Sodium Carbonate Research Articles

A Novel Curcumin Compound Activity Against Sodium Arsenate Toxicity in Human Fibroblast Cell Line

Abstract This study investigated the protective effects of a newly synthesized curcumin derivative compound against sodium arsenate toxicity in human fibroblast cells (CCD-1064Sk). The compound 4-((1E,6E)-7-(4-hydroxy,3-methoxyphenyl)-3,5-dioxohepta-1,6-dien-1-yl)-2-methoxyphenylpropionate (3) was synthesized from the reaction of curcumin (1) with propanoyl chloride (2) in the presence of acetone and sodium carbonate. We examined cell viability in the presence of sodium arsenate (0–500 µM) and curcumin compound (0–200 µg/mL). Cell death mechanisms were assessed using acridine orange/ethidium bromide and DAPI staining techniques, while expression levels of ACTB, CASPASE-9, and BAX genes were analyzed via real-time quantitative PCR. Results showed that 50 µM sodium arsenate killed 48.5% of fibroblast cells within 24 h. Cells treated with 200 µg/mL curcumin compound exhibited 59% viability after 48 h. Notably, CASPASE-9 was overexpressed in sodium arsenate-treated cells but downregulated with curcumin compound. BAX expression decreased with curcumin compound treatment, indicating that the newly synthesized molecule may have protective effects against sodium arsenate toxicity.

Development and evaluation of a rapid dermic adhesive test containing alizarine red and sodium carbonate for the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy

Development and evaluation of a rapid dermic adhesive test containing alizarine red and sodium carbonate for the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy

Effects of sodium carbonate and Sapindus laurifolia in combination on the degumming of Muga silk fibers

Muga silk is the most important composite material used in textile manufacturing in India. Muga silk is derived from the Muga silkworms, namely Antheraea assamensis Helfer. The golden yellow silk yarn is the fanciest because it has strange properties like being able to handle different textures well, being bright, and lasting a long time. Fibrin (a fibrous protein) and sericin (a globular protein) are the two most important protein units that make up silk. To make silk usable in the textile business, sericin, a gum, has to be cleaned off the surface of the silk. Generally, surface active agents are used in the extraction of sericin from silk material. The present research describes a comparison between the degumming activity of a natural surfactant saponin isolated from Sapindus laurifolia and Sapindus laurifolia- mixed system. The effect of the salt on the degumming ability of Sapindus laurifolia is systematically studied and reported. The surface morphology of the raw and degummed silk fibers is compared using scanning electron microscope.

Hypodiboric Acid–Sodium Carbonate Mediated Reductive Cyclization of Nitro(hetero)arenes: Synthesis of Imidazopyridines, Benz(oxa/thia)zoles, Benzoxazolones and Benzoxathiones

A hypodiboric acid–sodium carbonate mediated reductive cyclization of nitro(hetero)arenes has been developed for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines, benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles, benzoxazolones, and benzoxathiones. The reaction demonstrates broad scope and is compatible with a wide range of functional groups. This protocol is highly efficient, allowing nitro compounds to directly participate in the reaction. Control experiments highlight the necessity of sodium carbonate as an additive. Using this methodology, biologically active compounds such as zolimidine, miroprofen, and chlorzoxazone were successfully synthesized.

Tinjauan Kimia Medisinal Senyawa Fenol dari Ekstrak Daun dan Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya) sebagai Anti Kanker

Purpose: The aim of this study is to measure the total phenolic content in papaya (Carica papaya L.) leaf and seed extracts and to evaluate their potential as anticancer agents based on their antioxidant activity. Methodology/approach: Location & Materials: Papaya leaves and seeds were sourced from Manoko, Bandung. Extraction: The samples were washed, dried at 45°C, powdered, and extracted with 70% ethanol using the reflux method. Analysis: Total phenolic content was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 761 nm after reacting extracts with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate. Results were compared to a gallic acid standard curve. Supporting Methods: Literature review on medicinal chemistry and anticancer drug development, as well as qualitative analysis using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) for main phenolic compounds. Results/findings: Papaya leaf and seed extracts contain significant phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic acids. These phenolics contribute to antioxidant activity, which helps protect cells from oxidative damage linked to cancer. Previous studies show papaya leaf extract can act as an immunomodulator and anticancer agent, while papaya seed contains benzyl isothiocyanate, which inhibits cancer cell growth. Limitations: The study only measures total phenolic content and does not isolate or identify individual active compounds. Anticancer activity is inferred from phenolic content and literature, not directly tested in vivo or in clinical trials. Contribution: This research provides scientific evidence that papaya leaves and seeds are promising natural sources of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and potential anticancer properties. The findings support further research in pharmacy, medicinal chemistry, and oncology, especially for developing plant-based anticancer agents.

Computer-aided diagnostic screening of diabetic peripheral neuropathy using colorimetric membrane analysis.

Computer-aided diagnostic screening of diabetic peripheral neuropathy using colorimetric membrane analysis.

Reaction mechanisms of one-part and two-part slag-based binders activated by sodium carbonate and lime

Reaction mechanisms of one-part and two-part slag-based binders activated by sodium carbonate and lime

The Effects of Milling Conditions on the Particle Size, Quality, and Noodle-Making Performance of Whole-Wheat Flour: A Mortar Mill Study.

In this study, we investigated the effects of mortar milling conditions on the quality and noodle-processing suitability of whole-wheat flours (WWFs). The WWFs were milled at varying pestle speeds (50 and 130 rpm) and for varying durations (10, 20, 40, and 60 min) and analyzed to determine their particle size distribution, physicochemical properties, dough-mixing characteristics, antioxidant activities, and noodle-making performance. High pestle speed (Group H) produced significantly smaller particle sizes, higher flour temperatures, greater moisture loss, and increased starch damage compared to that produced at low pestle speeds (Group L). Compared with Group L, Group H exhibited higher water and sodium carbonate solvent-retention capacity (SRC) values, increased pasting viscosities, and greater gluten strength owing to finer particles. Total phenolic content increased with reduced particle size, whereas antioxidant activity (ABTS radical scavenging) exhibited inconsistent trends. Fresh noodle properties varied with milling conditions; finer WWF particles improved dough resistance but reduced extensibility when water was adjusted according to water SRC. Thus, WWF particle size strongly influences flour functionality and noodle quality, which highlights the need for precise milling control. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the applicability of a mortar-type mill for producing WWFs, with implications for enhancing WWF functionality.

Integrating principal component weighted water quality index (PCWQI) model with GIS for evaluation groundwater quality in Gangetic West Bengal, India.

Integrating principal component weighted water quality index (PCWQI) model with GIS for evaluation groundwater quality in Gangetic West Bengal, India.

Mild sodium carbonate pretreatment of wheat straw for improving cellulose and xylan enzymatic hydrolysis

Mild sodium carbonate pretreatment of wheat straw for improving cellulose and xylan enzymatic hydrolysis

Influences of Alkali-Carbonate Melt on the Electrical Conductivity of Dunite—Origin of the High Conductivity Anomaly Within the Tanzanian Cratonic Mantle

Archean craton comprises ancient and stable continental lithosphere, lacking significant seismic activity, magmatic activity, and tectonic deformation. Typically, its lithospheric mantle exhibits high electrical resistivity. However, within the Archean Tanzanian cratonic mantle, a high conductivity layer has been discovered, with an electrical conductivity of approximately 0.1 S/m. We conducted the electrical conductivity experiments on olivine aggregates containing sodium carbonate at the pressure of 3 GPa and the temperature ranging from 600 to 1200 °C. It was found that a very small amount of alkali-carbonate melt can significantly increase the electrical conductivity of dunite. The mass fraction of alkali-carbonate melt is less than 2.0 wt% in the highly conductive layer of the Tanzanian cratonic mantle. The permeability barriers made the melts preserve within the depth range of 80 to 120 km. Therefore, the presence of alkali-rich carbonate melts may be the best mechanism to explain the high conductivity anomaly in the lithospheric mantle of the Tanzanian craton. In contrast, the carbonate melts with high mobility migrated directly to shallow depths along fractures in the mobile belt/rift zone, leaving a dry and resistive residual mantle.

Effect of Sodium Carbonate on Kerogen Pyrolysis Behavior and Products: Insight from Thermal Simulation Experiment

Effect of Sodium Carbonate on Kerogen Pyrolysis Behavior and Products: Insight from Thermal Simulation Experiment

Preparation of Amino‐Modified Ti3C2/Mg3Al‐LDH Composites and Their Application in Aldol Reaction

AbstractAldol reaction is an important class of industrially catalyzed reactions for synthesizing high‐value fine chemicals. Traditionally conducted under alkaline conditions, these reactions often utilize liquid alkali catalysts, which present challenges such as difficult separation and recovery and undesirable side reactions promoted by the catalyst. Solid base catalysts have received much attention and research in recent years to address these issues. In this study, magnesium–aluminum layered double hydroxides (MgAl‐LDHs) were synthesized using magnesium chloride hexahydrate, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, and anhydrous sodium carbonate. These were subsequently combined with amino‐modified Ti3C2 to form composite materials. Characterization of the prepared Mg3Al‐LDH/Ti3C2‐NH2 composites was conducted using X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirming the successful preparation of the composite material. The prepared Mg3Al‐LDH/Ti3C2‐NH2 was applied as a catalyst in the aldol condensation reaction. Key factors such as catalyst dosage, reaction time, acetone amount, and temperature were investigated to optimize catalytic efficiency. Under optimal conditions—100 mg Mg3Al‐LDH/Ti3C2‐NH2, a reaction time of 0.5 h, 200 mg of p‐nitrobenzaldehyde, 1 mL of acetone, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C—a yield of 99% was achieved. The result demonstrates that Mg3Al‐LDH/Ti3C2‐NH2 exhibits excellent catalytic activity and holds promising potential for application in solid base catalysis.

Study of seasonal variation in groundwater geochemistry for beneficial use of drinking and irrigation in Aundha Nagnath tehsil of Maharashtra, India

The study aims to understand the seasonal variation in groundwater geochemistry for drinking and irrigation uses in Aundha Nagnath tehsil of Maharashtra, India. Therefore, sixty (60) representative water sampling stations were selected for pre- and post-monsoon seasons of the year 2022. Parameters include pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, and sulphate are analyzed by analytical methods of the American public health association. As per the Bureau of Indian Standards, all the parameters are within prescribed limits, except pH, total hardness, nitrate, fluoride, and potassium, which surpass drinking aptness. Irrigation suitability is ascertained based on indices like Kelly’s index, Sodium Adsorption Ratio, Sodium Percent, Magnesium Ratio, Permeability Index, and Residual Sodium Carbonate. Residual sodium carbonate indicates 1.67% in pre-monsoon permeability index, with 3.34% of samples in post-monsoon and 8.34% of samples having magnesium ratio in both seasons showing unsuitability for irrigation. The results of the United States soil laboratory staff depict low sodium and moderate to high salinity hazards. The spatial variation maps were prepared for drinking and irrigation suitability, which helped to demarcate the polluted zones in the study area. The elevated cationic constituents were found in the central to south-western parts of the study region through high salinity from water–rock interaction and mineralization. The remedial implication is also suggested to enhance the groundwater quality and provide baseline information to water researchers and local governing authorities to develop sustainable and integrated water management strategies personalized to the region's specific needs.

Unprecedented developed composite polishing system to achieve atomic surface integrating rough and fine polishing using a novel hyper-conjugated pad through controlling the temperature of a proposed green slurry

Efficiency and quality are a pair of everlasting contradictions in manufacturing industry. To achieve atomic surface, it usually consists of rough, precision, and ultra-precision polishing. These processes contain generally several to tens of polishing pads, slurries, and setups, which is time-consuming and expensive. These diverse pads, slurries, and setups are strictly separated, avoiding contamination, damage, and corrosion. To solve these challenges, a novel composite polishing system was developed, using a developed hyper-conjugated polishing pad and custom-made green slurry, through adjusting the temperature of slurry to control the material removal rate (MRR). The MRR was controlled between 40.99 and 133.91 nm/min, by adjusting the temperature between 40 and 80 ℃ via splitting of fibers. After pre-polishing by rare earth cerium oxide abrasive and atomic level polishing by proposed composite system, atomic surface is garnered on fused silica with surface roughness Sa of 0.117 nm at a scanning area of 50 × 50 μm2. It is unprecedented that the developed polishing system realized atomic surface integrating rough and fine polishing on a setup by a composite fiber polishing pad and a new green chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) slurry. The CMP slurry included silica, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxy cellulose, and sodium carbonate. Transmission electron spectroscopy confirms that the thickness of damaged layer is 1.89 nm. Prior to and after splitting of fibers, diameter, bending length, and Shore hardness decreased from 18.33 to 2.48 μm, 13.7 to 4.6 cm, and 52.7 to 20.5 HC, respectively, reducing 86.5%, 66.4%, and 61.1% correspondingly. However, wicking height and specific surface area increased from 7.5 to 14.1 cm, and 0.028 to 1.926 m2/g, separately, enhancing 88% and 6779%, accordingly. An interactive model was built among a single fiber, abrasive, and workpiece. After splitting of fibers, the maximum stress exerted on axial and radial directions of fiber are 2.45 and 1.36 MPa, respectively, reducing 59% and 73% compared with those of prior to splitting correspondingly. A model of repeated unit cell was constructed between polishing pad and slurry. It is calculated that the stress of 51.15% units is in the range between 0.1 and 0.5 MPa, while that of 92.83% fibers varies from 0.05 to 1 MPa after splitting. A macroscale model of polishing pad was established. Peak stress of an unsplit pad is high up to 13.19 MPa, while that of split one decreases to 2.42 MPa, reducing 81.65%. At an actual polishing pressure of 30 kPa, contact area of a split polishing pad between fibers and workpiece reaches 15.38%, promoting 44.09% compared with that of an unsplit one. Our developed composite polishing system paves a new way to fabricate atomic surface using a hyper-conjugated polishing pad and a green slurry on a setup, saving several and tens of various pads, slurries, and setups, which are both time and cost-effective and has broad prospects in manufacturing industry.

Pressurized Hot Water Treatment of Wheat Bran Under Mild Acidic/Alkaline Conditions to Boost Polyphenol Release and Recovery

Abstract Wheat bran (WB) is a food industry side-stream and it has attracted notable attention as a bioresidue of high abundance. WB contains mainly cell wall-bound ferulic acid, and its liberation and recovery requires alkali- or acid-catalyzed cleavage. This work was thus carried out to examine acid- and alkaline-catalyzed hydrothermal treatments as effective means of generating polyphenol-enriched extracts, by employing mild catalysts, such as citric acid and sodium carbonate. The study included the implementation of pressurized aqueous media, to test their effect under various temperature and time combinations, and the treatments were assessed by severity-based models. The most efficacious treatment was found to be the alkali-catalyzed process, which at 150 °C and 5 min provided total polyphenol yields of approximately 25 mg ferulic acid equivalents per g dry WB mass. The chromatographic analyses of the extracts confirmed that the sodium carbonate-catalyzed treatment produced ferulic acid-enriched extracts, whereas a feruloyl pentose was the predominant metabolite in the extracts obtained with citric acid catalysis. The examination of the antioxidant activity also confirmed that the extracts containing the feruloyl pentose might be more potent than those enriched in ferulic acid. In this study, it was shown for the first time that pressurized water and mild alkaline catalysis may afford WB extracts with high feruloyl pentose concentration and enhanced antioxidant activity, within only 5 min of processing time. Such a finding may form the basis for developing a highly efficient and green methodology to produce bioactive compounds from WB or similar residual industrial biomaterials.

Adsorptive removal of lead, copper, and nickel using natural and activated Egyptian calcium bentonite clay

This study evaluates the efficiency of alkali-activated Egyptian calcium bentonite, obtained from the El Alamein region in northern Egypt, for the removal of copper (Cu2⁺), lead (Pb2⁺), and nickel (Ni2⁺) from synthetic wastewater. The bentonite samples underwent a series of preparation steps, including crushing, ball milling, magnetic separation, acid treatment with 0.1N acetic acid, and alkali activation using 5% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). Various analytical techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cation exchange capacity (CEC) measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and free swelling analysis, were employed to characterize the materials. Absorption experiments were performed to examine the effects of pH, temperature, starting metal concentration, bentonite dose, and contact duration on heavy metal removal. The characterization results confirmed that montmorillonite was the predominant mineral in both the natural and activated bentonite samples. Adsorption studies indicated a significant improvement in heavy metal removal efficiency after activation. Under optimal conditions (pH 7, 1 g/L adsorbent dose, 120 min contact time, 20 mg/L initial metal concentration, and 20 °C), the maximum adsorption capacities of the activated bentonite were determined as 14 ± 0.03 mg/g for Cu2+, 13 ± 0.04 mg/g for Pb2+, and 12.2 ± 0.05 mg/g for Ni2+, exceeding those of the natural bentonite, which recorded capacities of 9.2 ± 0.04 mg/g, 9 ± 0.03 mg/g, and 8 ± 0.02 mg/g, respectively. Adsorption equilibrium data according to the Langmuir isotherm model, exhibiting high correlation values (R2 = 0.9979 for Cu2+, 0.9972 for Pb2+, and 0.9973 for Ni2+). Moreover, kinetic modeling demonstrated that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order mechanism, suggesting an intense chemisorption process. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, demonstrating enhanced adsorption at higher temperatures.

Preparation of Lithium Carbonate from Manganese-Containing Desorption Solution from Salt Lakes via an Organophosphoric Acid Extraction System

Adsorption is a popular method for the recovery of low-grade lithium. It is a low-cost and highly efficient way to treat solutions with low lithium concentrations. The impurity content determines the industrial application. This study investigated a novel strategy to remove divalent cations from a desorption solution containing Mg2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+, generated by a manganese absorbent using an organophosphoric acid, followed by precipitation of lithium carbonate from the concentrated raffinate by evaporation. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (P204) was selected as the preferred extractant. The saponification method and degree of saponification were determined, and the extraction parameters (pH, extractant concentration, and phase ratio) were investigated. A three-stage countercurrent extraction process was tested. Removal efficiencies of Mg2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+ from the manganese-containing desorption solution exceeded 99%, leaving <1.0 mg/L divalent cations in the raffinate. The raffinate was evaporated and concentrated to >23 g/L lithium. The total concentration of divalent cations in the lithium-rich solution was approximately 10.0 mg/L. Further conversion with sodium carbonate was carried out to prepare a battery-grade lithium carbonate product with a purity of 99.83%. The present work may provide a novel means of lithium recovery from a manganese-containing desorption solution.

Selective Leaching Bastnaesite from Bayan Obo Rare Earth Concentrate and the Recovery Process of Rare Earths, Aluminum, Fluoride and Calcium

Bayan Obo rare earth concentrate (BOREC) is composed of bastnaesite, monazite and fluorite, which is recognized as a refractory mineral in the world. In order to solve the problems of waste gas treatment and comprehensive utilization efficiency of BOREC decomposed by the current concentrated sulfuric acid roasting method (500–700 °C), H2SO4-HCl mixed acid assisted by aluminum salt was used to leach out the bastnaesite, and the optimal conditions were determined as follows: c(H+) = 7 mol/L, c(1/2H2SO4):c(HCl) = 5:1, c(Al2(SO4)3) = 0.25 mol/L, temperature 135 °C, liquid–solid ratio of 42:1, and reaction time 3 h. At this time, the leaching rates of concentrate and rare earth (La, Ce, Pr and Nd) were 74.08% and 71.95%, respectively, and the decomposition rate of bastnaesite was 96.83%. At the same time, the yield of calcium sulfate was 77.35% and the purity was 99.22%. Subsequently, sodium sulfate was added with m(Na2SO4):m(RE2O3) = 2.5:1, and the recovery rate of rare earth was 99.5%, and the purity of rare earth double salt product was 98.47% at a temperature of 90 °C. After most of the acid had been extracted with triethyloctanamine, sodium fluoride was added with a fluorine–aluminum ratio of 6:1, sodium carbonate was used to adjust pH = 3, and cryolite was obtained with a purity of 95.59% and an aluminum recovery rate of 99.6% at 90 °C. Since the separation of bastnaesite and monazite has been basically realized in the leaching stage, it is conducive to the docking of subsequent alkali decomposition and recovery of trisodium phosphate, realizing the comprehensive recovery of rare earth, fluorine, calcium, aluminum and phosphorus.

Effects of Non-traditional Additives on the Early Strength of a Lean Clay Soil Stabilized by Compound Calcium-based Stabilizer

Soil stabilization is a widely used technique in civil engineering to enhance the engineering properties of fine-grained soils. Traditional calcium-based stabilizers, such as cement, lime (L), and fly ash (FA), are most commonly used due to their availability and proven effectiveness. However, these stabilizers often exhibit slow early strength development. To address this challenge, the present study explores the potential of non-traditional additives to improve early strength in stabilized soils. A range of additives, including two nano-materials, six soluble sodium and calcium salts, five soluble iron and aluminum salts, and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), were incorporated into a lean clay soil stabilized with a compound calcium-based stabilizer composed of cement, L, and FA. The 7-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) was used as the primary performance indicator. The results indicated that within the tested dosage ranges, the two nano-materials, most soluble iron and aluminum salts, and CPAM had minimal or even adverse effects on early strength development. In contrast, specific combinations of soluble sodium salts significantly enhanced early strength. For example, a combination of 0.05% sodium carbonate with 0.05% sodium silicate, and 0.05% sodium sulfate with 0.05% sodium silicate, resulted in strength increases of 34.5% and 33.6%, respectively. Additionally, the standalone addition of 0.5% water glass led to a 32.2% improvement in strength.