Deoxycholate Research Articles

In-Depth Comparison of Reagent-Based Digestion Methods and Two Commercially Available Kits for Bottom-Up Proteomics.

Proteomic analysis plays an essential role in biology with several methodologies available for sample preparation and analysis. This study evaluates and compares various cell lysis and protein digestion protocols for bottom-up proteomics using HeLa S3 cells. We assessed two physical disruption methods to homogenize cells-sonication and BeatBox-alongside four digestion protocols. Two of them are lab-reagent strategies: urea-based and sodium deoxycholate (SDC)-based in-solution digestion, and two are commercially available kits: the EasyPep kit from Thermo Fisher Scientific and S-Trap from Protifi. Each method's efficacy was evaluated based on protein recovery, peptide yield, and number of unique proteins identified through LC-MS analysis. Our results indicate that while both sonication and the BeatBox (PreOmics Inc.) methods provided comparable protein recovery and coverage, the choice of digestion method had a much bigger impact on the amount of protein IDs found. SDC digestion yielded the highest protein and peptide counts, while S-Trap exhibited the most consistent peptide recovery. Conversely, EasyPep showed higher variability in peptide recovery, with a ±10% difference in the average peptide number. Each homogenization strategy and digestion method also yielded its own list of unique proteins. These results provide several lists of proteins for biologists to select from based on experimental needs and highlight the importance of choosing appropriate protocols for comprehensive proteomic analyses.

Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed cell landscape of tongue dorsal mucosa in rats with gastric intestinal metaplasia

The formation of tongue coating is closely related with the differentiation of the lingual dorsal mucosa, and a great deal of evidence shows that the variation of tongue coating reflects the pathological and physiological state of the gastric mucosa. However, the detailed mechanism remains elusive. This study established a rat model of gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) with 2% sodium salicylate and 20 mmol/L of deoxycholate sodium, and used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to reveal the cell landscape of tongue dorsal mucosa. In comparison to the control group, the tongue dorsal mucosa of GIM rats became grayish-white, and the histologic characteristics presented an uneven distribution of tongue papilla with many immune cells in the submucosal layer. The expressive levels of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17) were significantly higher in GIM rats than in the control group. Stratified analysis revealed the significant downregulation of autophagy marker gene Map1lc3a in neutrophils and T cells, and the significant downregulation of cuproptosis marker gene Dlst in fibroblasts of the tongue dorsal mucosa in GIM rats. These changes were closely related to mucosal inflammation and impaired tissue barrier integrity. Significantly, the expression of several keratin genes (Krt7, Krt8, Krt13, Krt16, and Krt76) was significantly downregulated, as well as the expression of the bitter taste receptor gene Rtp4 and the sweet taste receptor gene Tas1r2 in the GIM rats. The data indicated that fewer cells entered regulated cell death in immune cells of tongue mucosa, a more active inflammatory response occurred, the keratinization of tongue dorsal mucosal cells was inhibited, and the taste perception function was weakened. The results bring new perspectives on tongue coating in the application of gastric disorders.Characteristics of the tongue dorsum mucosal cell landscape in the rats with gastric intestinal metaplasia. The abundances of T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages were upregulated, and the autophagy marker gene Map1lc3a in T cells and neutrophils was downregulated, which indicated an actively inflammatory immune response. Downregulation of cuprotosis marker gene Dlst in fibroblasts suggested potential damage to the mucosal barrier. Meanwhile, the expression of bitter receptor Rtp4 and sweet receptor Tas1r2 in mesenchymal stem cells was downregulated. The cell communication ability was reduced, especially between mesenchymal stem cells and epithelial cells. In a word, the abnormal status of tongue dorsum mucosa may accompany the development of gastric intestinal metaplasia.

Evaluation of the dissociation behavior of hydrophobic ion pairs via HPLC analysis.

The objective of this study was to investigate the stability of hydrophobic ion pairs (HIP) of tuftsin and perfluorooctanoic acid in physiological media via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HIP was formed between the model peptide tuftsin and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Precipitation efficiency and logP of HIP was determined via HPLC. HIP was characterized via mass spectrometry (MS). Furthermore, the impact of monovalent salts (NaCl, KCl), divalent salts (CaCl2, MgCl2), phosphate containing media (pure phosphate, PBS), bile salts (sodium taurocholate, sodium deoxycholate) and fatty acid (sodium myristate) as well as the impact of pH on dissociation of HIP was analyzed via HPLC. HIP formed in a charge ratio of 1:1 (tuftsin: PFOA) showed a 2512-fold increase in lipophilicity compared to tuftsin. The formation of HIP 1:1 was confirmed by mass spectrometry, showing a peak at the expected mass of 1327m/z. Pure tuftsin eluted from a C18 reversed phase column after 1.8min, while the peak of HIP eluted at 6.6min. The stability of HIP in presence of physiological relevant compounds decreased in the following rank order: sodium deoxycholate>sodium myristate>magnesium chloride=calcium chloride>phosphate>sodium taurocholate>sodium chloride=potassium chloride. The lower the pH, the lower was the stability of HIP. HPLC analysis offers a valuable method to study the dissociation of hydrophobic ion pairs in physiological relevant media.

Impact of stabilizers on particle size and dispersion behavior in biorelevant media in solid nanocrystal formulations.

Impact of stabilizers on particle size and dispersion behavior in biorelevant media in solid nanocrystal formulations.

Local necrosis induced by intralesional treatment with amphotericin B- deoxycholate.

Local necrosis induced by intralesional treatment with amphotericin B- deoxycholate.

Bio-based two-dimensional amphiphile with hierarchical self-assembly for enhancing pesticide utilization and reducing environmental risks.

Biotic and abiotic stresses threaten crop growth and yield. Agrochemicals are an important way to mitigate biotic stress, while frequent low utilization and potential environmental risk affect their sustainable use. In order to improve pesticide utilization, it is common practice to add tank-mix adjuvants by reducing surface tension or forming spherical self-assembly. However, there is a lack of quantitative indicators to screen suitable molecules for sustainable application. In this work, critical factors based on physicochemical properties, and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are applied to analyze regulatory mechanisms in dynamic processes, and ultimately to establish an integrated strategy for the management of stresses. Compared with traditional one-dimensional linear amphiphilic molecules, two-dimensional bio-based amphiphilic molecules, especially sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), form self-assembly and could significantly promote the deposition of agrochemical droplets due to maximum energy dissipation. Meanwhile, NaDC increased the inhibition rate of pyraclostrobin against Rhizoctonia solani from 24.4% to about 100.0%, which was beneficial for pesticide resistance to biotic stress. In addition, NaDC could significantly mitigate the harmful effects of salt stress on Oryza sativa by increasing the germination rate of salt-stressed seeds by about 30%, and reducing the environmental risk of pesticides to soil microbial communities for eco-friendly crop protection. Herein, this work demonstrates a sustainable strategy for crop management that enhances the effects of agrochemicals on biotic stresses, mitigates abiotic stresses, and significantly reduces environmental risks. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pleurotus eryngii Mushrooms Fermented with Human Fecal Microbiota Protect Intestinal Barrier Integrity: Immune Modulation and Signalling Pathways Counter Deoxycholic Acid-Induced Disruption in Healthy Colonic Tissue.

Background: This study explores the potential of the Pleurotus eryngii mushroom fermentation supernatant (FS-PEWS) as an intervention for mitigating sodium deoxycholate (SDC)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation. Methods: FS-PEWS was assessed for its protective effects against SDC-induced barrier dysfunction and inflammation using an in vitro Caco-2 cell model and ex vivo colonic biopsies from healthy adult donors, where barrier integrity, permeability, immunomodulation and receptor-mediated pathways were evaluated. Results: In Caco-2 cells, SDC exposure downregulated ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 expression, with FS-PEWS restoring ZO-1 and claudin-1 levels while maintaining cell viability. In colonic biopsies from healthy adults, FS-PEWS maintained tissue integrity and selectively mitigated transcellular permeability without affecting paracellular permeability when combined with the stressor. Additionally, FS-PEWS exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effects, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and modulating receptor-mediated pathways, i.e., TLR-4, dectin-1. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential of FS-PEWS to sustain intestinal barrier function and modulate immune responses under stress, highlighting its therapeutic potential for managing gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation associated with microbial metabolite-induced disruptions.

Further Insights into the Measurement of Free Polysaccharide in Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to further characterize the ultrafiltration (UF) method for determining free saccharide levels in glycoconjugate vaccines and compare it with other methods used for the determination of free saccharide levels in meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines. Methods: We performed experiments on both meningococcal glycoconjugates and capsular polysaccharides, and compared UF, deoxycholate (DOC) precipitation, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods. Meningococcal capsular polysaccharides from groups A (MenA), C (MenC), and W (MenW) were depolymerized and characterized using SEC-MALS (size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering) to determine the molecular weight and hydrodynamic size and then subjected to UF. The free saccharide content was quantified using HPAEC-PAD (high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection). Results: The characterization of size-reduced group C polysaccharide revealed weight-average molecular mass (Mw) ranging from 22,200 g/mol to 287,300 g/mol and hydrodynamic radii of 3.7 to 19.5 nm. Pore size studies confirmed that polysaccharides with diameters up to 15 nm filtered through the 100 kDa cellulose membrane. The smallest PS fragment tested (22,200 g/mol, 7.4 nm diameter) was partially recovered from the 30 kDa membrane. For MenC-CRM197, DOC yielded the lowest free saccharide content (<1%), UF gave moderate results (7-8%), and SPE showed the highest and most variable values (up to 15%). For MenA- and MenW-CRM197, UF and DOC consistently provided low free saccharide levels (<2% and 3-11%, respectively). Conclusions: The upper limits on the size of free group C meningococcal polysaccharides that can be ultrafiltered were assessed. Differences in the relative amount of free saccharide were observed between various methods used to control meningococcal conjugate vaccines.

Potential of Newly Synthesized Sea Buckthorn Phytocarriers as Anti-Inflammatory Active Agents.

Background: Phytocarriers are advanced drug delivery systems that use biocompatible and biodegradable materials to enhance the efficacy, stability, and bioavailability of natural products. The sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berry extract is rich in essential fatty acids and antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, and anthocyanins, which contribute to its wide-ranging health benefits. In this study, we assessed the morphology, intracellular delivery, and anti-inflammatory effect of sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC)-based phytocarriers loaded with ethanolic extract from sea buckthorn berries (sea buckthorn carrier nanostructures, further defined as phytocarriers). Methods: Negative and electron cryo-microscopy were used to analyze hollow and loaded nanocarriers. The cyto-compatibility of nanocarriers was assessed by endpoint (LDH and MTS) and real-time cell assays, on both human fibroblasts (HS27) and human normal monocytes (SC). The anti-inflammatory effect of hollow and loaded nanocarriers was tested by multiplexing. Results: The negative and electron cryo-microscopy analyses showed that NaC-based phytocarriers were spherical, whilst NaDC-based phytocarriers were predominantly polymorphic. Moreover, the NaDC-based phytocarriers frequently formed large lipid networks or "plaques". Although 24 h cytotoxicity testing showed both types of nanocarriers are biocompatible with human fibroblasts and monocytes, based on a long-term real-time assay, NaDC delayed fibroblast proliferation. NaC sea buckthorn phytocarriers did not impair fibroblast proliferation in the long term and they were uptaken by cells, as shown by hyperspectral microscopy. NaC nanocarriers and NaC sea buckthorn phytocarriers induced an anti-inflammatory effect, lowering IL-8 cytokine production in normal human monocytes as soon as 4 h of treatment lapsed. Conclusions: NaC-derived phytocarriers loaded with sea buckthorn alcoholic extract are a cell-compatible delivery system with anti-inflammatory properties.

Deoxycholate for Subcutaneous Fat Reduction: A Review of Current Literature and Potential New Delivery Systems.

Deoxycholate is approved for submental fat reduction due to its ability to lyse cells and reduce fat accumulation, but it is used off-label in aesthetic treatments for subcutaneous fat reduction for several other parts of the body. Review the clinical evidence supporting using sodium deoxycholate and delivery systems for aesthetic purposes. This systematic review explores the clinical evidence for sodium deoxycholate's efficacy and safety in fat reduction, exploring the use of delivery systems to mitigate adverse effects. A comprehensive literature search across Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed was executed to prepare this review. Clinical studies confirm that subcutaneous deoxycholate injections effectively reduce submental fat, with long-term results suggesting maintained efficacy up to 3 years post-treatment. However, adverse effects are noted, prompting research into novel delivery systems, which include sustained-release liquid crystal formulations and micro/nanoparticle-based systems, promising to reduce side effects while enhancing efficacy. The findings underscore that deoxycholate is clinically well-established in efficacy and safety, with substantial evidence for treating submental fat. More extensive clinical studies are necessary to establish its safety and effectiveness in larger treatment areas and optimize treatment outcomes using different delivery systems.

Intranasal Mucoadhesive In Situ Gel of Glibenclamide-Loaded Bilosomes for Enhanced Therapeutic Drug Delivery to the Brain.

The neuroprotective efficacy of glibenclamide (GLIB) has been demonstrated in multiple rodent models of ischemia, hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain damage, spinal cord injury, and metastatic brain tumors. Due to its poor solubility, GLIB has low oral bioavailability, limiting its transportation to the brain via the oral route. Here, we attempted to develop and optimize an intranasal mucoadhesive in situ gel of GLIB-loaded bilosomes using a 32 Box-Behnken design for brain drug delivery. To facilitate a longer residence time of the administered dose within the nasal cavity, the prepared bilosomes were loaded into a mucoadhesive in situ gel providing resistance to rapid mucociliary clearance. The amounts of sodium deoxycholate, the cholesterol/Span 40 mixture, and the molar ratio between the mixture's components were chosen as independent variables, while the entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release were selected as dependent variables. The optimal formulation was analyzed for particle size and entrapment efficiency, which were found to be 270.6 nm and 68.39%, respectively. In vitro drug release from optimal formulation after 12 h was 87.29 ± 1.98% as compared to 52.01 ± 2.04% of plain in situ gel of drug. An in vivo brain drug delivery study performed on Swiss albino mice showed that the brain concentration of drug through intranasal administration from mucoadhesive in situ gel of GLIB-bilosomes after 12 h was 2.12 ± 0.16 µg/mL as compared to 0.68 ± 0.04 µg/mL from plain in situ gel of drug. Conclusively, the developed bilosomal formulation offers a favorable intranasal substitute with enhanced therapeutic drug delivery to the brain.

Surface tension and fluorescence probe measurements of adsorption and aggregation behavior of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate in presence of anti-HIV drugs: Effect of temperature

Surface tension and fluorescence probe measurements of adsorption and aggregation behavior of sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate in presence of anti-HIV drugs: Effect of temperature

Combinatorial Decellularization as a Better Approach to Porcine Liver Extracellular Matrix Scaffold Fabrication With Preserved Bioactivity: A Comparative Evaluation.

Soft tissue repair patches of decellularized extracellular matrices (ECM) with inherently preserved structural components and biomacromolecules are desirable in regenerative applications. This study characterizes three detergent-based decellularization methods to fabricate acellular porcine liver matrices to remove antigenic determinants without compromising the structural integrity, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) content, and bound growth factors within the resulting ECM. Three detergents chosen for decellularization were sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), SDS with sodium deoxycholate (SDS+SDC-combinatorial method), and triton X-100 followed by SDS. Combinatorial detergent decellularization effectively removed cellular components and retained intact collagenous structure with minimal residual DNA and protein. It also preserved significantly higher amounts of GAG, HGF, and bFGF. TX100 decellularization was highly destructive with the least preservation of GAG and GFs. The SDS method showed an intermediate level of preservation of biomolecules. The correlation obtained between GAG and GFs revealed quantification of GAG to be an indirect way of estimating the bound GFs preserved within the ECM. In vitro experiments revealed the non-cytotoxic nature of the scaffolds. The study revealed that, among the three methods of decellularization, the ECM scaffold fabricated by combinatorial detergent decellularization is extremely promising to be used as a soft tissue repair patch with inherent bioactive molecules for scaffold-based regenerative therapies.

Development of a mussel-inspired conductive graphene coated cotton yarn for wearable sensors.

Graphene-based flexible yarn sensors are promising due to their exceptional conductivity and user-friendly properties, but ensuring stable graphene adsorption on fibers for long-term durability remains challenging. Herein, we produce a flexible polydopamine (PDA)-modified cotton yarn via a simple dip-coating process using a self-made sodium deoxycholate (SDC)-modified graphene dispersion, avoiding non-biodegradable, corrosion-prone metallic coatings. The resulting sensor exhibits low electrical resistance (as low as 21.1Ω± 0.2/cm), high bending sensitivity (resistance change rate of 3.557± 0.002 for bending ranges from 40% to 100%), and outstanding durability over 2,000 flexural bending cycles. It can monitor various human body movements and physiological states and be integrated into wearable electronic textiles (e-textiles) for applications like monitoring knee movements, recognizing hand gestures, and detecting thoracic respiratory status. This work highlights the sensor's potential in personal and public healthcare applications.

FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF ULTRADEFORMABLE VESICULAR NANOGEL LOADED WITH ECONAZOLE NITRATE

Transferosomes are advanced ultradeformable vesicles designed to enhance permeability across biological barriers. This study aimed to improve the efficacy of econazole nitrate by formulating transferosomes with edge activators to enhance drug release and penetration. They were prepared via thin-film hydration using econazole nitrate, soya lecithin, Tween®80, sodium deoxycholate and Span®60. The optimized Span®60 based formulation achieved an entrapment efficiency of 85.89 %, particle size of 63.8 nm, zeta potential of -31 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.233. The drug when incorporated into 1 % Carbopol® 934 gel with Transcutol® P, demonstrated 89.11 % in vitro drug release and superior antifungal activity against Candida albicans compared to standard and plain econazole nitrate gels, highlighting improved release, penetration and therapeutic potential.

Elucidation of the mechanism of berberine against gastric mucosa injury in a rat model with chronic atrophic gastritis based on a combined strategy of multi-omics and molecular biology.

Berberine (BBR) is widely used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. However, the pharmacological mechanism of action of BBR in anti-chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of BBR in CAG by integration of molecular biology and multi-omics studies strategy. The CAG model was established by alternating drinking water of 0.1% ammonia and 20mmol/L sodium deoxycholate, accompanied by an irregular diet. Serum biochemical indices including PGI, PGII, GAS-17, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were analyzed. HE and AB-PAS staining were employed to assess pathological damage in gastric tissue. The underlying molecular mechanism of BBR in CAG treatment was explored via the integration of network pharmacology, transcriptomics, widely targeted metabolomics and intestinal flora analysis. Finally, relevant key targets and pathway were verified. The results showed that BBR exerted therapeutic effects in improving CAG via alleviating inflammation response, maintaining the gastric mucosal barrier's integrity and repairing gastric mucosal tissues. Network pharmacology showed that the treatment of CAG by BBR mainly involved in inflammatory response, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metabolic processes. Furthermore, 234 different expression genes were identified in the gastric tissue transcriptome, which were mainly involved in biological processes such as cell adhesion, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell migration and lipids metabolism by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway. Metabolomics results showed that 125 differential metabolites were also identified, while the pathways were mainly involved in D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, and tyrosine metabolism, etc. Integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses indicated that BBR directly regulated Carnitine C3:0, LPC (0:0/20:3), L-Glutamic Acid and FFA (15:0) by acting on SLC25A20, PNLIPRP1, PLA2G4C, GSR, GFPT2, GCLM, CTPS1, ACSL1, ACOT4 and ACOT2. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that BBR could restore the balance of gut microbiota dysbiosis by significantly regulating the relative abundance of unclassified_Muribaculaceae and Lactobacillus_johnsonii. This study demonstrated that BBR alleviates CAG through the regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway, metabolic disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis, thereby revealing the complex mechanism of BBR in relation to alleviating CAG from multiple levels and perspectives.

Impact of Mesotherapy with Sodium Deoxycholate on Liver: Metabolic- and Sex-Specific Insights in Swiss mice.

Sodium deoxycholate (DC) mesotherapy is approved for submental fat reduction but lacks evidence for body contouring safety in other body regions. Thus, we studied the systemic and hepatic metabolic effects of DC mesotherapy (50 µg/twice weekly for 4 weeks) in the inguinal white adipose tissue of female and male Swiss mice on a 20% fructose diet (drinking water) for 12 weeks. DC led to adipose tissue hemorrhage, foam cells, and fibrosis, although no body weight and adiposity loss, similar to humans. In males, glucose and hepatic metabolism, hepatic morphology, and protein expression (farnesoid X receptor and fibroblast growth factor-21) did not change by DC, even under fructose feeding. In females, although DC increased hepatic total cholesterol, most changes when detected were due to fructose (e.g., hepatic weight and lipid deposition). In conclusion, chronic DC mesotherapy proved safe for systemic and hepatic metabolism, and when adverse effects are present, they are sex-specific, impacting mostly females, especially under an unhealthy diet. Overall, care must be taken to extrapolate this data to humans since further studies are required to prove its safety in other body systems.

Combinatorial Decellularization as a Better Approach to Porcine Liver Extracellular Matrix Scaffold Fabrication With Preserved Bioactivity: A Comparative Evaluation.

Soft tissue repair patches of decellularized extracellular matrices (ECM) with inherently preserved structural components and biomacromolecules are desirable in regenerative applications. This study characterizes three detergent-based decellularization methods to fabricate acellular porcine liver matrices to remove antigenic determinants without compromising the structural integrity, glycosaminoglycans (GAG) content, and bound growth factors within the resulting ECM. Three detergents chosen for decellularization were sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), SDS with sodium deoxycholate (SDS + SDC-combinatorial method), and Triton X-100 followed by SDS. Combinatorial detergent decellularization effectively removed cellular components and retained intact collagenous structure with minimal residual DNA and protein. It also preserved significantly higher amounts of GAG, HGF, and bFGF. TX100 decellularization was highly destructive with the least preservation of GAG and GFs. The SDS method showed an intermediate level of preservation of biomolecules. The correlation obtained between GAG and GFs revealed quantification of GAG to be an indirect way of estimating the bound GFs preserved within the ECM. In vitro experiments revealed the noncytotoxic nature of the scaffolds. The study revealed that, among the three methods of decellularization, ECM scaffold fabricated by combinatorial detergent decellularization is extremely promising for use as a soft tissue repair patch with inherent bioactive molecules for scaffold-based regenerative therapy.

Multi-omics analysis combined with network pharmacology revealed the mechanisms of rutaecarpine in chronic atrophic gastritis.

Multi-omics analysis combined with network pharmacology revealed the mechanisms of rutaecarpine in chronic atrophic gastritis.

Toward human uterus tissue engineering: Uterine decellularization in a non-human primate species.

Uterus bioengineering offers a potential treatment option for women with uterine factor infertility and for mitigating the risk of uterine rupture associated with women with defective uterine tissue. Decellularized uterine tissue scaffolds proved promising in further invivo experiments in rodent and domestic species animal models. Variations in the extracellular matrix composition among different species and adaptations of the decellularization protocols make it difficult to compare the results between studies. Therefore, we assessed if our earlier developed sodium deoxycholate-based decellularization protocol for the sheep and the cow uterus could become a standardized cross-species protocol by assessing it on the non-human primate (baboon) uterus. The baboon uterus was decellularized using sodium deoxycholate, and the remaining acellular scaffold was quantitatively assessed for DNA, protein, and specific extracellular matrix components. Furthermore, electron microscopy deepened morphology examination, while the chorioallantoic membrane assay examined the scaffolds' cytotoxicity, bioactivity, and angiogenic properties. The invitro recellularization efficiency of the scaffolds using xenogeneic (rat) bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells was also assessed. Finally, the immune potential of the scaffolds was evaluated by invitro exposure to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We obtained a decellularized baboon uterus with preserved extracellular matrix components by adding an 8-h sodium deoxycholate perfusion to our previously developed protocol for the sheep and cow models. This minor modification resulted in scaffolds with less than 1% of immunogenic host DNA content while preserving important uterine-specific collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan structures. The chorioallantoic membrane assay and invitro recellularization experiments confirmed that the scaffolds were bioactive and non-cytotoxic. As we have observed in other animal models, the enzymatic scaffold preconditioning with matrix metalloproteinases improved the recellularization efficiency further. Additionally, the preconditioning generated more immune-privileged scaffolds, as shown in a novel invitro co-culture assay with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. For the first time, our data demonstrate the efficiency of our protocol for non-human primate uteri and its translational potential. This standardized protocol will facilitate cross-study comparisons and expedite clinical translation.