Blood Plasma Sodium Research Articles

An aptasensor using ceria electrodeposited-screen-printed carbon electrode for detection of epithelial sodium channel protein as a hypertension biomarker.

Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a transmembrane protein that has an essential role in maintaining the levels of sodium in blood plasma. A person with a family history of hypertension has a high enough amount of ENaC protein in the kidneys or other organs, so that the ENaC protein acts as a marker that a person is susceptible to hypertension. An aptasensor involves aptamers, which are oligonucleotides that function similar to antibodies, as sensing elements. An electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of ENaC was developed using a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) which was modified by electrodeposition of cerium oxide (CeO2). The aptamer immobilization was via the streptavidin–biotin system. The measurement of changes in current of the active redox [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− was carried out by differential pulse voltammetry. The surfaces of SPCE and SPCE/CeO2 were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Box–Behnken experimental optimization design revealed the streptavidin incubation time, aptamer incubation time and streptavidin concentrations were 30 min, 30 min and 10.8 µg ml−1, respectively. Various concentrations of ENaC were used to obtain the linearity range of 0.05–3.0 ng ml−1, and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.012 ng ml−1 and 0.038 ng ml−1, respectively. This aptasensor method has the potential to measure the ENaC protein levels in urine samples as well as to be a point-of-care device.

Volume regulation of muscle cells in the carp Cyprinus carpio in response to hypernatremia.

Hypernatremia supports the movement of water from the intracellular to the intercellular space. This shift leads to cells shrinkage and disruption of intracellular processes, representing risk factors of morbidity and mortality in clinical circumstances. On the other hand, hypernatremia triggers protective mechanisms that counteract damage of cells. To determine in experiments in vivo the ranges of sodium content regulation in the blood plasma of carp characterizing the norm and hypernatremia. To identify the patterns volume regulation of skeletal muscles cells in response to hypernatremia. Carps were acclimating for 3 weeks to a different salinity in the range of 0-12 g/L. In the plasma and muscle tissue the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium was determined by the method of flame spectrophotometry. Water content in the muscles has been additionally determined. Carps acclimated in the salinity range of 0-6 g/L, maintained the concentration of sodium in blood plasma within of the range of 129-135 mmol/L (normonatremia). In the salinity zone of 6-12 g/L concentration of sodium in the blood plasma of fish has increased to 207 mmol/L (hypernatremia). Hypernatremia was causing the increase of the sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium content in carp muscles and the drop of water level. Muscle tissue of carp adapts to hypernatremia by means of increasing inorganic ions by 70.8 % and organic osmolytes by 29.2 % (Fig. 2, Ref. 51).

Mechanisms of regulation of erythrocyte volume in common carp Cyprinus carpio (Cyprinidae) at increase in the osmotic concentration of blood plasma within the zone of critical water salinity

In common carp Cyprinus carpio, acclimated to NaCl content in water of 0–6 g/L, the concentration of sodium in blood plasma was relatively constant (130.8 ± 0.7 mM/L). In the fish acclimated to 6−12 g/L NaCl, which corresponds to critical water salinity, plasma sodium content rose to the maximal value of 205.6 ± 1.3 mM/L. Within the interval of water salinity of 0–6 g/L NaCl, the content of potassium in erythrocytes exhibits a trend to gradual decrease from 104.8 ± 1.6 mM/L to 96 ± 1.5 mM/L. In the zone of critical salinity, potassium content increases exponentially to 130.3 ± 2.9 mM/L. The erythrocytes adapted to the increase in osmotic concentration of plasma by accumulation of potassium ions. According to published data on the studies in vitro, the erythrocytes adapt to hypertonic solutions by means of increase in intracellular sodium concentration. Possible reasons for discrepancy between the results of in vivo and in vitro studies are discussed in the present paper.

Salt tolerance's toll: prolonged exposure to saline water inflicts damage to the blood cells of dice snakes (<i>Natrix tessellata</i>)

Abstract. Dice snakes (Natrix tessellata, Laurenti, 1768) inhabit oligohaline and brackish waters along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast, where they often forage at sea. Under these conditions, this species should tolerate highly variable blood plasma sodium concentrations for extended time periods, but the effect of high sodium concentrations to blood cell morphology and physiology is largely unknown. In this experiment, we placed adult dice snakes in waters with different salinity for 84 h, representing the three typical saline concentrations in which dice snakes live and forage: 0.2 ‰ NaCl, fresh water, 16 ‰ NaCl, Black Sea water and 36 ‰ NaCl, World Ocean water. We collected blood through cardiocentesis after exposure to each treatment and used Giemsa's solution for staining the formed elements. We registered numerous nuclear abnormalities (nuclear buds, lobes and blebs) in the blood cells of all investigated specimens. In the snakes placed in the waters with high saline concentration (16 and 36 ‰ NaCl) we found numerous cells with ruptured membranes. These snakes also showed increased mitochondrial activity compared to those in fresh water (1.85 and 2.53 times higher, respectively). Our data suggest that even though dice snakes show a remarkable tolerance to waters with increased salinity, prolonged exposure to it induces significant physiological stress in N. tessellata, which poses a clear limit for their ability to stay in the sea for a long time.

Algorithms of the correction of fluid and electrolyte disorders in patients with severe ischemic stroke

To develop a practical algorithm for the correction of sodium levels and osmolality of blood plasma during the acute period of severe ischemic stroke (IS). One hundred and fifty patients with cardioembolic or atherothrombotic stroke, aged from 30 to 80 years, hospitalized in the first 12 h after symptom emergence, were examined. Neurological deficit was assessed with the NIHSS. The monitoring of blood plasma sodium level and osmolality of blood plasma in the 1st and 5th day after stroke as well as of blood circulation volume was performed. The level of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was measured in patients with hyperosmolar syndrome with hypernatremia. It has been shown that hyponatremia is not an independent predictor of outcome of IS, but requires a diagnostic search of the causes of this condition with subsequent correction of sodium levels. For hypernatremia therapeutic tactics varies depending on the timing of the beginning of IS. A conservative strategy for the correction of hypernatremia to plasma sodium blood levels of 150 mmol/L on the first day of IS and to 155 mg/dL since the third day can be used. If these values are exceeded, the most rapid correction of hypernatremia is necessary.

Culture and Releasing Potentials of Blacksea Sea Trout (Salmo trutta labrax L.)

In this study, physiological reaction of the Black Sea trout was aimed to identified, during the Black Sea transferring period to Black Sea (18‰).After salty water treatment of the two similar groups in November, individual morphometric adaptation success was identified. Fish in both groups were sorted evaluated fish parr marks formations, because of smoltification adaptation success. As a result of the analysis, it was observed that Black Sea trout could be successful after total length of 11.5 cm. Experimental fish group, measured as 11 cm mean length and 11.6 g mean weighed were divided two similar groups randomly. Both groups were fedunder the Black Sea salinity and fresh water condition during the November-April period. At the end of the five moth feeding period, mean lengths were reached to15.8±2.79 cm in seawater, 16.1±2.05 cm in fresh water conditions. During the exposure of the required size fish to 18‰ salinity, blood plasma sodium and chlorine ion concentrations were increased in first 3 days, then stabilized after 7th day. Blood potassium ion concentration were decreased until 17th day, then stabilized. When fish were exposed to ocean salty water (30‰), blood ion concentrations were relatively stabilized after 14th day. During the salty water adaptation period, there is no mortality under 18‰ salty water, but totally 10% mortality was observed in 30‰ salty water exposures. As a conclusion, it was determined that Black Sea trout bigger sized than 11.5 cm length could be adapted to Black Sea salinity (18‰), and physiologic adaptation duration could be reached to 17 days. During the releasing applications to the marine water of the Black Sea trout, if 17 day adaptation period of the identified minimum capable sized fish are taken in to consideration, groups’ competition ability and survival rate will be increased.

Hyponatremia effect in patients with alcohol dependence on their physical and mental health status.

Hyponatremia, i.e. reduction of sodium level in the blood plasma below 135mmol/L, is one of the most common electrolyte disorders occurring in people addicted to alcohol. Numerous psychopathological symptoms may be significantly associated with its occurrence. Since sodium is one of the main bioelements, which is responsible for proper neuromuscular excitability maintenance and contributes in nerve impulses conduction, sodium balance disorders may be related to a risk to basic life functions. The tested group included 100 alcohol dependent patients (M=90, F=10). Sodium was determined using biochemical Indiko Plus analyzer. Analysis of sodium concentration demonstrated that 64% of people with alcohol dependence had low (<135mmol/L) plasma sodium level, of which: 7% had severe hyponatremia (<120mmol/L), 13% had moderate hyponatremia (120-130mmol/L) and 44% had mild hyponatremia (130-135mmol/L). The analysis showed an occurrence of significant differences in terms of: impulsivity, quality of life, clinical symptoms occurrence, maximum amount of alcohol consumed and general health state. The lower concentration of sodium in blood plasma in alcohol dependent people, the worse psychical and psychological quality of their life.

The peripheral circulation in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microcirculation in patients with acute coronary syndrome over the course of the disease. Design/methodology/approach. 48 patients were examined with average age of 65.3±5.1 years. The patients were delivered in an intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Analysis of clinical, instrumental and laboratory parameters was made depending on the final diagnosis: «myocardial infarction» - 26 patients, «unstable angina» - 22 patients. In addition, both linear and volume blood flow were evaluated on the distal phalanx of second finger of the right hand in all patients using the method of high-frequency (25 MHz) ultrasound Doppler study. Findings. At admission, in patients with acute myocardial infarction the linear velocity of blood flow was 10.27±1.18 mm/s, the volume rate of flow 4.67±0.55 ml/min; in the subgroup of patients with unstable angina these figures were 14.09±1.50 mm/s and 6.64±0.71 ml/min, respectively (p<0.05). After 12-24 hours on a background of the therapy in patients with myocardial infarction an increase of the studied parameters is registered (12.3±1.7 mm/s and 6.33±0.96 ml/min for linear and volumetric blood flow velocity). The inverse correlations between the indices of the peripheral circulation and the size of the left and right atria, and end-diastolic size of left ventricular were identified. Originality/value. Patients with acute myocardial infarction in the start of disease showed significantly lower rates of microcirculation with their subsequent growth, in comparison with the patients with unstable angina, where the opposite dynamic is registered at the initially higher values of the microcirculation. The statistical correlation analysis was made. In patients with acute coronary syndrome it defined a reverse reliable link of microcirculation parameters with the end-diastolic size of the left ventricle, the size of the left and right atrium, as well as the level of sodium in blood plasma.

The Flame Photometer as Engine of Nephrology: A Biography

In the 1940s, the flame photometer made possible for the first time relatively simple and quick measurements of sodium and potassium in serum and urine. During World War II, it unexpectedly fell into the hands of John P. Peters of Yale University, who sought to understand water and electrolyte physiology and apply such knowledge to patient problems. Pupils and young associates of Peters would seed the early nephrology divisions and training programs in the United States; the flame photometer was essential to their work and that of their trainees, both Americans and international visitors. Hyponatremia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion became the "attribute" disorders of nephrologists. Invention of a microflame photometer fostered the revival of micropuncture and transport studies. In the 1960s, the flame photometer was linked to Leonard Skeggs' sequential automated analysis system, leading to enormous numbers of routine measurements of electrolytes. The growing number of nephrologists, then based mostly at teaching hospitals, thus found plentiful instances of sodium and potassium abnormalities to address. The autoanalyzer also catalyzed use of the anion gap, another emblem of nephrology in its early decades. Not only ideas and theories, but also the usually invisible machinery, enable the growth of a knowledge base and formation of a scientific discipline or medical specialty. Of course, the flame photometer did not itself shape the agenda of nephrology, but it allowed the most influential group of progenitors and their progeny to explore normal function and bring a strongly physiologic imperative to their daily work with patients.

Protection by Pyruvate Infusion in a Rat Model of Severe Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Several lines of evidence suggest a strong protective potential of pyruvate against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here, we studied the effect of pyruvate infusion on injury of the small intestine and on systemic parameters in a rat model of severe mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion was induced by occlusion/reopening of the superior mesenteric artery of male Wistar rats (90 min ischemia, 120 min reperfusion). Sodium pyruvate was infused at overall doses of 50, 250, and 1,000 mg/kg during two time windows: 30 min before until the induction of ischemia and 30 min before reperfusion until 60 min after beginning of reperfusion. Pyruvate infusion attenuated ischemia-reperfusion injury of the small intestine between 25% and 55% as indicated by macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, intestinal hemorrhages, and myeloperoxidase activity (neutrophil invasion). There were no significant differences in the local protective effects exerted by the three doses of sodium pyruvate applied. At 250 mg sodium pyruvate/kg and 1,000 mg sodium pyruvate/kg, however, blood pH values were less acidotic, and at 250 mg sodium pyruvate/kg the mean arterial blood pressure remained at higher values during the reperfusion phase. A significant increase in the blood plasma sodium concentration only occurred at 1,000 mg sodium pyruvate/kg. Pyruvate infusion clearly protects the small intestine against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Protection can already be achieved at doses where sodium overload is negligible. Protection primarily results from local effects on the small intestine. Only at a dose of 250 mg sodium pyruvate/kg and above, systemic effects may additionally contribute.

Effects of manganese on juvenile mulloway ( Argyrosomus japonicus) cultured in water with varying salinity—Implications for inland mariculture

The effects of 5 mg/L of dissolved manganese on juvenile mulloway at salinities of 5, 15 and 45 ppt were determined by comparing their survival, growth and blood plasma and organ chemistry with those of fish grown at the same salinities without manganese addition. Survival of mulloway at 45 ppt in the presence of 5 mg/L of manganese (73 ± 13%) was significantly lower than all other treatments, which achieved 100% survival. Those fish grown in water without manganese exhibited rapid growth, which was not affected by salinity (SGR = 4.05 ± 0.29%/day). Those fish grown at 5 ppt and 45 ppt in the presence of manganese lost weight over the 2-week trial (SGR − 0.17 ± 0.42 and − 0.44 ± 0.83%/day, respectively), whilst those at 15 ppt gained some weight (SGR 1.70 ± 0.20%/day). Manganese accumulated in the gills, liver and muscle of the fish and significant differences in blood plasma chemistry were observed. Blood plasma sodium and chloride of fish exposed to manganese were significantly elevated in hyperosmotic salinity (45 ppt) and depressed at hyposmotic salinity (5 ppt) compared with unexposed fish at the same salinity; consistent with manganese causing apoptosis or necrosis to chloride cells. We did not, however, observe any gill epithelial damage under light microscopy. Blood plasma potassium was significantly elevated at all salinities in the presence of manganese and liver potassium and glycogen reduced. These findings are consistent with manganese interfering with carbohydrate metabolism.

Interactive Effects of Different Temperatures and Salinities on Growth, Feed Conversion Efficiency, and Blood Physiology in Juvenile Spotted Wolffish, Anarhichas minor Olafsen

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different salinities and temperatures and their possible interactive effect on growth performance, feeding parameters, and blood physiology in juvenile spotted wolffish, Anarhichas minor, reared at different temperature (7 and 10 C) and salinity (15, 25, and 34‰) combinations. There was a significant interactive effect between temperature and salinity on growth, as a growth‐enhancing effect was seen at intermediate and full salinities at higher temperature, whereas the reciprocal trend was seen at lower temperature. Mean total feed consumption, daily feeding rate, and feed conversion efficiency were all highest at the intermediate salinity at 10 C, whereas at 7 C, the feeding parameters were highest at low and intermediate salinities. Blood plasma sodium content was lowest at 15‰, whereas the opposite trend was seen in partial pressure of CO2 and bicarbonate in blood where the highest concentrations were seen at 15‰. This study demonstrates that spotted wolffish has a high osmoregulatory and acclimatory capacity. In an aquaculture context, growth of juvenile spotted wolffish can be improved by rearing the species at high temperature and intermediate salinity combinations at least in a limited period of the juvenile phase.

Seawater Challenge of Coho Salmon Smolts Following Exposure to the Herbicide Endothall

Abstract A two-Step procedure was used to determine if the contact herbicide endothall affected the ability of smolting coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch to survive in the marine environment. Thirty healthy smolts were first exposed to 5.0 mg endothall/L in freshwater for 96 h, then challenged with seawater for 24 h. Blood plasma sodium was measured as an indicator of the smolts' ability to osmoregulate. Mean plasma sodium concentrations did not differ substantially between exposed (170.7 meq/L) and control (170.9 meq/L) groups. These concentrations are consistent with those reported for fully smolted coho salmon following a 24-h seawater challenge.

Peripheral circulation regulation in patients with the hypothalamic syndrome neuroendocrine metabolic form

Peripheral circulation and regulating hormonal (renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system) and electrolytic (plasma sodium and potassium) factors were studied in 102 patients with the hypothalamic syndrome neuroendocrine metabolic form administered pathogenetic therapy with antiserotonin and dopaminergic drugs as well as routine therapy. Blood plasma sodium vasopressin and aldosterone levels were found increased, arterial vessel reactivity in the forearm reduced, and venous circulation disordered in these patients. Routine therapy failed to normalize electrolytes and hormonal parameters and was conducive to a still more marked reduction of arterial vessel reactivity. Peritol therapy resulted in a reduction of vasopressin concentration and normalization of blood plasma sodium and aldosterone, as well as in improvement of the myogenic mechanisms of vascular tone regulation and normalization of venous circulation parameters. A course of parlodel therapy lead to normalization of blood plasma levels of vasopressin, aldosterone, and sodium but no changes in the regional vessels were observed.

Comparison of a calixarene-based ion-selective electrode with two automated analyzers for the clinical determination of sodium in blood plasma

Neutral-carrier ion-selective electrodes based on methyl p-t-butylcalix[4]aryl acetate have been prepared that are responsive to sodium ions. The miniaturized catheter-type electrodes were obtained by dip-coating their porcelain tips in a PVC membrane cocktail. Examination of the general performance of the electrodes revealed excellent characteristics in terms of Nernstian response, selectivity, stability, reproducibility and response time. The results from the indirect potentiometric assessment of a large number of plasma samples with the electrodes showed a good correlation with the results from two automated analyzers (Technicon Smac 3, Hitachi 704) and with flame photometric data. Although inconsistencies were observed in the measurement of some plasma samples, the variance seemed to be method-dependent, and the overall performance of the electrodes showed promise as an alternative to the sodium glass electrode. Some factors influencing the standard potential of the measuring cell are discussed as a source of error.

The effect of methylmercuric chloride, cadmium chloride, and lead nitrate on six biochemical factors of the brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis)

Brook trout were exposed to experimental water concentrations of methylmercuric chloride at concentrations from 0.01 to 2.93 μ g of Hg/liter, to cadmium chloride from 0.06 to 6.35 μ g of Cd/liter, and to lead nitrate from 0.90 to 474 μ g of Pb/liter. Exposures were for 2- and 8-week periods. Fish weight and length, hemoglobin, and blood plasma sodium, chloride, glucose, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase were measured. The following observed changes were statistically significant: increases in plasma sodium and chloride and decreases in hemoglobin and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity caused by lead; increases in plasma chloride and lactic dehydrogenase activity and a decrease in plasma glucose caused by cadmium; and increases in hemoglobin and plasma sodium and chloride caused by methylmercury. Comparisons were made between these biochemical findings and published data from bioassay and tissue-residue studies regarding the determination of threshold indices of toxicity.

A Study of Sheep during Starvation and Water Deprivation

A study was made of sheep in metabolism stalls deprived of feed and water for 36 hours. Two sheep received a ration that supplied the maintenance requirements of TDN, two received the above ration plus 11 percent sodium chloride. A three day pre-shrink, and a 36-hour shrink without feed or water followed by a four day post-shrink period, was the experimental design. Water consumption was low after 36 hours shrink, and did not reach pre-shrink levels until feed was offered. Feed refusals occurred after the shrink. Changes in blood plasma sodium and chloride did not show trends during the experiment. A rise in blood hematocrits and plasma albumin of the high sodium chloride sheep was noted during the 36 hours shrink, while no changes in these constituents were observed in the sheep on the basal ration. Urinary volume was much larger for the sheep on the high salt rations during the pre-shrink and post-shrink periods than for the sheep on the basal ration. During the shrink period both groups of sheep showed a marked decrease in the rate of urine flow and at the end of the shrink urine flow for both groups of sheep was the same. The patterns of urinary sodium and chloride excretions rates were similar in both groups of sheep and resembled the pattern of urine flow. In the high salt sheep, the rate of nitrogen excretion in the urine dropped to a very low level during the shrink. The rate of urinary nitrogen excretion by the sheep fed basal ration did not drop to any great extent during the period of water and food deprivation. While the sheep receiving the high salt ration lost 7.5 percent of their body weight, the sheep on the basal ration lost approximately 5 percent of their body weight during the shrink. Negative potassium balances, equal for both groups of sheep, were noted during the shrink. The nitrogen balance was negative during the shrink for both groups of sheep, but a larger amount of nitrogen was lost by the sheep fed the basal ration. An amount of nitrogen was retained during the post-shrink period which more than compensated for the loss of nitrogen during the shrink. Extracellular fluid calculated from the sodium balance indicated no change during the shrink for the sheep fed the basal ration, but did indicate a loss of extracellular fluid by the high salt sheep. Calculations of the extracellular fluid from the chloride balance showed a loss of extracellular fluid for the sheep fed the basal ration and a very large loss by the sheep fed the high sodium chloride ration.

Sodium, chlorine, and potassium requirements of growing pigs.

Sodium, chlorine, and sodium chloride deficiencies were produced in pigs with a resultant decrease in daily gains and in efficiency of feed utilization. The sodium chloride deficiency was no more severe than the sodium deficiency alone. Blood plasma studies of the concentration of sodium indicate that blood plasma sodium cannot be used positively to detect a sodium deficiency. The chlorine deficiency caused a significant decrease of the blood plasma chlorides. Coincident with the severe sodium deficiency was a significant rise of potassium in the blood plasma. The growth data for the sodium and the balance studies for sodium, chlorine, and potassium suggest that the requirements for growing swine making average daily gains of approximately 1.35 pounds are 36 to 42 milligrams of sodium, 53 to 64 milligrams of chlorine, and 100 to 120 milligrams of potassium per kilogram body weight daily.