from the rock. With the increase of system concentration, the adsorption capacity increased first and then changed little. The maximum splitting times of PSP‐C16 and PSP‐C18 at a concentration of 0.5 wt% were 540 and 585 s, respectively, resulting in good emulsification properties. PSP‐C16 can reduce the oil‐contact antenna from 98.3° to 15.6°, and PSP‐C18 can reduce the oil‐contact antenna from 96.4° to 14.3°, leading to good wettability transition. The single core flooding test results showed that the average enhanced oil recovery of the two systems was 9.42% and 10.21%, respectively, and the double core flooding test results showed that the average enhanced oil recovery of the two systems was 10.56% and 12.34%.

Tinnitus, a self-reported perceptual disorder, is currently believed to arise from maladaptive plasticity due to reduced sensory input. While deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown promise in alleviating tinnitus-related behaviors, its effects on neuronal activity remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the spontaneous firing rates (SFRs) of the primary auditory cortex (A1) before and after DBS of the external cortex of the inferior colliculus (ECIC) in a rat model of tinnitus. Tinnitus was induced in rats through sodium salicylate injections for 14 consecutive days, while the control group received normal saline injections over the same period. We conducted tinnitus and hearing assessments using the gap pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS) and pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) tests. From day 14, both groups underwent DBS of the ECIC and single unit recordings from the A1. Before ECIC stimulation, A1 neurons in rats with potential tinnitus exhibited significantly higher spontaneous activity compared to controls. Following ECIC stimulation, the SFRs in the group displaying abnormal GPIAS responses significantly decreased, and the difference between the tinnitus and control groups was no longer significant. Additionally, inter-spike interval (ISI) analysis revealed a higher frequency of short ISIs (<5ms) in rats with potential tinnitus, which decreased after DBS, aligning with values observed in the control group. ECIC stimulation effectively modulates A1 hyperactivity, highlighting its role in tinnitus pathophysiology. These findings warrant further research into ECIC's role in tinnitus regulation, which could inform future therapeutic interventions and enhance mathematical models of tinnitus mechanisms.

Sodium salicylate (SS) is widely used in medical and food applications closely related to daily life. Accurate detection of SS is crucial for human health and food safety. Herein, two novel Zn(II)-Eu(III) heterometallic coordination polymers (CPs) were synthesized and explored as ratiometric fluorescence sensors for sensing of SS. By controlling the metal-ligand ratios, two Zn(II)-Eu(III) CPs with distinct structures were constructed, namely, [Zn2Eu2(DCA)10(phen)2]n (1) and {[Zn(phen)3][Eu4(DCA)14]}n (2) (DCA = 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). 1 presents a zero-dimensional (0D) tetranuclear Zn2Eu2 cluster, while 2 displays an ion-pair with 0D [Zn(phen)3]2+ and 1D [Eu4(DCA)14]2- bicomponent. Both 1 and 2 were used as on-off ratiometric fluorescence sensors for sensing SS with simultaneous fluorescence of Eu(III) and SS. The limits of detection (LODs) are 1.73 and 1.37 μM, respectively. They can also effectively detect SS in milk. After the addition of SS, the color change from red to blue can be observed due to the synergistic effect of the inner filter effect (IFE) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Moreover, a smartphone-assisted platform based on RGB analysis was developed. Fluorescence films were also fabricated for the visual detection of SS, enhancing their practical application for the real-time detection of SS.