Sodium Intake Research Articles (Page 1)

Excessive sodium and insufficient potassium consumption are major dietary contributors to hypertension (HTN) and cardiovascular diseases. The sodium-to-potassium ratio is a known predictor of blood pressure (BP) and HTN. This study evaluated 16-years trends in dietary sodium, potassium, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio, and their associations with BP and HTN in Korea. Data from 76,484 participants aged 19-79 years were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2007-2022. Sodium and potassium intake were assessed using 24-hour recalls, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio was calculated. All values were energy-adjusted using the residual method. Age-period-cohort (APC) models were used to analyze temporal trends. Associations with BP and HTN were examined using multivariate linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for confounders. Energy-adjusted sodium intake decreased across all age groups, and potassium slightly increased in the recent 5 years, though both remained suboptimal relative to recommendations. APC analyses showed increasing potassium intake with age and a reversed U-shape cohort pattern. The sodium-to-potassium ratio decreased with age and calendar year but increased in recent cohorts. A higher sodium-to-potassium ratio was strongly associated with elevated systolic [β=0.028, p<0.001] and diastolic BP [β=0.036, p<0.001], and increased odds of HTN [odds ratio=1.19, 95% confidence intervals: 1.07-1.33]. A linear association appeared when the sodium-to-potassium ratio exceeded 1 in the spline model. Despite improvements, sodium intake remains excessive, and potassium insufficient, particularly in younger adults and recent cohorts. Public health interventions should prioritize reducing sodium and promoting potassium-rich foods to reduce cardiovascular risk.

Background: Achieving adequate blood pressure (BP) control is challenging for patients and clinicians given the episodic nature of clinical encounters, high patient volumes, and silent nature of the disease. Digital hypertension (HTN) management solutions aim to improve BP control though the effectiveness of each digital component within a multicomponent intervention is unknown. Question: What are the independent and short-term effects of tailored push notifications on physical activity (PA) levels and sodium intake amongst patients with HTN? Methods: The myBPmyLife study was a 6-month randomized clinical trial of patients with HTN recruited from an academic medical center and federally qualified health centers. Both the intervention and enhanced usual care arms received a Fitbit Versa 2 and Bluetooth-connected BP monitor. At 6 months, the mobile health intervention increased step count and reduced sodium intake though it did not reduce systolic BP compared to enhanced usual care. A core of the intervention included micro-randomized push notifications which were randomly delivered at four daily time points and focused on increasing PA and reducing dietary sodium intake. Our primary outcome was step count 60 minutes after a PA notification and lower sodium food choices 24 hours after a dietary notification. Analyses used centered and weighted least squares method to estimate treatment effects. Results: 298 participants were randomized to the intervention arm, of whom 287 were available for the micro-randomized analysis. Participants were randomized at 187,517 time points, which led to 0.96 (SD 0.86) push notifications/day (50.4% [SD 0.4]) PA and 49.8% [SD 0.4] dietary). Participants’ mean age was 59.5 (SD 13.5) years, 137 (47.7%) were women, and 210 (73.2%) White. PA notifications did not increase step count in the subsequent 60 minutes (Estimate 1 . 01, 95% CI 0 . 98 – 1 . 04; p=0 . 40; Figure 1) though may be more effective in less active participants (Estimate 1.04, 95% CI 1.00 – 1.08; p=0.03). Similarly, dietary notifications did not impact the number of lower sodium food choices in the subsequent 24 hours (Estimate 0 . 93, 95% CI 0 . 83 – 1 . 04; p=0 . 23), though did increase mobile application engagement (Figure 2). Conclusions: A mobile health intervention improved step counts and sodium intake over 6 months in patients with HTN. Tailored push notifications did not impact short-term PA or dietary sodium intake, though they did improve intervention engagement.

Inverse salt sensitivity, an increase in blood pressure (BP) when sodium intake is reduced, affects about 10-15% of the population, yet the mechanisms underlying this alteration in BP are not well understood. The renal dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) plays a critical role in maintaining normal BP and preventing inflammation and tissue injury. The DRD2 is highly polymorphic, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene impair DRD2 synthesis and stability. Specifically, rs6277 SNP in exon 7 of DRD2 is associated with decreased D2R expression and is present in some individuals with hypertension. We have reported that human renal proximal tubular cells with this SNP have decreased D2R mRNA and protein expressions and increased renal Na+ pump/transporter expression. To study the effects of rs6277 on sodium balance and BP, using CRISPR-Cas9, we generated C57Bl/6 mice lacking their own Drd2 but instead express either the human DRD2 wild-type ( DRD2 WT) or rs6277 ( DRD2 Mut). Male and female mice were placed for one week on three distinct salt diets: normal salt (NS; 0.4% NaCl), high salt (HS; 4% NaCl), and low salt (LS; less than 0.08% NaCl) diets. On NS diet, BPs (measured by tail-cuff plethysmography under pentobarbital anesthesia) were slightly higher in male DRD2 Mut than DRD2 WT mice (79±3 vs 73±±0.5 mm Hg; P&lt;0.04; n=5-7/group) while BPs were similar in female DRD2 Mut and DRD2 WT mice (77±3 vs 75±3 mm Hg: n=8/group). On HS diet, BPs were similar in DRD2 WT and DRD2 Mut mice (males 89±2 vs 92±3; females 79±3 vs 87±5 mm Hg). However, on LS diet DRD2 Mut had higher BPs than DRD2 WT mice (males: 72±2 vs 90±2 P&lt;0.001; females: 68±1 vs 88±3 mm Hg, P&lt;0.001). Thus, in DRD2 WT mice, BP increased on HS diet and decreased on LS, while in DRD2 Mut mice, BP increased on both LS and HS diets. There were no significant differences in urinary sodium excretion between DRD2 WT and DRD2 Mut male and female mice on the different diets. These findings suggest that alterations in DRD2 expression/function may be the underlying cause of inverse salt sensitivity of BP because the presence of DRD2 rs6277 is associated with inverse salt sensitivity in mice and humans. Moreover, the increased BP in DRD2 rs6277 mice on LS is independent of urinary sodium excretion.

IntroductionThe burden of cardiovascular disease in Sub-Saharan Africa has increased in recent years, and high blood pressure is the leading cause. One established risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease is dietary salt intake. The World Health Organisation has highlighted low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) as a potential method to lower sodium intake. LSSS enriched with potassium may additionally support improving sodium-potassium balance. Studies in India and China have investigated the impact of LSSS on reducing sodium intake and the risk of stroke and hypertension in adults. However, evidence in African populations, and in particular youth, is lacking. As such, this protocol describes a phase 1 double-blinded randomised controlled trial to assess the efficacy of a potassium-enriched LSSS compared to traditional salt to improve urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure in African adolescents and their families.MethodsWe will enrol 600 adolescents (13–19 years old) and their primary caregivers living in Soweto, South Africa. Adolescents and their households will be randomised to receive a LSSS or traditional table salt (NaCl) for a 16-week period. All other household salt products will be removed. Anthropometrics and questionnaire data will be collected at 0 and 16 weeks. Spot urine samples and blood pressure will be collected at 0, 4, 12 and 16 weeks. Safety screening for kidney function will be conducted on household members at baseline. The trial protocol received ethics approval from the University of Witwatersrand Medical Human Research Ethics Committee (M221056).DiscussionThe obtained results will, to the best of our knowledge, be the first in an African population to provide insights into the efficacy of a potassium-enriched LSSS in improving urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio and blood pressure.Trial registrationThis trial is registered with the Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (https://pactr.samrc.ac.za); identifier: PACTR202306727520808 (09 June 2023).Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-025-09184-z.

Introduction: Serum calcium, phosphate, and their interaction have been linked to vascular calcification. While high calcium-phosphate ratio (Ca/P) has been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes especially in chronic kidney disease (CKD), its relationship with blood pressure in non-CKD remains unclear. This study aims to assess the association between Ca/P and blood pressure in individuals without CKD. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2017–2020 NHANES. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were calculated from 3 consecutive blood pressure measurements. Ca/P was calculated by dividing serum calcium by serum phosphate (mg/dL) and categorized into quartiles. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the CKD-EPI formula, with non-CKD defined as eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Associations of serum calcium, phosphate, and Ca/P with SBP and DBP were assessed using multiple linear regression models, adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, laboratory values, average sodium and alcohol intake, and socioeconomic status. Result: Among the 4,621 adults included, mean age±SD was 51±17 years and 91.6% was non-CKD. The mean SBP and DBP were 124±19 and 75±11mmHg, respectively. The mean serum calcium and phosphate were 9.3±0.4 and 3.6±0.5 mg/dL, and the median [IQR] Ca/P was 2.6 [2.4–2.9]. In the fully adjusted models, serum Ca/P and calcium were positively associated with mean SBP and DBP while serum phosphate showed an inverse association (all p&lt;0.05). When Ca/P was categorized into quartiles, Q3 and Q4 were graded associated with higher SBP (aβ SBP-Q3 2.31 (0.97-3.65) p&lt;0.01, aβ SBP-Q4 2.79 (1.39-4.19) p&lt;0.01) and DBP (aβ DBP-Q3 1.35 (0.51-2.20) p&lt;0.01, aβ DBP-Q4 1.71 (0.82-2.59) p&lt;0.01). In subgroup analysis of non-CKD, Ca/P in Q3 and Q4 showed stronger associations with both higher SBP (aβ non-CKD/SBP-Q3 2.64 (1.31-3.67) p&lt;0.01, aβ non-CKD/SBP-Q4 3.29 (1.89-4.69) p&lt;0.01) and DBP (aβ non-CKD/DBP-Q3 1.42 (0.55-2.28) p&lt;0.01, aβ non-CKD/DBP-Q4 1.80 (0.90-2.70) p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that higher Ca/P is associated with elevated blood pressure, even in individuals without CKD. This hilights the need for further investigation into the interaction between serum calcium and phosphate in the non-CKD populations.

Background: Suboptimal dietary patterns constitute a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women, yet the global and temporal dynamics of diet related CVD burden remain incompletely characterized. Understanding how specific dietary components have influenced CVD outcomes in women from 1990-2021 can inform targeted prevention strategies across diverse settings. Method: Using Global Burden of Disease 2021 framework, we quantified age-standardized DALYs and deaths due to CVD attributable to dietary risks in women across 204 countries from 1990–2021. Dietary exposure estimates came from population surveys and were linked to CVD outcomes via meta-analytic relative risks. We calculated absolute counts and percentage changes over time, with stratification by age, year and location. Results: From 1990-2021, DALYs for CVD in women attributable to high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increased by 75%, followed by deficits in omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids 48%, insufficient whole grain intake 33%, excessive sodium intake 24%, inadequate fruit consumption 23%, low seafood omega-3 fatty acids 18%, insufficient vegetable intake 15%, inadequate legumes 14%, low nuts and seeds 14%, and inadequate dietary fiber 2%. In contrast, DALYs related to high red meat consumption declined by 1%, while burdens linked to trans fatty acids and processed meats rose by 28% and 34%, respectively. Regionally, South Asia (SA) experienced the largest rise in CVD DALYs due to dietary risks, climbing from 6.76 million to 14.14 million (an increase of 7.78 million), whereas High-SDI regions saw a decline from 7.29 million to 5.17 million (a decrease of 2.12 million). Mortality attributable to dietary risks increased most markedly in SA 136%, followed by Low-Middle SDI 90%, Low SDI 83%, and Sub-Saharan Africa 78% between 1990 and 2021. Age-specific trends revealed that women aged 55 years and older experienced a 38% rise in deaths and a 31% rise in DALYs, whereas those aged 20–54 years saw a 17% increase in both deaths and DALYs over the same period. Conclusion: Over three decades, high sugar-sweetened beverage intake and insufficient whole grains, omega-6 fats, and fruits have driven rising CVD burden in women—most pronounced in SA and lower-SDI regions—while High-SDI areas saw declines. Tailored policies to reduce sugar-sweetened beverages and boost consumption of whole grains, fruits, and polyunsaturated fats are urgently needed to reverse these trends.

BackgroundNigeria is experiencing a growing burden of diet-related non-communicable diseases, particularly hypertension and cardiovascular disease, largely driven by high sodium intake and poor diet quality. Unhealthy dietary patterns characterized by excessive sodium, sugars, and unhealthy fats, and low intake of essential nutrients contribute to approximately 31% of global deaths annually. However, there is limited data on the sodium content and nutritional quality of foods in Nigerian markets. This study assessed and compared the availability, healthiness, and sodium content of packaged and unpackaged foods in Nigerian markets.MethodsFrom August 2022 to December 2022, we collected and compared nutrition data on packaged and unpackaged foods from 35 outlets across three states in Nigeria. Data collection utilized the Food Switch Data Collector App. Healthiness was assessed using the Health Star Rating (HSR) system, which rates products from 0.5 (least healthy) to 5 stars (most healthy) based on their nutritional profile. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics for packaged/unpackaged foods, calculating mean health star rating values and comparing them using Welch’s t-test, and analyzing sodium content using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U tests.ResultsPackaged foods and beverages (n = 6636) were more available than unpackaged foods (n = 507). Overall, unpackaged foods had a higher mean HSR than packaged foods (4.6 vs. 3.4, p < 0.001). Packaged meat and meat alternatives had significantly higher sodium (760.0 mg/100 g, IQR 560.0) compared to unpackaged (74.0 mg/100 g, IQR 45.0) (p < 0.001).ConclusionsPackaged foods and beverages in Nigeria were less healthy and contained higher sodium levels than unpackaged foods. To encourage healthier diets, the Nigerian government should implement policies such as reformulation and front-of-pack nutrition labeling to improve the healthiness of packaged foods.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41043-025-01121-9.

Global trends and modifiable risk factors for atopic dermatitis incidence: Insights from GBD 2021.

Combination of a modified dietary tool &amp; spot urine collection: an improved method for daily sodium intake estimation

How to achieve sodium salt reduction in bean-based fermented foods: strategies, application cases and future perspectives.

Exploring the salt taste-enhancing activity of key peptides and ultrafiltrated fractions from spent hen meat hydrolysate.

Fermented sausages are popular worldwide due to their sensory and nutritional characteristics, as well as their convenience for storage and consumption. The production and consumption of meat products are associated with negative impacts from the risks of high sodium intake, such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Salt (NaCl) plays an important role in the preservation, water loss during drying, reduction in water activity, and sensory characteristics of meat and other fermented food products. NaCl reduction is considered a challenge because it affects the sensory properties of meat and can compromise the safety and microbiological parameters related to the spoilage of the fermented meat product. The use of microorganisms, such as LAB, has been studied as an innovative way to substitute traditional preservatives. They produce various metabolites, including bioactive and antimicrobial substances that are actively involved in health benefits and guarantee the safety of meat products. These natural substances produced by bacteria extend shelf life by inhibiting spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. This review discusses the potential application of lactic acid bacteria in the reformulation of fermented sausages, challenges, and beneficial effects on sensorial, safety, and health properties.

Hypertension is a major public health problem with a prevalence that continues to increase both globally and nationally. This condition is often referred to as a “silent killer” because it usually presents without symptoms yet may lead to severe complications such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Data from the 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) revealed that the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia reached 34.1% among individuals aged ≥18 years, showing an increase compared to 2013. One contributing risk factor is excessive sodium intake that exceeds daily recommendations, combined with poor nutritional knowledge influencing individual dietary behaviors. This study employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach to analyze the association between sodium intake and nutritional knowledge with the incidence of hypertension among inpatients at Harapan Insan Sendawar General Hospital. The study population included all elderly patients aged over 60 years (n = 36), selected through total sampling. Primary data were collected via interviews using a semi-FFQ questionnaire and blood pressure measurements, while secondary data were obtained from hospital records. Findings showed that most respondents were over 60 years old (61.1%), had high sodium intake (80.5%), and low nutritional knowledge (72.2%). The prevalence of hypertension among respondents was remarkably high at 94.4%. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant association between sodium intake and hypertension (p = 0.010), as well as between nutritional knowledge and hypertension (p = 0.032). In conclusion, high sodium consumption and low nutritional knowledge significantly contribute to the incidence of hypertension among elderly patients. These findings highlight the importance of nutrition education and sodium intake control as preventive strategies for hypertension.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION. Arterial hypertension is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and an important risk factor for cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and renal diseases. In Brazil, its high prevalence represents a significant challenge for the Unified Health System (SUS), requiring continuous actions in prevention, early diagnosis, and effective control. In this context, Primary Health Care (PHC) plays an essential role in the early detection, follow-up, and health education of hypertensive patients. OBJECTIVES. To analyze new therapeutic and preventive strategies for arterial hypertension within the context of Primary Health Care, highlighting pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that promote blood pressure control and reduce cardiovascular complications. JUSTIFICATION. Arterial hypertension has great social and epidemiological relevance, as it is associated with high mortality and disability rates. Adequate prevention and management contribute to maintaining individuals’ quality of life, reducing the burden on the healthcare system, and lowering costs related to hospitalizations and the treatment of chronic complications. From a scientific perspective, this study expands knowledge on the effectiveness of new therapeutic approaches and preventive strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study was conducted through an integrative literature review, following the PICO strategy guidelines, focusing on the identification and critical analysis of evidence on new therapeutic and preventive measures for arterial hypertension. The searches were carried out in the PubMed and SciELO databases, covering publications from 2020 to 2025, in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, available in full text. Inclusion criteria comprised studies published between 2020 and 2025 that addressed pharmacological innovations, integrative approaches, and preventive strategies in the context of Primary Health Care. Duplicated works, unavailable full-text articles, and studies focused exclusively on hospital populations were excluded. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. A total of 982 articles were initially identified, of which 10 met the inclusion criteria. The analysis revealed significant advances in combined antihypertensive therapies, particularly regarding the rational use of fixed-dose combinations and the personalization of treatment according to the patient’s profile. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as supervised physical activity programs, sodium intake reduction, and encouragement of diets based on Mediterranean patterns, showed consistent results in lowering blood pressure levels. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS. New therapeutic and preventive strategies for arterial hypertension show great potential in reducing complications and improving patients’ quality of life. Strengthening Primary Health Care, combined with the incorporation of technologies, health education, and continuous follow-up, represents an essential pathway for effective hypertension control within the SUS context. Keywords: Arterial hypertension. Prevention. Therapeutic strategies.

Hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health challenge, with cardiovascular disease being the major cause of mortality in CKD. Several factors play a role in its pathophysiology, including renin-angiotensin system activation. Guidelines for blood pressure management in CKD patients demonstrate some variation in their recommended targets and therapeutic approach. However, current practice increasingly adopts stricter systolic blood pressure target when tolerable. A daily sodium intake of less than 2 grams and engagement in moderate-intensity physical activity (≥30 min, 5–7 days per week) are strongly recommended. However, the majority of patients with CKD ultimately require combination therapy with multiple antihypertensive agents, such as calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics. Recent evidence is increasingly in favor of considering sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, incretin therapies, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), given their established benefits on cardiovascular and kidney-related outcomes, even though their blood pressure lowering effects remains relatively modest. Emerging agents with novel mechanisms of action, such as endothelin receptor antagonists, are also under investigation and may provide additional therapeutic options in the future. This review aims to summarize current guideline recommendations and therapeutic strategies for managing hypertension in CKD, including recent and emerging pharmacologic approaches.

ABSTRACT Elevated contamination levels of domestic wastewater pose challenges to its treatment and reuse in Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS). To address this, biologically treated domestic wastewater was employed as a primary nutrient source for leafy vegetables. A comparative analysis of growth parameters and nutrient assimilation was performed on two vegetables with distinct salt tolerance capacities, ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa), under two cultivation systems: recycled wastewater and Hoagland solution. Key findings indicated that: Both had comparable edible biomass in recycled wastewater (ice plant: 127.28 g·plant⁻¹; lettuce yield marginally lower) vs Hoagland controls (ice plant: 124.87 g·plant⁻¹), with no significant difference. Lettuce exhibited enhanced root development in wastewater, with significantly greater underground biomass (p < 0.05) than Hoagland-grown counterparts, suggesting adaptation to saline stress (wastewater EC: 6.39 mS·cm−1 ). Nutrient-wise, recycled wastewater had gently changed elemental ratios and pH maintained weakly acidic during cultivation. Vegetables in recycled wastewater took up more K⁺, Na⁺, and trace elements vs. Hoagland (e.g. lettuce Na content: 3.2× Hoagland controls). ∼13.12 m² of ice plant could intake sodium from one person’s daily urine under the experiment. These results demonstrate that recycled wastewater serves as a viable primary nutrient source for CELSS agriculture. Ice plant exhibited higher sodium assimilation efficiency and systemic adaptation to recycled wastewater, whereas lettuce developed compensatory root morphological modifications to mitigate high salinity.

Background: Hypertension remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where healthcare access and awareness are limited. Excessive sodium intake, often from discretionary salt used in cooking, contributes significantly to this burden. Salt substitutes, typically formulated by partially replacing sodium chloride with potassium chloride or other minerals, offer a cost-effective dietary intervention to lower blood pressure (BP) and reduce cardiovascular risk, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Objective: This review examines the efficacy of low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS) in reducing blood pressure (BP) and its effects on cardiovascular (CV) outcomes, safety concerns, and challenges to their implementation in LMICs. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive narrative review of studies published between 1994 and 2024 using PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, observational studies, and implementation research that evaluated the effects of LSSS on BP, CV outcomes, safety, and feasibility in LMIC contexts. Thematic synthesis was used to summarize the findings. Key Findings: Salt substitutes consistently lowered systolic and diastolic BP across diverse populations, with mean reductions ranging from 3 to 5 mmHg. Trials have also demonstrated reductions in stroke incidence, CV events, and all-cause mortality. However, the benefits were mostly derived from studies conducted in China and other upper-middle-income settings. Safety concerns (particularly hyperkalemia in individuals with chronic kidney disease or RAAS inhibitors) warrant targeted risk screening and public education. Implementation barriers in LMICs include cost, limited availability, poor awareness, and a lack of regulatory oversight. Conclusions: Salt substitutes present a promising, scalable strategy to reduce BP and CV disease burden in LMICs. However, their adoption must be context-specific, culturally sensitive, and supported by government subsidies, regulatory frameworks, and educational campaigns. Future trials should evaluate the long-term safety and cost-effectiveness in underrepresented LMIC populations to guide equitable public health interventions.

High-salt intake exacerbates endolymphatic hydrops and alters aldosterone regulation in a Ménière's disease animal model.

BackgroundThis study aimed to examine the association between dietary mineral intake and serum lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, daily mineral intake was assessed using a validated dietary questionnaire administered to 149 participants. Daily energy and minerals intakes were calculated using 2002 China Food Composition Database, and reference values were based on the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) from the 2013 Chinese Dietary Guidelines. Partial correlation and multivariable linear regression analysis were performed to examine associations between daily mineral intake and serum lipid parameters.ResultsCompared with the DRIs for Chinese residents, daily intake of calcium, zinc, potassium, and dietary fiber was significantly lower in both men and women (all P < 0.001), whereas sodium, iron, and iodine intake were higher. Partial correlation analysis indicated that daily intake of calcium, iron, zinc and selenium was positively associated with serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.05), while dietary iodine intake was negatively associated with HDL-C (r= -0.181, P = 0.040). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that dietary intakes of calcium, iron, iodine, zinc, and selenium were significantly associated with HDL-C after adjusting for covariates (all P < 0.05). No significant associations were observed between dietary mineral intake and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or triglyceride.ConclusionsPatients with type 2 diabetes had largely suboptimal dietary mineral intake. Higher intakes of dietary calcium, iron, zinc, and selenium were positively associated with serum HDL-C, suggesting that maintaining mineral balance may benefit lipid homeostasis in this population.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-025-01163-6.

This study was designed to explore the cross-sectional association between dietary and serum sodium levels and the risk of hypertension within the general US population. A total of 15,349 adult participants were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2018. Weighted logistic regression analyses were employed to examine the associations between dietary and serum sodium and hypertension. The weighted restricted cubic spline was constructed based on the fully adjusted model to explore the dose–response relationship. Additionally, further stratified analyses were carried out. All data handling and analyses were executed using the “Survey” package in R software (Version 4.4.1). The mean age of the study population was 47.53 ± 0.33 years, with an average body mass index of 29.36 ± 0.12 kg/m2. Males accounted for 48.11%, and the weighted prevalence of hypertension was 38.14%. This study uncovered a positive association between the highest quartile of dietary sodium intake and the risk of hypertension among older adults, females, overweight or obese individuals, nonsmokers and nondrinkers, those with low levels of physical activity, and those without cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, a “V”-shaped nonlinear relationship was identified between serum sodium levels and the risk of hypertension among older, sedentary participants. Adopting a low-sodium diet and maintaining serum sodium levels at around 141 mmol/L may confer significant health advantages. Such an approach holds the potential to decrease the risk of hypertension and enhance overall cardiovascular health.