Sodium Monofluorophosphate Research Articles

Fluoride Concentration in Saliva after Use of Oral Hygiene Products

The purpose of this in vivo, single-blind, randomized study was to compare fluoride concentrations in saliva of patients treated with oral hygiene products containing different fluoride salts. The study involved 104 students attending the University of Sassari. Participants were subdivided: group A used a sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP) toothpaste; groups B and C used an amine fluoride (AmF) toothpaste; group D used a toothpaste and a mouthwash both based on AmF, and group E used a toothpaste and a varnish both on an NaMFP base. Samples of unstimulated saliva were collected at baseline (t₀), at the end of the 20 days’ treatment phase (t₁) and after 24 h, during which the volunteers refrained from any oral hygiene measure (t₂). Saliva fluoride concentrations were measured using an ion-specific electrode. All measurements were made in triplicate and analysed statistically using ANOVA. In saliva, the mean fluoride concentration increased significantly in each treatment group. In conclusion, the fluoride concentration in saliva can be maintained to an optimal therapeutic level with the regular use of fluoridated products.

FIXATED ON FLUORINE

SEVENTY-FIVE YEARS OLD, OZARK Fluorine Specialties is hardly an emerging company by most standards. But for employees enjoying two years now under new owners, Ozark is indeed emerging—from a decade of inertia. Ozark was formed in Tulsa, Okla., in 1924 as Ozark Chemical Co., a sulfuric acid producer that later branched into phosphoric and hydrofluoric acid. Ozark's biggest claim to fame is pioneering the manufacture of sodium monofluorophosphate, which Colgate-Palmolive named MFP and put in one of the first fluoridated toothpastes. The company is still the only U.S. maker of the three major dental fluorides. Ozark became part of Ozark-Mahoning when it merged with the fluorspar producer Mahoning Mining in 1946, and then part of Pennwalt through a 1974 acquisition. Through the ownership changes, the Tulsa business operated with relative independence. However, that changed in 1990 when Elf Atochem bought Pennwalt. According to Philip E. Rakita, Ozark's director of business development, acquisition by the Fren...

The effect of sodium monofluorophosphate therapy on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in postmenopausal women

Objective: To investigate the effect of a low dose of fluoride, combined with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or alone, on serum lipids and lipoproteins in postmenopause. Study design: One hundred and thirty-five healthy postmenopausal women were enrolled in this prospective study and randomly assigned to: (1) oral monofluorophosphate (MFP, 25 mg per day); or (2) HRT (a combination of oral conjugated estrogen 0.625 mg in conjunction with medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 mg daily); or (3) HRT+MFP; or (4) placebo, for 18 months. Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured at enrollment and at the end of the study period. Results: Total cholesterol was not significantly different among groups, with a decrease in the HRT and the HRT+MFP groups (respectively, −7.8 and −7.9%), and a small increase in the MFP group (0.4%). LDL-C did not differ significantly in the groups, with a decrease in the HRT and HRT+MFP groups (respectively, −10.3 and −10.4%), and a slight increase in the MFP group (0.8%). TG decreased with −12 and 11.8% in the HRT and HRT+MFP groups ( P=0.052 and 0.055, respectively), but a slight increase was seen in the MFP group (1.4%). For HDL-C, both HRT and HRT+MFP groups showed a small increase (respectively, 3.5 and 3.6%), whereas MFP group showed a slight decrease (−0.9%, NS). Conclusion: We conclude that long-term use of a low dose of fluoride had no significant adverse changes in the lipid and lipoprotein profile in postmenopause. It neither attenuated nor potentiated the effect of HRT on lipids and lipoproteins.

Determination of the sodium monofluorophosphate in a hardened cement paste by ion chromatography

Abstract In order to prevent the corrosion of steel reinforcements in concrete, sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) is proposed as a corrosion inhibitor. When directly applied onto the concrete surface, the inhibiting action of MFP depends on the amount of product that reaches the steel. Until now, the only approach considered for determining MFP concentration has been based on water extraction; this method allows identifying the active inhibiting aspect of MFP. Nevertheless, the results obtained using this method have yielded values close to zero, hence no information is available either on the total amount of MFP applied onto the concrete surface or on the nature of MFP-insoluble compounds. This paper proposes a rapid method for quantifying the total amount of MFP in cementitious materials; this method is based on acid extraction followed by ion chromatographic analysis. During a first step, a study is carried out on pure MFP in order to determine the total hydrolysis condition of this compound. Ion chromatograms display the total MFP hydrolysis in HPO 4 2− and F − ions for a pH close to 1. Acid extraction with 4% HNO 3 , as is typically used in cement related analysis, enables meeting this condition. In a second step, a 30 wt.% MFP solution is applied to a hardened cement paste (HCP). Quantification of the HPO 4 2− chromatographic peak after acid extraction reflects the total MFP amount, with a detection limit of 5 mg of MFP per gram of HCP. Moreover, it appears that the other anions resulting from cement dissociation do not interfere with HPO 4 2− quantification as long as the proportion of HPO 4 2− potentially present in the cement has been taken into account. Chromatograms performed following water extraction lead neither to HPO 4 2− nor MFP peaks, as previously noted, which indicates that the total MFP amount is precipitated as an insoluble compound. A complementary study shows that MFP reacts with the Ca(OH) 2 present in HCP; the resulting compound is an apatite identified by X-ray diffraction.

A Randomised Controlled Trial of the Efficacy of Supervised Toothbrushing in High-Caries-Risk Children

Scottish children have one of the highest levels of caries experience in Europe. Only 33% of 5-year-old children in Dundee who developed caries in their first permanent molars by 7 brushed their teeth twice a day. High-caries-risk children should benefit if they brush more often with fluoridated toothpaste. The aim of this clinical trial was to determine the reduction in 2-year caries increment that can be achieved by daily supervised toothbrushing on school-days with a toothpaste containing 1,000 ppm fluoride (as sodium monofluorophosphate) and 0.13% calcium glycerophosphate, combined with recommended daily home use, compared to a control group involving no intervention other than 6-monthly clinical examinations. Five hundred and thirty-four children, mean age 5.3, in schools in deprived areas of Tayside were recruited. Each school had two parallel classes, one randomly selected to be the brushing class and the other, the control. Local mothers were trained as toothbrushing supervisors. Children brushed on school-days and received home supplies. A single examiner undertook 6-monthly examinations recording plaque, caries (D₁ level), and used FOTI to supplement the visual caries examination. For children in the brushing classes, the 2-year mean caries increment on first permanent molars was 0.81 at D₁ and 0.21 at D₃ compared to 1.19 and 0.48 for children in the control classes (significant reductions of 32% at D₁ and 56% at D₃). In conclusion, high-caries-risk children have been shown to have significantly less caries after participating in a supervised toothbrushing programme with a fluoridated toothpaste.

Effect of fluoride on cariogenic oral microorganisms (an in vitro study).

The effect of sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 mg/l in phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) as well as in UHT milk were studied on cultures and suspensions of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans. Using serial tenfold dilutions up to 10(-7) of 24-48 hour cultures, a subsequent 0, 60 and 120 min incubation caused no decrease in the number of CFUs. Growth kinetic studies in the Bioscreen biophotometer (Labsystem, Finland) revealed that sodium fluoride in different concentrations (from 0.875 mg/l up to 500 mg/l) influenced the growth dynamics of S. mutans and C. albicans: the exponential phase flattened out at the highest fluoride concentrations (500 mg/l) present in the growth media. The lag phase of C. albicans became longer. The results of these experiments indicate that sodium fluoride administered at higher concentrations than the usual caries preventive dosage made the generation time of cariogenic oral bacteria and fungi longer, slowing down their multiplication.

The Influence of Different Fluoride Compounds and Treatment Conditions on Dental Enamel: A Descriptive in vitro Study of the CaF2 Precipitation and Microstructure

Electron and atomic force microscopy techniques have been applied to characterize both the in vitro deposition intensity and the microstructure of the KOH-soluble fluoride precipitates on human dental enamel. The study was focused on the effects of amine fluoride, sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate having a fluoride concentration of 0.1% F in acidulated and aqueous solutions. Under certain conditions, fluoride globules were formed within an initiation time of less than 20 s. This result supports the potential significance of this process for the cariostatic action of fluorides during dentifrice use. The deposition intensity seems to be dependent on the availability of Ca and F ions on the dental surface. A nanocrystalline calcium fluoride-like microstructure was revealed, with an additional phosphorus and oxygen incorporation as a function of the treatment time.

Fluoride in Plaque Fluid, Plaque, and Saliva Measured for 2 hours after a Sodium Fluoride Monofluorophosphate Rinse

Sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP) and sodium fluoride (NaF) are the two most common sources of fluoride used in currently marketed fluoride dentifrices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of mouth rinses containing NaF or NaMFP on the concentrations of fluoride, or the MFP ion, in saliva, whole plaque, and plaque fluid. Twelve subjects abstained from tooth brushing for 48 h, fasted overnight, and then rinsed 1 min with 12 mmol/l (228 ppm [μg/g] F) NaF or NaMFP in the morning. Before the rinse and at 30, 60 and 120 min afterwards, upper and lower molar and premolar plaque samples and whole saliva samples were collected. Aliquots of plaque fluid and centrifuged saliva were obtained from these samples, and the whole plaque residue acid extracted. The F and MFP concentrations were then measured in these samples using ultramicro methods. For both rinses, a higher concentration of plaque fluid fluoride was found at lower molar sites while the reverse was true for the whole plaque fluoride. Furthermore, for both rinses, plaque fluid, whole plaque, but not salivary, fluoride concentrations were above baseline at 120 min. Following the NaMFP rinse, a substantial amount of unhydrolyzed MFP was found in plaque fluid and saliva. Although there was a very large range in these measurements, fluoride in plaque fluid (excluding fluoride in unhydrolyzed MFP) and whole plaque were significantly (p<0.05) greater after the NaF rinse at all time periods. In saliva, the NaF rinse produced a statistically significant greater salivary fluoride (excluding fluoride in unhydrolyzed MFP) only at 60 min. The lack of a clear correlation between these measurements and clinical studies suggest a novel mechanism may enhance the effectiveness of NaMFP dentifrices.

Determination of Total Fluoride in Oral Products by Using of Potentiometry With Ion Selective Electrode: A Critical Study

ABSTRACT In this work, a critical study of the determination of fluoride in oral products with an ion selective electrode was performed. The influence of the type of fluorine compound in the sample as well as the practical factors involved in the analysis were investigated. Fluoride could be determined, directly, in samples where it is in the form of NaF or SnF2. However, in samples where it is as MFP (sodium monofluorophosphate) an acid treatment was needed for removal of fluoride from the PO4F2− ion. In both cases, problems were noted related to the continuous use of the electrode, caused by the adsorption of fluoride ions onto the electrode surface. This problem was solved by using of KOH and Al2(SO4)3 solutions. Good results were obtained for the analysis of real commercial samples.

Sodium monofluorophosphate + HRT synergistically increase BMD

Sodium monofluorophosphate + HRT synergistically increase BMD

A route for the preparation of [32P]‐sodium monofluorophosphate

[32P]-labelled sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2FPO3) was prepared according to a procedure, which is based on melting of a mixture of carrier-added [32P]-phosphoric acid and ammonium bifluoride, both solid. Monofluorophosphate was precipitated as the silver salt from the reaction mixture, then it was converted to the sodium salt by using a cation exchange column in Na+ form. The influence of the molar ratios of the reactants, and the reaction time on the final yield was studied. Powder X-ray diffraction showed a chemical purity of about 98% and absence of NaF in the final product. After a reaction time of 2 hours and a molar ratio of the reactants of 1 : 1, the yield for the reaction was 30% of the initial 32P activity, corresponding to a specific activity of 56 MBq 32P per mmol. An increase in yield is possible by increasing the reaction time, a higher specific activity may be obtained by a decrease of carrier phosphoric acid. The advantages of the procedure developed are the availability of [32P]-phosphoric acid, and the simple preparation of the compound. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A route for the preparation of [32P]-sodium monofluorophosphate

[32P]-labelled sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2FPO3) was prepared according to a procedure, which is based on melting of a mixture of carrier-added [32P]-phosphoric acid and ammonium bifluoride, both solid. Monofluorophosphate was precipitated as the silver salt from the reaction mixture, then it was converted to the sodium salt by using a cation exchange column in Na+ form. The influence of the molar ratios of the reactants, and the reaction time on the final yield was studied. Powder X-ray diffraction showed a chemical purity of about 98% and absence of NaF in the final product. After a reaction time of 2 hours and a molar ratio of the reactants of 1 : 1, the yield for the reaction was 30% of the initial 32P activity, corresponding to a specific activity of 56 MBq 32P per mmol. An increase in yield is possible by increasing the reaction time, a higher specific activity may be obtained by a decrease of carrier phosphoric acid. The advantages of the procedure developed are the availability of [32P]-phosphoric acid, and the simple preparation of the compound. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Measurement of total and diffusible serum fluoride

This article describes a technique for the measurement of total and diffusible F content of serum, at clinical significant concentrations of F (1-10 microM). The proposed procedure avoids the interference of unknown serum components with the ion-specific electrode. Sample F is concentrated fivefold through distillation of hydrofluoric acid (Taves' method). Ionic fluoride is presented to the electrode in a simple solution at concentrations within the linear response of the electrode. Average recoveries of F from serum or its ultrafiltrate were 96+/-7% (21%) and 97+/-12% (53%) (mean+/-SEM [CV]), respectively. With four replicates of each sample, the technique produce within-run standard deviations of 0.6 microM and 2.2 microM at 1 and 10 microM F, respectively. Total precision assessment gave standard deviations of 0.6 microM and 2.6 microM at 1 and 10 microM F, respectively. The fasting serum F levels of normal climacteric women, 45 to 65 years, showed an asymmetric distribution. The data obtained started at the detection limit of the technique (0.1 mM). The 75 percentile was 1.85 microM for total and 0.5 microM for diffusible F. In patients (n = 25) treated with NaF (30 mg F/day) the fasting levels of total serum F (4.5 +/-1.7 microM) did not differ from those of diffusible F (4.2+/-1.5 microM). In patients (n = 50) treated with sodium monofluorophosphate (15 mg F/day) the fasting levels of total and diffusible serum F were 6.5+/-1.7 microM and 0.5+/-0.03 microM, respectively. In conclusion, this paper establishes the presence of two fractions of serum fluorine: diffusible and nondiffusible (or protein bound) and describes a technique for their clinical estimation. In untreated subjects and in patients receiving NaF, the former fraction contains ionic fluoride. In patients treated with MFP, diffusible serum fluorine is composed by ionic fluoride and low molecular weight, peptide-bound, acid-labile fluorine.

Measurement of total and diffusible serum fluoride

This article describes a technique for the measurement of total and diffusible F content of serum, at clinical significant concentrations of F (1–10 μM). The proposed procedure avoids the interference of unknown serum components with the ion-specific electrode. Sample F is concentrated fivefold through distillation of hydrofluoric acid (Taves' method). Ionic fluoride is presented to the electrode in a simple solution at concentrations within the linear response of the electrode. Average recoveries of F from serum or its ultrafiltrate were 96 ± 7% (21%) and 97 ± 12% (53%) (mean ± SEM [CV]), respectively. With four replicates of each sample, the technique produce within-run standard deviations of 0.6 μM and 2.2 μM at 1 and 10 μM F, respectively. Total precision assessment gave standard deviations of 0.6 μM and 2.6 μM at 1 and 10 μM F, respectively. The fasting serum F levels of normal climacteric women, 45 to 65 years, showed an asymmetric distribution. The data obtained started at the detection limit of the technique (0.1 mM). The 75 percentile was 1.85 μM for total and 0.5 μM for diffusible F. In patients (n = 25) treated with NaF (30 mg F/day) the fasting levels of total serum F (4.5 ± 1.7 μM) did not differ from those of diffusible F (4.2 ± 1.5 μM). In patients (n = 50) treated with sodium monofluorophosphate (15 mg F/day) the fasting levels of total and diffusible serum F were 6.5 ± 1.7 μM and 0.5 ± 0.03 μM, respectively.In conclusion, this paper establishes the presence of two fractions of serum fluorine: diffusible and nondiffusible (or protein bound) and describes a technique for their clinical estimation. In untreated subjects and in patients receiving NaF, the former fraction contains ionic fluoride. In patients treated with MFP, diffusible serum fluorine is composed by ionic fluoride and low molecular weight, peptide-bound, acid-labile fluorine. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 13:151–157, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Toothpastes Available In The Malaysian Market

This study was undertaken to investigate the number and types (fluoride or non-fluoride) of toothpaste products available in the Malaysian market based on the label. Thirty-five brands of toothpaste were identified, of which ten (29%) were specifically recommended for children. Two of the children's toothpaste recommended that children below seven years old use a pea size amount of toothpaste. One (3%) was recommended for both children and adult. The remaining 24 (69%) did not state if they were recommended for either children or adults. To improve the flavour of the toothpastes, a variety of flavours had been added especially in children's toothpaste. Almost half of the toothpastes were for prevention of tooth decay and gum disease. Other indications were for tooth sensitivity, tooth whitening and stain removal. Twentyseven&nbsp;(77%) of the toothpastes were imported, while eight (23%) were made in Malaysia. Twenty-six (74%) of the toothpaste contained fluoride and the most common type of fluoride used was sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP). The fluoride concentration was not labeled in more than half (63%) of the fluoridated toothpaste. Of those that were fluoridated, different units of measurement were used. As there is no uniformity in the labelling of these products, it is recommended that the responsible authorities should take more action in enforcing proper labelling of the fluoride concentration in the toothpaste using standardized units.

Chemische Stabilität von Natriummonofluorphosphat in der Porenlösung des Betons / Chemical stability of sodium monofluorophosphate in the pore solution of concrete

Abstract For non-destructive rehabilitation in case of corroding reinforcement the application of sodium monofluorophosphate has been proposed. In practice an aqueous solution of sodium monofluorophosphate is sprayed on the concrete surface. By capillary suction the inhibitor is supposed to he transported into zones surrounding the corroding reinforcement in order to inhibit further corrosion. Hut the results presented here show that monofluorophosphate decomposes in the alkaline concrete pore solution forming slightly soluble calcium phosphate and calcium fluoride. Calcium phosphate and calcium fluoride are not known to work as corrosion inhibitors. The penetration depth in concrete depends on the properties of the microstructure and the rate of decomposition of sodium inonofluorophosphate. These mechanisms strongly limit the possible concentration near the reinforcement bars and, as a consequence, it is very unlikely to reach the level necessary to maintain the inhibition of corrosion in reinforced concrete.

Determination of fluorine by PIGE analysis on bovine tooth enamel treated with bamboo salt SMFP toothpaste and fluoride mouth rinsing solution

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a toothpaste containing bamboo salt on fluorine uptake in bovine enamel and to compare the efficiency of fluorine uptake between sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) toothpaste and sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthrinsing solution using proton induced γ-ray emission analysis. 30 bovine tooth enamel specimens were prepared and assigned to 5 groups as follows: (a) specimens without any treatment, (b) specimens which were treated with a toothpaste containing dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) only, (c) specimens which were treated with a toothpaste containing DCPD and SMFP, (d) specimens which were treated with a toothpaste containing DCPD, SMFP and 2% bamboo salt, (e) specimens which were treated with 0.05% NaF mouthrinsing solution. After 5 and 10 hours of treatment, fluorine concentration was measured at the depth of 263, 625, 2530 nm from the surface of the specimens. The surface concentration of fluorine was markedly increased using SMFP dentifrice. Bamboo salt did not encourage the uptake of fluorine into the enamel surface. NaF mouthrinsing solution showed a considerably higher uptake of fluoride in the intact enamel surface than the SMFP dentifrices.

Interindividual differences in degradation of sodium monofluorophosphate by saliva in relation to oral health status

The enzymatic degradation of sodium monofluorophosphate by whole saliva in patients with differing oral health status was compared. Ten patients each with good or poor oral health were selected. Assessment of oral health status included indices of the amount of dental plaque, caries experience and counts of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. Whole-saliva samples were collected under standardized conditions and monofluorophosphatase (MFPase) activity was measured in 2-ml saliva samples during 2 h of incubation at 37°C with 1 ml of monofluorophosphate solution (equivalent 31.5 mmol/1 F −). MFPase activity was found in all the saliva samples. The values ranged from 0.6 to 17.8 nmol F −/ml saliva per min. High MFPase activities correlated well with large amounts of plaque, with the D component of the DMFT index and with high counts of salivary S. mutans and lactobacilli. The results show a wide range of MFPase activity in individuals and a statistically significant correlation ( p < 0.05) between high MFPase activity and poor oral health status.

Fluoride pharmacokinetics and changes in lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density.

Debate about the use of fluoride for the treatment of vertebral osteoporosis has centered not only on whether fluoride treatment decreases vertebral fractures, but also the interindividual vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) response, the potential for nonvertebral fractures, as well as side effects and tolerability. These effects may be dose dependent and, in this study, we examine the pharmacokinetics of sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) in osteoporotic patients and relate this to changes in BMD. Plasma fluoride absorption curves were measured from 0 to 6 h after ingestion of MFP at baseline and during long-term dosing in 21 patients with vertebral osteoporosis (T scores < or = 2). BMD was measured at baseline and at 12 months at the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), trochanter, and Ward's triangle. We found that fluoride elimination was inversely related to creatinine clearance. LS BMD increased from a median of 0.77 g/cm2 (range 0.69 to 0.99) at baseline to 0.88 g/cm2 (0.75 to 1.13) (p < 0.001) after 12 months. This equates to a median increase of 12% (range -1.2 to 37). Median femoral neck BMD decreased from 0.75 g/cm2 (0.62 to 0.94) at baseline to 0.69 g/cm2 (0.62 to 0.92) (p = 0.13) after 12 months. This equates to a decrease of -2% (-19 to 10). BMD at the other hip sites also decreased slightly. Changes in LS and FN BMD were not significantly related (r = 0.28, p = 0.29). The various pharmacokinetic parameters measured were not related to changes in LS BMD; however, there was an inverse relationship between trough fluoride concentration during long-term dosing and change in FN BMD. Further studies are required to see if this relationship can be used to monitor osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride and prevent significant decreases in FN BMD and possibly fractures at this site.

Optimisation of total fluoride analysis by capillary gas chromatography. Part I: Silica based dental creams

The quantitation of total fluoride content in dental creams formulated with silica abrasive was investigated by capillary GLC via the trimethylfluorosilane derivative. The sample preparation was optimised to achieve the most favorable recovery with good precision. The procedure has been validated for sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate.