Sodium Levels In Patients Research Articles

Increased Subcortical Sodium Levels in Patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy.

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by an aggressive disease course. Total and intracellular-weighted sodium imaging (23Na-MRI) is a promising method for investigating neurodegeneration in vivo. We enrolled 10 patients with PSP and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects; all study subjects underwent a neurological examination, whole-brain structural, and (total and intracellular-weighted) 23Na-MRI. Voxel-wise analyses revealed increased brainstem total sodium content in PSP that correlated with disease severity. The ROI-wise analysis highlighted additional sodium level changes in other regions implicated in the pathophysiology of PSP. 23Na-MRI yields substantial benefits for the diagnostic workup of patients with PSP and adds complementary information on the underlying neurodegenerative tissue changes in PSP.

Hyperbilirubinemia and Hyponatremia as Predictors of Complicated Appendicitis.

Several studies have reported elevated serum bilirubin or reduced serum sodium levels in patients with complicated appendicitis (CA). This study examined the efficacy of hyperbilirubinemia, hyponatremia, and both combined in the preoperative diagnosis of CA. Patients who underwent surgery for acute appendicitis were included in this retrospective review. In total, 247 patients were included in the final analysis. Of these, 36 (14.2%) had early appendicitis, 177 (72.0%) had acute suppurative appendicitis, 32 (13.0%) had necrotizing/gangrenous acute appendicitis, and 2 (0.8%) had other types of appendicitis. The mean total bilirubin (TBIL) level was significantly higher in patients with CA than in those with uncomplicated appendicitis. Conversely, the mean serum sodium level was significantly lower in patients with CA than in those with uncomplicated appendicitis. The levels of TBIL (odds ratio: 1.098, 95% CI: 1.052–1.147) and serum sodium (odds ratio: 0.743, 95% CI: 0.646–0.855) were associated with CA. Hyponatremia combined with hyperbilirubinemia yielded significant discriminatory value for the diagnosis of CA. TBIL and serum sodium levels can be considered as adjuvant parameters in the diagnosis of perforated/necrotizing appendicitis. Although hyperbilirubinemia and hyponatremia together were better able to determine the risk of CA than either marker alone, other markers are required to definitively predict CA. Furthermore, large-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Inverse relationship between il-6 and sodium levels in patients with COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections

Inverse relationship between il-6 and sodium levels in patients with COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections

Bisphenol-A and Pentocholorophenol Sodium Levels in Patients with Acne Rosacea

Bisphenol-A and Pentocholorophenol Sodium Levels in Patients with Acne Rosacea

Prognostic utility of the prognostic nutritional index combined with serum sodium level in patients with heart failure

Background and aimsBoth malnutrition and hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mmol/L) can be induced by the impaired absorption function of the edematous intestinal wall caused by heart failure (HF) and are prognostic factors of mortality in HF. However, little is known about the interrelationship of nutritional status and hyponatremia in mortality risk prediction in HF. Methods and resultsThis study enrolled 2882 HF patients admitted to the HF care unit of Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China from 2008 to 2018; 71.3% were male and the mean age was 56.64 ± 15.96 years. Nutritional status was assessed by prognostic nutritional index (PNI), calculated as serum albumin (g/L) + 5 × total lymphocyte count (109/L). Lower PNI indicates worse nutritional status. Patients were divided into 8 groups based on baseline PNI quartiles (Q1: <43.6, Q2: 43.6–48.55, Q3: 48.55–63.25, Q4: >63.25) and sodium level (normal sodium and hyponatremia). After adjustment, patients in the PNI Q1 associated with hyponatremia had a 2.12-fold higher risk of all-cause death (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.67–2.70) compared with those in the PNI Q4 with normal sodium. A refinement in risk prediction was observed after adding PNI quartile and serum sodium category to the original model (ΔC-statistic = 0.018, 95% CI: 0.007–0.025; net re-classification index = 0.459, 95% CI: 0.371–0.548; integrated discrimination improvement = 0.025, 95% CI: 0.018–0.032). ConclusionHF patients with both the lowest PNI quartile and hyponatremia are at higher risk of all-cause mortality. The combination of PNI and serum sodium level enhanced the predictive value for all-cause mortality in hospitalized HF patients. Clinical trial registrationURL: ClinicalTrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT02664818.

Frequency of Hyponatremia in Patients with Tuberculosis Bacterial Meningitis: A Cross Sectional Study

Aim:To determine the frequency of hyponatremia in patients with Tuberculosis Bacterial Meningitis Study Design: Cross sectional study Place and duration: This study was conducted at Gambat Institute of Medical Sciences Gambat Khairpur Pakistan from June 2020 to June 2021. Methodology:The study included 169 patient. Each patient was questioned for their medical history and demographic data and this information was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. These simple statistics included the age, height, and weight of the patients. It also factored in their Glasgow Coma Scale, how long their symptoms lasted for, and their serum sodium levels. Data taken for categorical variables was calculated and characterized using mathematical frequencies and percentages. These variables included data such as their gender, their smoking habits, diagnosed or undiagnosed hypertension and other medical phenomena’s inflicting the patient such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hyponatremia, the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, Cerebral salt wasting syndrome and finally the BMRC stage for the patients. The BMRC criteria was set for determining the stage of TBM in each patient, this criterion was created by the British Medical Research Council. Post stratification chi-square test was also taken for this study and only variables with a p-value of ≤0.05 were taken to be significant. Results: The results of our study concluded that 76 (45%) of the tuberculous bacterial meningitis patients suffered fromhyponatremia. Patients who suffered from syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and cerebral salt wasting syndrome were also recorded which were 13.2% and 26.7% respectively. This study population consisted of 60% males and 40% females where the average age of the patients was from 44 to 48 years. The mean duration of the symptoms was also recorded which displayed that the patient suffered from the disease for a period of three days to almost two weeks and the patients weighed between 68 to 87 kilograms. Conclusion: The results of our study proved the hypothesis that a great number of patients suffering from tuberculous bacterial meningitis are a victim of hyponatremia. If hyponatremia is not diagnosed and treated using the proper channels and techniques it can lead to grave consequences such as significant neurological conditions and death. It is important to keep track of the sodium levels in patients of tuberculous bacterial meningitis. Keywords: tuberculous bacterial meningitis, hyponatremia, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, cerebral salt wasting syndrome

HYPONATREMIA AS A PROGNOSTIC INDICATOR IN LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN ADMITTED IN PAEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Objective: To study the serum sodium levels in patients of lower respiratory tract infections admitted in the paediatric intensive care unit with their prognosis.&#x0D; Study Design: Prospective observational study.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Jan to Jun 2018.&#x0D; Methodology: Eighty patients suffering from lower respiratory tract infections who were admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit were selected at consecutive sampling. The outcome was recorded in the form of discharge or mortality. Serum sodium was done at the time of admission and then periodically after every 24-48 hours. The Association of patients’ serum sodium with their prognosis was studied using chi-square test and p-value was calculated.&#x0D; Results: A total of 80 patients were enrolled in our study out of which 50 (62.50%) were males and 30 (37.50%) were females. Out of the total, 48 patients suffered from hyponatremia. These 48 patients had a mean serum sodium concentration of 131.24 ± 3.31 mEq/L. The mean age of patients suffering from hyponatremia was 5.78 ± 3.4 years. Mortality occurred in 5 (80.12%) of patients suffering from severe hyponatremia.&#x0D; Conclusion: There was a significant association of hyponatremia with mortality in children admitted in paediatric intensive care settings with lower respiratory tract infections. Therefore, proper management hence correction of serum sodium levels can improve survival in, particularly children admitted in a pediatric intensive care setting.

Relationship between Hyponatremia and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Diabetes.

Objectives Hyponatremia is a common complication of diabetes. However, the relationship between serum sodium level and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is unknown. This study was aimed at investigating the relationship between low serum sodium level and DPN in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods A retrospective study was performed on 1928 patients with type 2 diabetes between 2010 and 2018. The multivariate test was used to analyze the relationship between the serum sodium level and the nerve conduction function. A restricted cubic spline was used to flexibly model and visualize the relationship between the serum sodium level and DPN, followed by logistic regression with adjustment. Results As the serum sodium level increased, the prevalence of DPN had a reverse J-curve distribution with the serum sodium levels (69.6%, 53.7%, 49.6%, 43.9%, and 49.7%; P = 0.001). Significant differences existed between the serum sodium level and the motor nerve conduction velocity, sensory nerve conduction velocity, part of compound muscle action potential, and sensory nerve action potential of the participants. Compared with hyponatremia, the higher serum sodium level was a relative lower risk factor for DPN after adjusting for several potential confounders (OR = 0.430, 95%CI = 0.220–0.841; OR = 0.386, 95%CI = 0.198–0.755; OR = 0.297, 95%CI = 0.152–0.580; OR = 0.376, 95%CI = 0.190–0.743; all P < 0.05). Compared with low-normal serum sodium groups, the high-normal serum sodium level was also a risk factor for DPN (OR = 0.690, 95%CI = 0.526–0.905, P = 0.007). This relationship was particularly apparent in male participants, those aged <65 years, those with a duration of diabetes of <10 years, and those with a urinary albumin − to − creatinine ratio (UACR) < 30 mg/g. Conclusions Low serum sodium levels were independently associated with DPN, even within the normal range of the serum sodium. We should pay more attention to avoid the low serum sodium level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Desmopressin Administration and Impact on Hypertonic Saline Effectiveness in Intracranial Hemorrhage

Desmopressin improves hemostasis through the release of factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, and tissue plasminogen activator, and increases platelet adhesion. Neurocritical Care guidelines recommend consideration of desmopressin in antiplatelet-associated intracranial hemorrhage. Studies supporting its use have not evaluated the potential impact of desmopressin on serum sodium levels in patients receiving hypertonic saline therapy. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of desmopressin on sodium levels and hypertonic saline effectiveness in intracranial hemorrhage. This was a single center retrospective observational chart review. Patients were included in the desmopressin group if they were diagnosed with intracranial hemorrhage, administered desmopressin, and received hypertonic saline infusion. Patients in the hypertonic saline alone group were then matched 1:1 to the patients in the desmopressin group. The primary end point was the effect of desmopressin on reaching a sodium goal of 145-155mEq/L. The secondary end points included intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, change in sodium, time to reach sodium goal, thrombotic events, mortality, and a composite of increased cerebral edema, hematoma expansion, midline shift, herniation, need for neurosurgical intervention, and neurologic decompensation. Of 112 patients screened, 25 patients met inclusion criteria for the desmopressin group, and 25 patients were matched with patients in the hypertonic saline alone group. The percentage of patients who reached goal sodium in the desmopressin group compared with hypertonic saline alone was similar (80% vs. 88%, respectively). There were no differences in the secondary end points. In the subgroup analysis, patients in the hypertonic saline group met the predefined sodium goal of 150-155mEq/L within 48h more often than those in the desmopressin group (82% vs. 60%, respectively, p = 0.042). The use of desmopressin in intracranial hemorrhage does not appear to negatively impact the ability for patients to reach goal sodium of 145-155mEq/L. However, in patients with higher sodium goals, desmopressin may decrease hypertonic saline effectiveness.

Serum sodium levels in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Its effects on in-hospital and long-term clinical outcomes

Serum sodium levels in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Its effects on in-hospital and long-term clinical outcomes

Symptomatology of carbamazepine- and oxcarbazepine-induced hyponatremia in people with epilepsy.

ObjectiveTo ascertain whether adverse effects experienced by people taking carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine could be attributed to carbamazepine‐ or oxcarbazepine‐induced hyponatremia (COIH).MethodsWe performed an observational study, collecting data between 2017 and 2019 on serum sodium levels and adverse effects retrospectively in people with epilepsy while receiving treatment with either carbamazepine (CBZ) or oxcarbazepine (OXC). We defined hyponatremia as sodium level ≤134 mEq/L and severe hyponatremia as sodium level ≤128 mEq/L. Adverse effects experienced were compared between groups of individuals with and without hyponatremia.ResultsA total of 1370 people using CBZ or OXC were identified, of whom 410 had at least one episode of hyponatremia. We checked for symptoms related to the use of CBZ and OXC in 710 people (410 with and 300 without hyponatremia) and found relevant information in 688. Adverse effects occurred in 65% of people with hyponatremia compared to 21% with normal sodium levels (odds ratio [OR] 7.5, P ≤ .001) and in 83% of people with severe hyponatremia compared to 55% in those with mild hyponatremia (P ≤ .001). Significant predictors of adverse effects were the drug (OXC vs CBZ), and the number of concomitant anti‐seizure medications. Dizziness (28% vs 6%), tiredness (22% vs 7%), instability (19% vs 3%), and diplopia (16% vs 4%) were reported more often in the hyponatremia group than in patients with normal levels.SignificancePeople with COIH had a 7‐fold increased risk of developing adverse effects during treatment. Clinicians should consider ascertainment of sodium levels in patients taking CBZ and OXC and act upon findings.

The Association Between Handgrip Strength and Predialysis Serum Sodium Level in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5D.

Purpose: Handgrip strength (HGS) is a useful tool for the systematic assessment of muscle function related to nutritional status. Reduced HGS has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5D patients. In the same patients, predialysis low serum sodium (sNa) has been associated with malnutrition and mortality. Here, we investigated the role of predialysis sNa on muscle function in CKD-5D patients.Methods: We evaluated 45 patients on hemodialysis (HD) and 28 patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) with HGS measurement, bioimpedance analysis, anthropometric measures, and malnutrition inflammation score (MIS). According to established diagnostic criteria, reduced HGS was defined as strength below 30 and 20 Kg in men and women, respectively. Predialysis sNa values were defined as the mean of all predialysis measurements during the preceding 6 months. Data analysis was performed separately for each of the HD and PD groups.Results: The proportions of reduced HGS did not differ between the HD (66%) and PD (54%) groups, respectively. Patients in the HD group as compared to those in the PD group had higher serum albumin and potassium and mid-arm muscle circumference and lower residual renal function (RRF) and residual urine volume. Multivariate logistic analysis, after controlling for muscle mass, nutritional biomarkers, MIS, fluid overload and RRF, showed that for every 1 mmol/l increase of sNa the odds of reduced HGS was decreased by 60% (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.16–0.99) and 42% (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.36–0.93) in HD and PD patients, respectively. However, stratified analysis indicated that lower sNa levels predicted reduced HGS in individuals with a background of malnutrition, inflammation, overhydration and less preserved RRF, representing unfavorable conditions strongly related to muscle wasting in the dialysis setting.Conclusions: Predialysis sNa is a strong and independent determinant of HGS, a reliable nutritional marker in CKD-5D stage patients. However, according to our findings, lower sNa levels appear to be a marker of underlying unfavorable conditions that are heavily associated with reduced HGS, rather than a causal determinant of reduced HGS. Whether optimizing sNa levels improves patient muscle performance requires further investigations.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON RAMIPRIL AND TELMISARTAN-ASSOCIATED HYPONATREMIA

Objectives: This study was planned to study the association of ramipril and telmisartan with hyponatremia and to compare the hyponatremia effect of ramipril and telmisartan.&#x0D; Methods: The study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Serum sodium levels were assayed in patients taking ramipril and telmisartan. Fifty-one patients were recruited. The patient’s age, gender, drug dosage, and frequency of drug administration were collected using a pro forma. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS version 23.0.&#x0D; Results: About 35.3% (28 out of 51) of the study population administered with ramipril and telmisartan developed hyponatremia. Predisposition to develop hyponatremia was high in males compared to females. Incidence of hyponatremia was 43.8% (7 out of 16) in the age group of 50–60 years. Although, incidence of hyponatremia was 56.5% (13 out of 23) in ramipril group compared to 17.9% (5 out of 28) in telmisartan group, it was not statistically significant.&#x0D; Conclusion: The current study laid emphasis on the requisite for monitoring of serum sodium level in patients on ramipril and telmisartan administration to avoid morbidity and mortality due to unexpected adverse reactions.

ICU acquired hypernatremia treated by enteral free water - A retrospective cohort study.

ICU acquired hypernatremia (IAH) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, however treatment remains controversial. This study aims to determine the effect of enteral free water suppletion in patients with IAH. Retrospective single center study in a tertiary ICU. patients with IAH and treatment with enteral free water. patients with renal replacement therapy, diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state. change in plasma sodium (in mmol/l) after 5days treatment. Responders were defined as patients with a decrease in sodium level of 5mmol/l or more. In total 382 consecutive patients were included. The median sodium level at the start of water therapy was 149mmol/l (IQR 147-150). The median volume of enteral water was 4423ml (IQR 3349-5379ml) after 5days and mean sodium decrease was 1.87mmol/l (SD 4.84). There was no significant correlation between the volume of enteral water and sodium decrease (r2=0.01). Treatment with enteral free water did not result in a clinically relevant decrease in serum sodium level in patients with IAH. In addition, the volume of enteral free water and the use of diuretics was unrelated with sodium change over 5days.

Hyponatremia as a predictor of perforated acute appendicitis in pediatric population: A prospective study

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate hyponatremia as a new biochemical marker associated with complicated appendicitis in the pediatric population. MethodsPediatric patients (n = 184) with acute appendicitis confirmed by histopathology were enrolled in a prospective cohort study from January 2019 to May 2020. Medical history, demographic and clinical data were recorded in the study protocol. Blood samples for biochemical analysis, electrolytes and acute inflammatory markers were taken before surgery.Patients were further divided in two groups, those with non-perforated (n = 148; 79%) and perforated appendicitis (n = 38; 21%). ResultsThe mean serum sodium level in patients with complicated appendicitis was significantly lower compared to patients with non-complicated appendicitis (132.2 mmol/L vs. 139.2 mmol/L, p < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve of plasma sodium concentration in patients who were diagnosed with perforated acute appendicitis showed an area under the curve of 0.983 (95% CI, 0.963–1.00). A cut-off-value of plasma sodium concentration of ≤135 mmol/L was shown to give the best possible sensitivity and specificity, 94.7% (95% CI: 82.2–99.3) and 88.5% (95% CI: 88.2–93.2) respectively (p < 0.001). Patients with complicated appendicitis were more likely to be younger than five years of age (10.5% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.005), have a duration of symptoms for >24 h (97.4% vs. 59.6%, p < 0.001), sodium serum concentration ≤135 mmol/L (89.5% vs. 5.5%, p < 0.001), body temperature >38.5 °C (47.4% vs. 11.0%, p < 0.001) and CRP serum concentration >62 mg/L (26% vs. 2%, p < 0.001). ConclusionHyponatremia is a novel and very discriminative marker of complicated appendicitis in the pediatric population, and is therefore recommended in appendicitis diagnostic and treatment planning. Type of studyProspective comparative study Level of evidenceII

Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease indicate potential proximal tubular dysfunction.

Clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease indicate potential proximal tubular dysfunction.

Feasibility of Citrate Dialysis in Hyponatremia: A Case Series

Background: Correcting hyponatremia too quickly can lead to osmotic demyelination syndrome. During citrate dialysis, a significant sodium load is brought to the prefilter. We reviewed the impact of this sodium load on the evolution of sodium levels in patients undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy with citrate anticoagulation. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 5 patients with hyponatremia who received dialysis with citrate anticoagulation, over a 10-year period, were reviewed. The sodium of the dialysate and of the reinjection fluid was adapted according to the serum sodium level recommended by the guidelines of the time. Data from the first 24 h after initiation of dialysis was evaluated. Results: The difference in serum sodium levels between day 1 and day 2 was statistically significant, with a rise of 7.8 ± 3.7 mmol/L. Discussion: The mean serum sodium increase in our series of patients did not exceed the increase of 10–12 mEq/L/day permitted by the guidelines. The excess sodium was absorbed by the filter. Conclusion: In this small series of patients, with adjustment of the sodium concentration of dialysate and reinjection fluid, the use of citrate was found to be safe.

Development and validation of processed foods questionnaire (PFQ) in adult inflammatory bowel diseases patients.

Processed foods have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Our goal was to develop a validated processed foods frequency questionnaire (PFQ) and assess its reliability and validity. We recruited adult IBD patients to fill-in a PFQ in this prospective single-center study. Food intake was categorized into three groups of processed food levels: unprocessed, processed, and ultra-processed. Reliability was assessed by comparing the PFQ results of each patient at 2 time points. Validity was assessed by comparing the PFQ results to a 3-7 day food diary (FD), and by comparing urine sodium as a biomarker for the high intake of sodium that is mostly present in processed food. Eighty-six IBD patients were enrolled. Good test-retest reliability was indicated by intraclass correlation of 0.75-0.88 for the different food processing levels. Validity was fair-to-strong as assessed by correlations for different levels of processed food intake between FDs and PFQ, ranging between 0.43 and 0.64 (Pearsonr, P < 0.001), and further supported by higher mean urine sodium levels in patients with high processed foods consumption compared with low consumption (104.57 ± 53.26 vs. 78.62 ± 39.08 mmol/L, respectively, P = 0.022). Agreement between PFQ and the FD in categorizing patients to high and low processed food consumption groups was fair (Kappa 0.23-0.35). The PFQ is a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of processed foods consumption in IBD patients and can be utilized for studying the association between processed food consumption and IBD etiopathogenesis.

A Randomized Trial of Empagliflozin to Increase Plasma Sodium Levels in Patients with the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis.

Treatment options to address the hyponatremia induced by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) are inadequate. The sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin promotes osmotic diuresis via urinary glucose excretion and therefore, might offer a novel treatment option for SIAD. In this double-blind, randomized trial, we recruited 88 hospitalized patients with SIAD-induced hyponatremia <130 mmol/L at the University Hospital Basel from September 2016 until January 2019 and assigned patients to receive, in addition to standard fluid restriction of <1000 ml/24 h, a once-daily dose of oral empagliflozin or placebo for 4 days. The primary end point was the absolute change in plasma sodium concentration after 4 days of treatment. Secondary end points included predisposing factors for treatment response and safety of the intervention. Of the 87 patients who completed the trial, 43 (49%) received treatment with empagliflozin, and 44 (51%) received placebo. Baseline plasma sodium concentrations were similar for the two groups (median 125.5 mmol/L for the empaflozin group and median 126 mmol/L for the placebo group). Patients treated with empagliflozin had a significantly higher increase of median plasma sodium concentration compared with those receiving placebo (10 versus 7 mmol/L, respectively; P=0.04). Profound hyponatremia (<125 mmol/L) and lower baseline osmolality levels increased the likelihood of response to treatment with empagliflozin. Treatment was well tolerated, and no events of hypoglycemia or hypotension occurred among those receiving empagliflozin. Among hospitalized patients with SIAD treated with fluid restriction, those who received empagliflozin had a larger increase in plasma sodium levels compared with those who received placebo. This finding indicates that empagliflozin warrants further study as a treatment for the disorder.

Comparison of Sodium Levels in Patients with Stage V Chronic Kidney Disease Whose Using New and Re-use Hemodialyzer in Hemodialysis Installation RSD dr. Soebandi Jember

Stage V Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one of the most common medical case in the world. Stage V CKD defined as a condition where the renal function decrease progressively, marked by the GFR &lt;15/ml/minute/1,73 m2, with or without kidney damage history for three months. Patients diagnosed with Stage V CKD often needs kidney replacement therapy, one of which is hemodialysis. The cost needed for hemodialysis was considered as too expensive, forcing lots of medical staff in most countries using the method known as re-use hemodialyzer. Re-use hemodialyzer is a term for using the same hemodialyzer (or hemodialysis machine) for the same patient but on a different therapy session. The main purpose for this research is to investigate the sodium level in patients with Stage V CKD whose using new and re-use hemodialyzer in Hemodialysis Installation of RSD dr. Soebandi Jember. Analytic Observational Study is used for this research combined with Cross Sectional Study in December 2018. Total of 19 samples chosen with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Collected data is analyzed using paired t-test. The conclusion that can be obtained from this research is that there is no significant difference between sodium level in patients with Stage V CKD whose using new and re-use hemodialyzer (p=0,904). The effectivity and quality of the hemodialyzer is thought to be the main factor for this result.&#x0D; Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, sodium, re-use hemodialyzer